Learn all about the muscles of the buttocks: gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus! These muscles work hard to stabilize the pelvis and move the hip joint.
Share This Tweet Click here for access to the full Anatomy Glossary. Right click on the image for a downloadable file of this muscle. Use of this artwork requires proper credit to be given (Permission: Dr…
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Learn about ulnar nerve anatomy & distribution. What are causes, symptoms, test & treatment for ulnar nerve injury, damage, palsy & entrapment
Top Contributors - Eman Ammar and Lucinda hampton
Антон Лобода, врач-анестезиолог реаниматолог, специализирующийся на избавлении...
Skelett Knochenskelett Skelettsystem des Menschen, Anatomie menschliches Skelett mit Kopf Caput Schädel Cranium Wirbelsäule Columna vertebralis Rumpfskelett Wirbel Rippen und Knochen Bewegungsapparat
If you think squats and deadlifts are good enough to grow your glutes, then think again. Growing that backside is way harder than you think...
Did you know that the sartorius is the longest muscle in the human body? Click to discover everything you need to know about its anatomy and function.
All of us, at one time or another, has experienced back pain to some degree. It’s sometimes hard to explain the pain to someone else, because it only occurs during certain activities, or at s…
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Though I’ve researched the heck out of it, taught workshops about it, referred to it in previous articles/posts and commented about on other peoples’ blogs and/or social media postsR…
Pelvic musculature: 1. cross the LS joint onto the trunk 2. cross the hip joint onto the thigh/leg 3. pelvic floor muscles located wholly within the pelvis…
【パワーテープ筋膜リリース〜腰・膝〜】 鹿児島県霧島市隼人町で、頭・肩・腰・膝・不眠・疲労などの慢性症状とスポーツ障害の改善を得意としているファイテン元気U…
Over the past month, we have been reviewing the most common running related injuries we see in our clinic. If you missed the prior posts, you can find an outline of what causes running injuries, as well as detailed review of Achilles/posterior tibialis pain, and iliotibial band syndrome. This installment in the series is all about a pain in the butt--literally. This is a topic near and dear to my heart, as I experienced this injury of both my left and right leg while running track in high school
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Years ago I developed sciatica as a consequence of a martial arts injury. I had seen a number of doctors who finally diagnosed it as an ent...
The lateral rotators are muscles whose main job is basically what it sounds like: to rotate the hip joint laterally. Learn about them here!
Physical Therapy Got Me Back in the Race
Scientists once thought that neurons, or possibly heart cells, were the oldest cells in the body. Now, Salk Institute researchers have discovered that the mouse brain, liver and pancreas contain populations of cells and proteins with extremely long lifespans -- some as old as neurons. The findings, demonstrating "age mosaicism," were published in Cell Metabolism. The team's methods could be applied to nearly any tissue in the body to provide valuable information about lifelong function of non-dividing cells and how cells lose control over the quality and integrity of proteins and important cell structures during aging. Anatomy model with internal organs [Credit: turbosquid.com] "We were quite surprised to find cellular structures that are essentially as old as the organism they reside in," says Salk Vice President, Chief Science Officer Martin Hetzer, senior author and professor. "This suggests even greater cellular complexity than we previously imagined and has intriguing implications for how we think about the aging of organs, such as the brain, heart and pancreas." Most neurons in the brain do not divide during adulthood and thus experience a long lifespan and age-related decline. Yet, largely due to technical limitations, the lifespan of cells outside of the brain was difficult to determine. "Biologists have asked -- how old are cells in an organism? There is this general idea that neurons are old, while other cells in the body are relatively young and regenerate throughout the organism's lifetime," says Rafael Arrojo e Drigo, first author and Salk staff scientist. "We set out to see if it was possible that certain organs also have cells that were as long-lived as neurons in the brain." Since the researchers knew that most neurons are not replaced during the lifespan, they used them as an "age baseline" to compare other non-dividing cells. The team combined electron isotope labeling with a hybrid imaging method (MIMS-EM) to visualize and quantify cell and protein age and turnover in the brain, pancreas and liver in young and old rodent models. Isotope imaging of different cells inside an islet of Langerhans within the pancreas. Older cells have a yellow-to-pink colour scheme, while younger cells exhibit a blue-to-green colour pattern [Credit: Salk Institute] To validate their method, the scientists first determined the age of the neurons, and found that -- as suspected -- they were as old as the organism. Yet, surprisingly, the cells that line blood vessels, called endothelial cells, were also as old as neurons. This means that some non-neuronal cells do not replicate or replace themselves throughout the lifespan. The pancreas, an organ responsible for maintaining blood sugar levels and secreting digestive enzymes, also showed cells of varying ages. A small portion of the pancreas, known as the islets of Langerhans, appeared to the researchers as a puzzle of interconnected young and old cells. Some beta cells, which release insulin, replicated throughout the lifetime and were relatively young, while some did not divide and were long-lived, similar to neurons. Yet another type of cell, called delta cells, did not divide at all. The pancreas was a striking example of age mosaicism, i.e., a population of identical cells that are distinguished by their lifespans. Prior studies have suggested that the liver has the capacity to regenerate during adulthood, so the researchers selected this organ expecting to observe relatively young liver cells. To their surprise, the vast majority of liver cells in healthy adult mice were found to be as old as the animal, while cells that line blood vessels, and stellate-like cells, another liver cell type, were much shorter lived. Thus, unexpectedly, the liver also demonstrated age mosaicism, which points to potential new paths of regenerative research for this organ. On a molecular scale, a selection of the observed long-lived cells contained protein complexes displaying age mosaicism. For example, the primary cilia (hair-like appendages on the outside of cells) of beta cells in the pancreas and neurons contained protein regions of vastly different lifespans. In stark contrast, the cells in the liver contained no long-lived proteins at all. "Thanks to new visualizing technologies we are able to pinpoint the age of cells and their supramolecular complexes more accurately than ever before. This opens new doors for studying all cells, tissues and organs in normal and in disease states," says Mark Ellisman, Distinguished Professor of Neurosciences at UC San Diego's School of Medicine and co-leader of the study with Hetzer. His laboratory, the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, developed and provided the new tissue imaging methods for correlated multi-scale and multi-modal microscopy. These methods provided the key new and enabling technologies that allowed this study to be carried out. "Determining the age of cells and subcellular structures in adult organisms will provide new insights into cell maintenance and repair mechanisms and the impact of cumulative changes during adulthood on health and development of disease," adds Hetzer. "The ultimate goal is to utilize these mechanisms to prevent or delay age-related decline of organs with limited cell renewal." Next, the authors plan to decipher the difference in lifespans for nucleic acids and lipids. They also want to understand how age mosaicism relates to health and diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Source: Salk Institute [June 06, 2019] Labels Biology, Evolution, Human Evolution TANN you might also like Newer Post Older Post
Your body is tense as you strain against gravity’s forceful embrace to finally summit the boulder problem you’ve been diligently working on these past three
