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Oct 9, 2015 - In 1943 Victor Keppler created this poster in the spirit of World War II. The American aviator shown standing on a airfield is promoting Military Air Pilots.
After decades of relying on Russian-made planes, China is modernizing the People's Liberation Army Air Force with a new domestic-built fleet.
war planes: Yann & Henriet - Bear's Tooth --- issue 1
What are Your top early cold war planes? - Страница 2 - DCS Wishlist - ED Forums
German war planes: Yann & Henriet - Bear's Tooth --- issue 3
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A rare sunny day is well spent around machines like these.
In 2007 Crafthole & I worked on a community project at RAF Hornchurch commemorating their part in both world wars. Crafthole was quite heavily involved in writing up the historical background and I worked on maps mainly. The two of us managed to get ourselves a day out at the RAF Museum at Hendon photographing…
several planes in states of disuse have had their rusty surfaces repurposed by a number of contemporary street artists in this grand-scale installation at the pima air + space museum, arizona.
The Classic Air Force charity in Coventry is selling five historic planes at auction, including the cousin of the Lancaster bomber and the first jet to cross the Atlantic - all part of an incredible lot.
Depict a delightfully humorous and palpably realistic birthday scene that showcases a unique blend of interests. The garden setting features a string of colorful vintage mini cars draped across it. They are meticulously detailed and evoke a sense of nostalgic joy. On the tables, Airfix model British warplanes serve as quirky centerpieces, surrounded by potted plants and miniature gardening tools, hinting at past times. The scene is bustling with diverse guests of various gender and descents laughing and giving toasts with chilled glasses of lager. The light clinking sound is mixing with the inviting crackle of a nearby firepit, encouraging cozy conversations as the evening unfolds. Generated with these themes: Vintage mini cars, Airfix British war planes, Gardening, Lager, and Firepit. Made with ❤️ by AI.
One of the biggest Air Shows in the Mid-Eastern part of Europe will take place on Aug. 24 and 25 at Radom, central Poland. The Radom Air Show offers a rare occasion to see several Cold War planes (as well as some Western ones) during one event. It is a rarity for
We are back with some more amazing aircraft that were used during World War 1; the world’s very first war that was held on global scale. Many of the iconic aircraft that were sued in this war are not present today but some are still held in museums in restored shapes as well as some are held by private collectors. Without further wait, we present to you the Iconic Planes of World War I (Part 2). Bristol M.1. Monoplane Scout The Bristol M.1. Monoplane Scout is the fighter plane of the World War I that was manufactured by the Bristol Aeroplane Company and is the result of the ingenious design presented by the aviation designer named Frank Barnwell. This fighter plane was the world’s very first and successful monoplane. The fighter plane made its first appearance in the middle of the World War I back in 1916. The plane presented a wood and fabric construction of traditional design which was then reinforced with the help of internal flying wires as well as steel tubes. The most action that the Bristol M.1. Monoplane saw was in the sortie of Balkans where it was heavily favored by the British troops for its amazing ease in flying. The aircraft also went on to become a popular plane among the ranking officers of British Air Force. The aircraft had a top speed of 130 mph. these days only a handful of these fighter planes are present in their entirety. Fokker Dr.I Fokker Dr.I or the Fokker Dreidecker is the name of the German tri-plane. The aircraft presented a three-wing design which made it prominent in the era which was dominated mostly by biplanes. The aircraft’s popularity saw the rise when it was heavily favored by the legendary pilot Manfred von Richthofen aka the Red Baron. This was the same aircraft, in which he won 19 of his last 19 dogfights before he died back in April of 1918. The fighter plane’s design was inspired from another plane The Sopwith Tri-plane and the Fokker engineers made their own plane based on it. The aircraft was designed to be heavily equipped with 2 of the 7.92mm Spandau machine guns while the aircraft was powered by a 9 cylinder rotary Oberursel engine that allowed it produce 110 HP. While the aircraft was heavily favored during World War I by many pilots, only a handful of these aircraft survived the full effect of the war. Sikorsky Ilya Muromets During the Great War waged by Imperial Russia, a series of aircraft were designed by the country to take part in the war for them. The aircraft used was the Sikorsky Ilya Muromets. Although the aircraft was not that popular in the West, it was still amongst the best of their time. The aircraft was powered by 4 of the Sunbeam Crusader V8 engines with each of them having the ability to produce 150 HP, thus giving it a top speed of 68 mph and a service flight time of nearly 10 hours. The aircraft with its long range was an ideal long-range bomber aircraft of its era. The plane had the capacity to fly with a payload of up to 1500 pounds and made some of the most devastating bombings runs for Imperial Russia. Sopwith 1 ½ Strutter The Sopwith 1 ½ Strutter was available in two designs; a single seater and a double seater and was one of the best multi-ole b8ipalnes during the World War I. the name Sopwith 1 ½ Strutter was given to this aircraft because of its peculiar design of having short but long cabane struts on its top wings for support. This aircraft was also the first bi-plane to have the synchronized machine gun which allowed it to fire at the enemy through the moving propeller. The Sopwith 1 ½ Strutter was powered by a single Clerget 9B rotary engine that allowed it to produce 130 HPO with a top speed of 100 mph. Although it was not the fastest aircraft during World War I, it was still able to compete on par with many other amazing biplanes of its time. The aircraft was fitted with 1 forward shooting Vickers machine gun and 1 observer cockpit Lewis Machine gun. The aircraft also had the ability to fly with and drop a payload of 130 pounds. All of these made it one of the versatile fighter planes of its era. Pfalz D.III Although the Pfalz D.III came a little late into World War I, it still allowed to have the better advantage. Due to coming late, the engineers were able to learn from their various mistakes as well as other merging technologies to make the Pfalz D.III, one of the latest World War I multirole fighter planes. The aircraft was initially inspired from the design of Morane-Saulnier monoplane. To power the aircraft, designer equipped it with a specially built Mercedes D.IIIa six-cylinder engine that allowed it to generate an as6tonsihing 160 horsepower. This, in turn, gave it a top speed of little above 100 mph. the engine also gave the aircraft an impressive ceiling climb time. It could reach the height of 5000 feet in a little under 7 minutes which allowed it to have an advantage over many other fighter planes of the World War I. Although the aircraft was heavily used by the Ottoman and German forces, not a single one of these aircraft survives today. Still, a number of near-perfect replicas of this aircraft have been manufactured. Blériot XI The Blériot XI is the aircraft that was the result of the ingenious efforts of the aviation designer and pilot named Louis Blériot. It was the first aircraft at that time that crossed the English Channel and marked an important step in the history of aviation. The aircraft was a monoplane and was reinforced with the help of flying wires, which was also the very first of its kind along with its rudder design. The aircraft also had the elasticized cords,
Earlier we brought to our readers two of the most amazing lists comprised of the iconic warplanes from World War II and now we are back with some more. Actually, we cannot help ourselves to commemorate all the great fighter planes that helped the air forces during one of the biggest wars that the world has ever seen. So to cut the talk short, we bring to our readers a new list of the amazing planes of World War II (part 3). VL Myrsky VL Myrsky might be the lesser known fighter plane from World War II; it is still the only Finnish designed fighter plane from the era that deserves the right to have fame of its own. The aircraft was designed by not one but here genius engineers who are named as follows. Edward Wegelius Martti Vainio Torsti Verkkola The VL Myrsky, which was introduced into the service back in 1941, was named because the Myrsky in its name translates to “Storm” in Finnish. The aircraft held true to its name as it was able to hold its own against the Soviet fighters during dogfights. The aircraft was built firstly around a duraaluminum body but with the shortage of time and the raging war, the aircraft had to be built from plywood and canvas that was built around the steel frame. Due to these shortcomings in its designing material, the aircraft suffered from cold and wet conditions problems but all of this was made up by its superior maneuverability as well as its armaments. The aircraft was able to fly at a top speed of 330 mph and had deft banking and climbing capabilities midflight. Combined with its 4 VKT 12.7 mm machine guns, this small in size aircraft proved to be a great threat to enemy forces. CAC Boomerang The CAC Boomerang was the first of the military aircraft to be designed in Australia and its mass production started back in 1942 by the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation. The production line lasted until 1945. This was a single seater fight plane that was built especially for air-to-air missions. The primary role of the CAC Boomerang was to be the replacement aircraft for the other fighters on the first line of defense for the military in Australia. However, according to the military record, CAC Boomerang never shot down even a single one of the enemy aircraft. The aircraft is listed in this list because it was found out by the Austrian to be lacking in dogfighting scenarios but proved to be a great air force asset for supporting troops during ground missions. The CAC Boomerang was the one responsible for keeping the Australian troops safe from enemy ground forces at the Southwest Pacific Theater of the war which minimized the casualties and thus earned it a spot in the World War II history. Fokker D.XXI Vis another one of the lesser known aircraft from the World War II era but with impressive service history, this aircraft was able to make it on to our list today. The Fokker D.XXI was built initially to serve the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force as an affordable fighter plane. However, due to its many capabilities, the aircraft went on to serve in various air forces of the world militaries. It was built to serve in colonial Southeast Asia but some of them were acquired by Spanish Air Force back in 1936 to serve during the Spanish Civil War. The role of Fokker D.XXI once more spread when Germany started a war with the Netherlands and during that time Fokker D.XXI proved to be a valuable asset due to its deft maneuvering. More glory was heralded by Fokker D.XXI when it served the Netherlands during their war against the Soviet Union. The Fokker D.XXI proved with time and service that its rugged and nimble design was able to meet up with any war conditions as well as any of the fighter planes that USSR had to offer for competition. Republic P-43 Lancer The Republic P-43 Lancer was built initially for the US Army Air Corps from years in between 1940 to 1942 as a dogfighting aircraft but it was later switched to the role of being a long-range purist as well as an interceptor aircraft. The Republic P-43 Lancer was a single seater and a single-engine aircraft that had an all-metal design that had an impressive range of nearly 650 miles. An advanced oxygen system was incorporated inside the Republic P-43 Lancer that allowed it to fly at greater altitudes of 36000 feet which no other aircraft could archive during that era. This high altitude service feature when combined with its armament of 4 .50 caliber Browning M2 machine guns gave it quite an edge over the pursuing enemy bombers from both a range and altitude. The Republic P-43 Lancer was the only American fighter plane that was able to catch up to and shoot down the Japanese built Dinah Reconnaissance aircraft. Lockheed P-38 Lightning The Lockheed P-38 Lightning was designed by the legendary aviation engineer Clarence Kelly Johnson at Lockheed Martin. Kelly Johnson is also the man who is responsible for building the famed SR-71 Blackbird. When the Lockheed P-38 Lightning made its service entry back in 1941, it was like a bolt of lightning to the enemy forces out of nowhere. The body of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning was consistent of two booms that had engine and props while having a middle mounted fuselage that also had the cockpit. Despite its large body design, the Lockheed P-38 Lightning was single-seater aircraft that was able to deliver quite amazing feats during the war. The aircraft had a top speed of nearly 400 mph and was able to catch up to nearly all kinds of enemy aircraft in skies. As for putting the enemy in a world of pain, it was equipped with the following weapons. A single 20 mm cannon 4 of the .50 caliber Browning M2 machine guns 4
Jerry Coy and Jay Fontaine served during the Vietnam War and flew the O-2A and the F-4.
World War I is the world’s first Great War that encased the whole of the world in its wake. During this first great war of the world, nearly 100 million combatants from across the world military participated for their countries. The war left in its wake the death of nearly 9 million soldiers as well as 7 million civilians. There were also millions more deaths caused by the resulting genocide of the war as well as the influenza pandemic of 1918. In total it led to deaths of nearly 80 million individuals across the world. The war raged on from 28 July 1914 to 11th November 1918 and is regarded as the most deadly wars in the history of the world. During this war time, world was not that much advanced and had started to grasp the air travel in its earliest form. Still to compete with other nations of the world, many of the powerful militaries at that time had superior fighter pales to fight against enemies. While these aircraft were simple in their design, they nonetheless were elegant piece of machinery at that time. Today for our readers, we have brought together the list of iconic planes of World War I (part 1). Fokker D VII Fokker D VII made its debut rather late in the war. It entered the war back in January of 1918 but it still delivered quite a punch to its enemies. The aircraft was designed and manufactured by the Reinhold Platz of Fokker-Flugzeugwerke and proved itself to be a worthy fighter plane over the European skies until the war ended. The aircraft was fitted with a single Mercedes D.IIIa engine which allowed it to have better performance as compared to other fighter planes of the world war I. the aircraft had a top speed of 117 mph along with ceiling height of nearly 20000 feet. The aircraft had fitted on it 2 7.92 mm LMG 08/15 Spandau machine guns. The aircraft before entering the sieve was dubbed as “Ungainly”. SPAD S.VII SPAD S.VII was the first of its kind to be developed by the Société Pour L’Aviation et ses Dérivés. It was also one of the most produced aircraft of the World War I. the aircraft had fitted inside the modified automobile engine of Hispano-Suiza 8A. This aircraft was built to be a one-seater fighter plane in version of the SPAD SA pulpit plane. The aircraft had a top speed of 119 mph with an exceptional combat range of 225 miles and could deliver quite a lot of damage to its opponents. The aircraft only had fitted on it a single Vickers .303 machine gun which was renowned for its superior performance on a battlefield. The aircraft was used by the French and British air force pilots throughout the World War I. Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 The title to being the fastest fighter plane of the World War I goes to none other than the Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5. the aircraft was renowned for its fast speed and deft maneuverability at that time. The aircraft due to its capabilities during the war times is now nicknamed as the “Spitfire of the World War One”. The aircraft was powered by a single Hispano-Suiza 8 engine that allowed it to fly at a top speed of 138 mph for an impressive combat range of 300 miles. The aircraft on its test flight was a disastrous one but after the wings design was improved, it turned out to be a capable aircraft in dog fights. Her aircraft had three following guns on three different positions. Main Vickers machine gun Lewis gun mounted on the upper wing 4 of the 25 pounds each Cooper bombs Sopwith Camel One of the most iconic and the most talked about fighter planes of the World War I era is the Sopwith Camel. Almost hundreds of volumes have been written on as to how this aircraft proved its mettle in the war and changed the course of many battlefields. The Sopwith Camel is a biplane and its name was given due to its metal fairing design. This design allowed the plane to protect the guns from freezing up at high altitudes. The hump of the pane reminded test pilots of a camel. The Sopwith Camel was fitted with a single Clerget 9B rotary engine. One major quality of this fighter plane was its aluminum housing which was the first of its kind. Another amazing quality was the aircraft’s first ever synchronized firing mechanisms which made the pilot to fire with the Camel’s twin Vickers machine guns while having a near perfect aim through the propeller. Well that was not all; many models of the Camel were designed to serve the roles of being either as Night Fighters or carrier aircraft. The aircraft also went on to serve after the war ended. To this day many of these aircraft have been restored and are flying. SPAD S.XIII The SPAD S.XIII is another one of the iconic World War I fighter planes which were manufactured by the Société Pour L’Aviation et ses Dérivés. During the whole war time, nearly 8000 of these aircraft were manufactured. The SPAD S.XIII was powered by a single Hispano-Suiza 8A engine that allowed it to fly at a top speed of 135 mph which was like pushing the aircraft design limits during that era. With a high powered engine, the Hispano-Suiza 8ASPAD S.XIII could very well operate at a ceiling height of 21185 feet. The aircraft with its speed and maneuverability as well as its ceiling height was one of the favorite aircraft of the pilots of the World War I. Nieuport 17 The Nieuport 17 was a sesquiplane designed by French engineers meaning it was a biplane which led to it having a lower wing to be no longer than the upper wing. This resulted in the Nieuport 17 to have lesser interference drag between its wings and allowed it to have superior maneuverability at high
We are back with another list of the most iconic planes of World War I. these planes have served the role to their respective, militaries in order to overcome the enemy’s advances to their respective countries. These aircraft might have been simple in design by the current standards but at that time they stood at the pinnacle of the aviation engineering. Without any further ado, we present to our readers the iconic planes of World War I (part 3) Ansaldo A.1 Balilla The Ansaldo A.1 Balilla is the national pride of Italy during World War I and was domestically designed in the country. The word “Balilla” in its name is the name of folklore hero who had a key role in the revolt of Italians back in 1974 carried out against the Hapsburgs. The Ansaldo Company during the war times was frustrated with their inability and lack in reoccurs for a fighter plane. To overcome this trouble, the company decided to build an aircraft around their SPA 6A six piston engine. This engine in its peak performance was able to generate a power of 220 HP which allowed there resultant aircraft build around it to have a speed of 140 mph with a combat radius of a little over 400 miles. The aircraft had two Vickers machine guns mounted on the front of the aircraft which allowed it to become a weapon of war for Italian Air Force that could rival any other fighter plane of its era. In addition to Italy, the Ansaldo A.1 Balilla also served its fair share of time for the Polish and Greek air forces as well as making a few short appearances for the Soviet Union’s military. Albatros D.V The Albatros D.V a fighter plane of its era that was too advanced for its time. The aircraft also went on to become the base for all the upcoming fighters of the future with its many astonishing ahead of time features. The aircraft had fitted inside a single Mercedes engine to allow it to have 200 HP that allowed it to fly at a top speed of 110 mph with an equally impressive combat range. Unfortunately, the aircraft’s production was ceased by 1918 and it was driving towards being an obsolete model. Many structural as well as handling problems made it a less preferable choice for the pilots. Still, the parts of this aircraft were amazing. The world of aerodynamics saw a new insight with Albatros D.V’s elliptical cross section wings along with its revolutionary ventral fin as well as the tail fin. The aircraft went on to be the first fighter plane of its era that underwent changes depending on the region it served. In order to serve in the hot climates, the aircraft was fitted with additional radiators. Airco DH.2 Airco DH.2 is the fighter plane which was known as the Pusher Aircraft. The term pusher aircraft means that the propeller for this aircraft was mounted on the back side where the engine was and in between the wings, instead of the front like many other aircraft at that time had. This caused the aircraft to be pushed from behind instead of pulling it from the front. The aircraft appearance to be odd with propeller being nested in-between the wings and engine. While it looked odd, it still allowed the aircraft to dish out some amazing performances that were recorded milestones in aviation history. With the aircraft been handled differently as compared to other British aircraft, it was prone to a few accidents during its first few flights. However, after the pilots got used to its one of a kind design, it turned out to be a highly maneuverable and easy to fly aircraft. The aircraft was great in its performance that many great plots such as Laneo Hawker, he recipient of the Victoria Cross presented his best performances while flying this aircraft. Caproni Ca.3 While many fighter aircraft were making their appearance during the world war I it was the bobber that were actually helping their respective militaries to change the course of the war. In that time, one of the iconic bombers of the World War I from Italy was the Caproni Ca.3 which presented a 3 engine design along with its impeccable military service. The Caproni Ca.3 made its first appearance back in 1915 and instantly become a compulsory aircraft for the Italian Air Force with successfully targeting Austria and Hungary. The aircraft, with its impressive combat range of 372 miles could fly without a need to refuel. The aircraft was able to carry a payload of 1764 pounds and unload it on enemy targets to deliver a massive blow. Nowadays only 3 of these iconic bomber aircraft are present in the museums. Vickers F.B.5 The Vickers F.B.5 was so impressive that it had two nicknames; “The Gunbus” and the “Fighting Biplane 5”. The concept behind its design was to build an armed biplane which could easily destroy other World War I fighter planes. With many planes built during that time for reconnaissance missions, the Vickers F.B.5 was a massive step ahead in military thinking. After conducting several tests, the resultant aircraft was a 2-bay biplane with a single 9-clylinder rotary engine. As for firepower, 1 Lewis machine gun was mounted for the observer while the pilot focused on the flight. It became a necessary part of the British air forces and also saw action for many other militaries as well. Fokker E.III The Fokker E.III Eindecker is the fighter plane build by the German Air Forces. It was a monoplane that helped the Germans massively during the World War I. the aircraft entered the military service back in 1915 and remained until the war ended. The design of the aircraft was based on E.II. It presented larger and carefully designed wings which had na arrow profile. As for the engine, it was the same as the E.II but it housed a fuel tank with larger capacity in order
World War II was a time of great destruction that took many of the world nations into its atrocities. Militaries from all across the globe joined forces to form two sides and battle it out against each other to gain the superior edge. With war comes the time when the man’s limit for creation is taken to a new extreme and same was the case for all the technologies that were given rise to that time., jet technology is also one of the most amazing breakthroughs of that era. Although came near the end of the war, it still sent the world into a new age of aviation technology. Before jet fighters, the battles in the skies were carried out by the propeller-driven aircraft that were nonetheless the peak f ovation technology at that time. For our readers today we have started a new list to present you with the iconic planes of World War II. In this regard, we present the Amazing planes of World War II (part 1). Northrop P-61 Black Widow The Northrop P-61, despite having such an ominous name was not able to garner the fame that other American fighter planes did during World War II. That is also a shame because the Northrop P-61 Black Widow since entering the service back in 1943 and serving a spotless service record until 1954 was an amazing aircraft. The aircraft was designed to be able to work with the British made radar and to perform at high altitudes as a long-range night fighter plane with an ability to engage toe to toe with enemy bombers before they could ever reach their targets. The Northrop P-61 was powered by 2 Pratt & Whitney Double Wasp radial engines that gave it a horsepower of 2250 along with an impressive range of 600 miles. As for the weapons, the Northrop P-61 was equipped with 4 of the .50 caliber M2 machine guns. In these modern times, none of the Northrop P-61s are in optimum condition. de Havilland Dh.98 Mosquito The de Havilland Dh.98 Mosquito was a multirole fighter plane that was like Ju-88 intended to serve the following purposes. Fighter bomber Fast bomber Reconnaissance aircraft Intruder aircraft Night fighter The aircraft also had at time capability to operate as a light cargo transport aircraft. It was used for such purposes when the need to deliver the cargo through the neutral or enemy riddle areas was a necessity. The aircraft was designed to be easily operated by a crew of 2 members; one of which was a navigator and other was a pilot. The de Havilland Dh.98 Mosquito was built around 2 of the Rolls Royce Merlin engines that gave it a top speed of 336 mph at a maximum altitude of nearly 29000 feet. As for the standard armaments with which the de Havilland Dh.98 Mosquito was equipped included 4 guns which were either the Browning machine guns or the Hispano MK II canons. It also had bomber variants which were able to carry an ordinance of 4000 pounds. Due to it having time radio navigation, it was an aircraft that was loved by its operators. Avro Lancaster The Avro Lancaster, a British bomber plane from World War II is still being remembered for its many amazing operations that it carried out during the war times and especially during its missions over Europe and other regions. The aircraft during its astounding 156000 sorties was able to drop down nearly 60000 tons of bombing ordinance over its enemies. This is the record that the British army is still proud to this very day and it is completely justifiable. Avro Lancaster was able to be operated by a crew of 7 members at a range of impressive 2500 miles allowing it to tread deep into enemy territories. To deliver the havoc upon its enemies, the Avro Lancaster was equipped with 8 machine guns of defensive purposes while for main attack force; it could deliver a bombing payload of 14000 pounds. The aircraft also had a modification feature that was nicknamed as Grand Slam and it allowed the Avro Lancaster to drop down nearly 22000 pounds of bombs. 17 of these beloved Avro Lancasters of the Royal Air Force are currently in intact shape with 2 of them in condition to be flown. They are often flown during the commemorative events held in the UK and Canada. Lavotchkin LaGG-3 It is a little sad that often the contributions of the Soviet Union are overlooked by the western and the rest of the world historians in defeating the Nazi forces. In fact the amount of Soviet soldiers and civilians that died during World War II is far greater than any other world nation. The Soviet Air Force also played its part in liberating the world from Nazi Germany invasion and the most of it was carried out by the Soviet Union’s Lavotchkin LaGG-3, a front line fighter plane during the early few years of the wartime. The aircraft first made it appearance back in 1941. The earliest models of the Lavotchkin LaGG-3were made from pieces of wood that were kept in place with a resin of polyvinyl. The more impressive forms of the Lavotchkin LaGG-3 were made much after that. The aircraft was initially hated by its operators but after the powerful Klimov M-105 engine was introduced for power and the weapons consistent of 2 .50 caliber machine guns as well as single 20 mm cannon were installed in it, the aircraft was enough to carry out any form of attack right in the heart of enemy territory. Yakovlev Yak-3 It took time for Soviet pilots to adapt to the LaGG-3 but with Yakovlev Yak-3, they instantly fell in love with the aircraft. Despite making its appearance back in 1941, near the end of war, the Yakovlev Yak-3 flew for hundreds of missions against the Luftwaffe forces. The aircraft with its top speed of 400 mph and being equipped with 2 Berezin UBS machine
1 - 21 are standard land-based bombers. 22 - 30 are carrier-based bombers. 31 and 32 are variations of other aircraft designed specifically for...