Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War online subtitrat. Acest serial documentar explorează Războiul Rece.

A new TV series has been going viral online for its spot-on live action adaptation of the video game franchise Fallout that takes place in a post-apocalyptic world. This series depicts the aftermath of The Great War of 2077, where survivors take refuge in fallout shelters or Vaults, which are actual

The limited series will focus on the immediate aftermath of Lincoln’s assassination in 1865 and the search for John Wilkes Booth. Here's everything you need ...

The violence on the evening of March 5, 1770, in Boston is known to us today as the Boston Massacre. It was an unfortunate incident that left five people dead and growing anger between American colonists and leaders in England.

Greetings Card of 5929357 A Last Sleep of the BraveA, Isandlwana, Zulu War, 1879 (oleograph) by Neuville, Alphonse Marie de (1835-85); National Army Museum, London; (add.info.: A Last Sleep of the BraveA, Isandlwana, Zulu War, 1879. Oleograph after Alphonse de Neuville, 1881) #MediaStorehouse

The story of the Welsh family who built bridges and relationships in Germany after World War 2.

6:00 A.M., SEPTEMBER 28, 1901 BALANGIGA, SAMAR, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS The bugler of Company C, Ninth Infantry, sounded the call for breakfast. American soldiers, unarmed, made their way to the mess hall. Outside, the Filipino Chief of Police, Valeriano Abanador, prepared Filipino prisoners for a day of forced labor. Suddenly, Abanador seized Private Adolph Gamlin’s rifle… MORE

In the aftermath of combat, post-traumatic stress creates changes in a warrior.

You often hear about how the Civil War brought submarines, iron-clad ships, or the telegraph into play, but that’s not exactly true. While they are

The young, in the week of Kent State, asked more—insisted on more—and in so doing restored breath to a country that had seemed in many ways close to extinction.

On 14 November 1940 the Luftwaffe launched its most devastating bombing raid of World War Two so far, on the city of Coventry. BBC News examines the terrible impact of the attacks.

A portrait of Germany in defeat is constantly surprising, finds Gerard Woodward

Nida has always been known as Mamou Abdul-Hafeedh's niece - the poet that will fill her uncle's shoes after he was wrongfully incarcerated during the war on terror. But for Nida, her poetry letters are her heart and sharing so much of herself with a world that stereotypes her faith and her hijab is not an option. When Nida is illegally frisked at a Democratic Senatorial candidate's political rally, she writes a scathing poem about the politician, never expecting the letter to go viral weeks before Election Day. Nida discovers her poem has won first place in a national contest, a contest she never entered, and her quiet life is toppled. But worst of all, Nida loses her ability to write poetry. In the aftermath of her win, Nida struggles to balance the expectations of her mother, her uncle, and her vibrant Muslim community with the person she truly wants to be. Told through alternating prose and verse sections, and with a touch of magic, Sarah Mughal Rana's Hope Ablaze is gripping, heartbreaking, often funny, and ultimately uplifting. In her unforgettable exploration of poetry, society, and self, Rana not only celebrates the Islamic faith and Pakistani culture, but simultaneously confronts racism and Islamophobia with unflinching bravery.

World War II activity. Great for World War II that forces students to think critically! Students are given five scenarios that involve World War II, the Holocaust, and its aftermath. Then they are asked to answer a series of thought provoking moral questions. Each story is based on a true event and the real stories are also provided. Extension suggestions and a lesson plan are included. Scenarios based on the real life stories of: Adolf Eichmann Dora Bruder Marthe Cohn Francois Mitterrand Charles de Gaulle Available BUNDLED along with: Hitler's Rise to Power The Monuments Men Cold War Map Activity WWII Map Activity The Imitation Game Woman in Gold Operation Finale

‘When The Soldiers Came,’ by historian Miriam Gebhardt, claims one million women were raped by Allied soldiers in Germany in the immediate aftermath of World War II.

In the 1870s settler and colonial determination to bring Blacks under firm political control had undermined the hard-won security that many African societies had achieved.

Bret Weinstein | We destroyed ourselves with our dumb 9/11 overreactions. It's essential not to make the same mistake again.

In a new book, Prof. Dan Stone argues that, for Jews, the liberation of the camps lasted years and shaped the post-war order

My life was pretty chaotic in September, October, and December, which means I read a lot of books, but I didn’t have time to review them. Instead of ignoring those poor books, I thought I’d do rapid-fire reviews. I’m not going to include summaries because then you’d be scrolling forever. Click the titles to open Goodreads. *This post contains affiliate links. I earn a commission from qualifying purchases. Rapid Reviews Of Things I Read In Fall, Sorted Into Somewhat Random And Completely Subjective Categories Category 1: Um . . . Not My Favorite Italian Shoes by Henning Mankell I didn’t think it was possible, but this novel might have too much death for me. Everything that comes to the main character’s private island ends up dying, even the wildlife. It gets depressingly repetitive. I understand what the author was going for: The main character has isolated himself so much that he’s not really living anymore. This book is the story of him reclaiming his life. That’s great, but it's a bit heavy-handed. I also had a hard time believing some of the characters’ behavior. The main character is insufferably selfish. If you need likeable main characters, you should probably avoid this one. It is well-written and atmospheric, though. Buy it on Amazon The Case for Christ: A Journalist's Personal Investigation Of The Evidence For Jesus by Lee Strobel (Cases for Christianity #1) An accessible examination of the story of Jesus. The interview structure is repetitive, but it makes the book a quick read that doesn’t completely overwhelm the reader with information. I got frustrated with the lack of diversity in the people interviewed. They all have the exact same perspective. I’m sure there are Bible scholars who are just as educated as these guys, but who have come to different conclusions. I want to hear from them. Buy it on Amazon Days Without End by Sebastian Barry Days Without End is a good title for this book because it’s monotonous. I kept zoning out during the war scenes. I like the unusual main characters and the unconventional family they create for themselves. Also, the descriptions of the American plains are spot-on. Buy it on Amazon Gather the Daughters by Jennie Melamed Full of strong-willed young characters who want to change the world. Unsettling and beautifully written, but similar to The Handmaid’s Tale, The Giver, and other dystopias I’ve read. It’s thought-provoking, but too derivative for me. Buy it on Amazon Category 2: Pleasantly Average The Avenue of the Giants by Marc Dugain A complicated, unreliable narrator. He seems like a fairly normal guy from the outside, but the reader has access to his thoughts, so we know that something is badly wrong with him. I occasionally got bored with the slow plot. The book has typos and a few translation issues. The fascinating narrator has really stuck in my mind, though. I'll be thinking about him for a long time. Buy it on Amazon Leah on the Offbeat by Becky Albertalli (Creekwood #2) Simon is back! I love him! All of the characters are laugh-out-loud hilarious. Since I’m not a romance lover, I found the romantic angst tedious to read. I don’t love Leah like I love Simon, but she seems like a believable teen to me. She’s prickly, insecure, and confused. Buy it on Amazon Stalking Jack The Ripper by Kerri Maniscalco (Stalking Jack The Ripper #1) Love Audrey Rose and her interest in gory science. Hate Thomas. His incessant flirting almost ruined the book for me. I just wanted him to go away. The mystery is a lot of creepy fun, but the ending is too convenient, and Thomas irritated me enough that I’m not interested in the sequel. Buy it on Amazon Category 3: Would Recommend History of Wolves by Emily Fridlund Beautiful writing and no plot! Seriously, the writing is stunning. I love the atmosphere. The novel has a bunch of different plot threads that never came together for me. The book meanders from topic to topic, then ends suddenly. I’m tempted to reread it. I think I will get more out of it the second time. Buy it on Amazon Eleanor Oliphant Is Completely Fine by Gail Honeyman It lives up to the hype! Mostly, I’m impressed that Eleanor was able to take two straight months of sick leave from work without getting fired or running out of money. I want her job. Eleanor is a quirky narrator who captured my imagination. Maybe this book will encourage readers to pay attention to the lonely weirdos in the back of the room. You could be missing out on an interesting friendship. Buy it on Amazon Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis Reread of a childhood favorite. The characters are funny, memorable, and loveable. Like the author’s other books, this one is character-driven and episodic. The book has a typical middlegrade ending. Pretty much everything is wrapped up in a perfect fairytale way. It’s a little too neat for my (adult) tastes, but I loved it as a child. Buy it on Amazon The Indifferent Stars Above: The Harrowing Saga of a Donner Party Bride by Daniel James Brown The author doesn’t just retell the familiar story that most Americans already know. He puts the story in historical and scientific context. It helps the reader understand how and why things went so wrong for the Donners. Since there were 80+ people associated with the party and their rescue, I occasionally got confused about who was alive, who was dead, and who was where. Despite that issue, it's a fascinating story. I now want to read all the Donner Party books. Buy it on Amazon All American Boys by Jason Reynolds & Brendan Kiely More nuanced than most of the other novels I’ve read about police brutality. I like that the characters aren’t perfect. They make big mistakes. Unfortunately, they also get preachy at times. The Very Important Lessons occasionally pulled me out of the story. It's still one of the best police-brutality books that have come out in the last few years. Buy it on Amazon The War I Finally Won by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley (The War That Saved My Life #2) Just like the first book, this one is slow. I kept wishing the pace would pick up. But, this series is the most realistic middlegrade war series I’ve read. Like a real child, Ada’s development is two steps forward, one step back. I enjoyed seeing her learn about the world and become more comfortable in it. Excellent duology! Buy it on Amazon Category 4: Go Read This! Stay with Me by Ayobami Adebayo I never thought I’d be riveted by a super-depressing story about marriage and the pressure that society puts on couples to have children, but here we are. The characters are morally gray and unpredictable. Every time I thought I knew what was going to happen, the plot took off in a new direction. The twists could have been developed better. A few of them happen so quickly that we don’t see the characters’ motivations or the consequences of their actions. Still, I know this novel will be a 2019 favorite of mine. Buy it on Amazon Apt Pupil by Stephen King This was a reread for me. I read it for the first time in 2014 and was completely shocked and disturbed. The premise is horrifying: An ex-Nazi and a psychopathic American teenager have discovered each other’s deepest secrets. They’re so scared of the secrets coming out that they gradually torture each other to death. I love the slow way that King builds tension. This is one of those slow-motion-train-wreck books. The characters are disgusting, and you know it’s going to end badly for both of them, but you can’t look away. Buy it on Amazon Eliza And Her Monsters by Francesca Zappia I adored this book, and I think I would have loved it even more if I’d read it as a teenager. It kept me awake until 2 in the morning because I couldn’t sleep until I knew how it ended. Eliza’s struggle to find balance is relatable. It’s a thoroughly modern novel about what happens when your online life and your “real” life collide. I love the message that online life is real life. Eliza is a whiny brat, but I think a lot of teens could understand her desire to be creative online while maintaining her privacy. If you love Rainbow Rowell’s Fangirl, you’ll probably like Eliza and Her Monsters. Buy it on Amazon What’s the best book you read in the fall?

The ravages of the plague led directly to the creation of the pub, historian claims

The Battle of Dunkirk took place in Dunkirk/Dunkerque, France, during the Second World War between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation of British and Allied forces in Europe from 26 May – 4 June 1940. Following the events at Dunkirk, the German forces regrouped before commencing an operation called Fall Rot ("Case Red"), a renewed assault southward, starting on 5 June. Although two fresh British divisions had begun moving to France in an attempt to form a Second British Expeditionary Force (BEF), the decision was taken on 14 June to withdraw all the remaining British troops; an evacuation called Operation Ariel. By 25 June, almost 192,000 Allied personnel, 144,000 of them British, had been evacuated through various French ports. Although the French Army fought on, German troops entered Paris on 14 June. The French government was forced to negotiate an armistice at Compiègne on 22 June. The loss of materiel on the beaches was huge. The British Army left enough equipment behind to equip about eight to ten divisions. Discarded in France were, among huge supplies of ammunition, 880 field guns, 310 guns of large calibre, some 500 anti-aircraft guns, about 850 anti-tank guns, 11,000 machine guns, nearly 700 tanks, 20,000 motorcycles, and 45,000 motor cars and lorries. Army equipment available at home was only just sufficient to equip two divisions. The British Army needed months to re-supply properly and some planned introductions of new equipment were halted while industrial resources concentrated on making good the losses. Officers told troops falling back from Dunkirk to burn or otherwise disable their trucks (so as not to let them benefit the advancing German forces). The shortage of army vehicles after Dunkirk was so severe that the Royal Army Service Corps (RASC) was reduced to retrieving and refurbishing numbers of obsolete buses and coaches from British scrapyards to press them into use as troop transports. Some of these antique workhorses were still in use as late as the North African campaign of 1942. A marble memorial to the battle stands at Dunkirk. The French inscription is translated as: "To the glorious memory of the pilots, mariners, and soldiers of the French and Allied armies who sacrificed themselves in the Battle of Dunkirk, May–June 1940." (Photos: Hugo Jaeger—The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images)

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A political joke and many joining it in 1935 through 1949 seemed to split the two major American polital parties further and futher apart. In the events leading up to the war, The New Deal stimulated the nation's economy and created jobs. It also simulated political discent. However, one man was elected to 4 terms as US President for the only time in history, leading the nation throughout most of WWII. It would be up to others to rebuild the world from the nightmare of war.

Author: Judith Barrow Published: May 2013 by Honno Press Category: Historical Fiction In May 1950, Britain is struggling with the hardships of rationing and the aftermath of the Second World War. P…

The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot is the most influential poem of the 20th century. It first appeared in the

Prisoners of War rescued from Japanese prison camps.

In eleven dramatic years, Anwar Sadat changed history—not just that of Egypt, or of the Middle East, but of the entire world. As the architect of the 1973 ...

There are thousands joyful pictures of the liberation of France in 1944. But among the cheering images there are also shocking ones. These show the fate of women accused of "collaboration horizontale". It is impossible to forget Robert Capa's fallen-Madonna image of a shaven-headed young woman, cradling her baby, implicitly the result of a relationship with a German soldier. In 1942, Germany dominated most of Europe. Greater Germany had been enlarged at the expense of its neighbors. They were there, and, like soldiers of every army of every period of history, as soon as they got comfortable they started scouting around for women. And, as always in times of military occupation, there were women to be found. The punishment of shaving a woman's head had biblical origins. In Europe, the practice dated back to the dark ages, with the Visigoths. During the middle ages, this mark of shame, denuding a woman of what was supposed to be her most seductive feature, was commonly a punishment for adultery. Shaving women's heads as a mark of retribution and humiliation was reintroduced in the 20th century. After French troops occupied the Rhineland in 1923, German women who had relations with them later suffered the same fate. And during the Second World War, the Nazi state issued orders that German women accused of sleeping with non-Aryans or foreign prisoners employed on farms should also be publicly punished in this way. Collaborator Another collaborator, somewhere in France. Found on a German POW. German soldiers exchanging their clothes with their girlfriends. Those uniforms really fit those Frenchwomen pretty well! Nobody seems to know where this photo came from. It shows a young lady in an officer's (Untersturmführer) uniform. Women could not join SS units except as auxiliaries, and certainly did not wear SS officer uniforms. Off-duty Wehrmacht soldier spending a day at the pool with his girlfriend. French girl engaged to German soldier follows him into prison compound after his capture near Orleans by U.S. forces. This would have been around August 1944. She undoubtedly was safer in there with him than on the streets, subject to abuse by the partisans. This Frenchwoman does not look like she is suffering, nor the ones in the background. A French woman cavorting with members of Hitler's SS in bars and cabarets. Members of the Norwegian collaborationist Special Squad Lola (Sonderabteilung Lola) whose mission was to infiltrate the Norwegian resistance, are being tried after the war. Spirits seem to be high - indicating the level of callousness of these hardened war criminals. Lola worked under the orders of the SS/SD; several hundred Norwegians were tortured, and it is believed that Lola killed more than 80 people. Ten defendants, all men, were found guilty and shot. The rest (the women) received long prison sentences. There are thousands upon thousands of joyful pictures of the liberation of France in 1944. But among the cheering images there are also shocking ones. These show the fate of women accused of “collaboration horizontale”. Belgian women who had collaborated with the Germans are shaved, tarred and feathered and forced to give a Nazi salute. A Nazi “collaborator” - a French woman having her head shaved following liberation, as punishment for an on-going sexual relationship with a Nazi soldier during the occupation of France. Female French collaborator having her head shaved during Liberation of Marseilles. Some of the onlookers appear quite amused. Women who consorted with the Germans during the occupation are driven through the streets of Cherbourg by members of the French resistance. Their head were shaved in order to humiliate them. The perks of sleeping with SS men were extra rations or quality food, access to forbidden luxury goods such as perfume and stockings and freedom from certain restrictions. The downside as seen by their contemporaries who later shot or ostracized and humiliated them was complicity in - or perhaps even knowledge of - the hell and slaughter of the concentration camps. Going strictly by their attire and their, shall we say, defiant postures, these may have been working girls. Parading them around like this may seem a bit much to today’s audience, but at the time, this image would have evoked feelings of victory and just retribution. Some probably wanted them shot out of hand. A French woman collaborator and her baby, whose father is German, returns to her home followed by a throng of taunting townspeople after having her head shaven following the capture of Chartres by the Allies, August 1944. It appears that she is passing some women who suffered a similar fate. Photo by Robert Capa. In the streets of Brignoles, angry French citizens publicly rebuke a woman who is suspected of having collaborated with the Germans. Women often were the most upset with other women who collaborated. Members of the French resistance in Cherbourg shear the hair of women who collaborated with the Germans during the occupation. A woman with a shaven head, accused of collaborating with the Germans during the German occupation of France, is marched away by a member of the French Resistance in a street at Chartres after the city's liberation. August 1944. Accused collaborators photographed after being punished by the French resistance. Funnily enough, the resistance punished collaborators in the same manner that only years early the Nazi party had used on perpetrators who had been perpetrators of “race crimes” (i.e., having sex with the wrong people) in Germany and Austria. Members of the French resistance lead two women accused of being German sympathizers to the local prison, where their heads will be shaved as punishment for collaboration. Notice how they are touching their soon-to-be-shorn locks. August 29, 1944. A French woman accused of sleeping with Germans has her head shaved by neighbors in a village near Marseilles. Note the large crowd of partisans. In the Normandy village of Liesville, angry French patriots take hold of Juliette Audieve, thought to have been a collaborator with the Germans. It appears the two ladies standing casually by are also partisans. Moments later, the two French patriots try to cut off the hair of Juliette Audieuve as punishment for collaborating with the German forces occupying France during World War II, Liesville, France, 1944. There she goes under the scissors. A collaborator being humiliated, with the usual crowd of people above suspicion. (via World War II in Pictures)

While the Mfecane was taking place in what is now KwaZulu-Natal and in the interior, the white Afrikaners were getting fed up with living under British rule in the Cape. Many of the Boers, or Afrikaners, had settled as farmers on the outskirts of the colony. These were the so-called Trek Boers and they complained that British did not protect them from marauding, cattle-rustling black youths, although they were not above cattle rustling themselves. A seminal event was when a British Magistrate sentenced five young Boers to be hanged for resorting to violence when protecting one of their kind who resisted arrest for mistreating a Khoi labourer. At the public hanging the leather ropes used to hang them together broke and after the Boers called for mercy they were hanged one by one in front of an angry crowd. The place where it happened went down in Afrikaner folklore as 'Slagter's Nek'. One of the final straws in their disillusionment with British rule was that they were not properly compensated for their slaves, like other British subjects were, when slavery was abolished in British colonies in 1834. To put this into historical context, it was only during the 1860s, after the Civil War, that slavery was abolished in the American Deep South. So in 1836, the Afrikaner Trek Boers loaded up ox wagons, gathered their families and livestock, and undertook one of the greatest human migration in the history, Great Trek, into the hinterlands of South Africa. Up to 4,000 Trekker families made a journey, which was the equalent of one in five Afrikaners in the Cape Colony at the time. They became known as the Voortrekkers, which means "pioneers' in Afrikans. Along the way, they had to deal with brutal terrain, harsh climate, dangerous animals and hostile black groups many of whom had never seen Europeans before. One can only be awe of the risks the Voortrekkers took in search of freedom and to protect their Calvinistic way of life. I have often wondered whether the expression "Africa is nott sissies" emanates from this time in South Africa's history. There were two groups of trekkers who squabbled about where to go. The first group, under Piet Retief went north and crossed over the Drakensberg Mountains into Natal and trekked as far as Port Natal , now Durban, on the coast. A splinter group, under Louis Trichardt, went as far as Lourenco Marques(now Maputo) in Mozambique before being evacuated by sea when the locals confronted them. While they had escaped the British by crossing the boundaries of the Cape Colony, The British Colonial Gouvernment still viewed the Voortrekkers as British subjects who were rebelling against them and feared that rebels would dominate the north-eastern region of South Africa and provide their Europeam adversaries with access to the sea. So they sent a small contingent of officials to Port Natal over the Boers, even though it didn't fall under their jurisdiction. The second group of Voortrekkers under Hendrik Potgieter, who did not want to go near the sea because 'where the sea, there will be Englishmen', went into the interrior. The British did not care as much about the Boers in interior, as they didn't attach much value to the land there. This, of course, all changed later in the century with diswcovery of diamonds and gold. When the Voortrakkers arrived they encountered a wasteland devastated by the Mfecane. What was left of the local Sotho-Tswana groups sought Boer's protection from the marauding warrios of Mzilikazi, few of whom had ever seen Europeans before and were suspicious of these strange people with their ox wagons and guns. The inevitable clash came when Mzilikazi attacked the Boers in the Battle of Vegkop, one of the seminal battles in South African history. Ironically, it was an 'away game' for both sides, Mzilikazi from the east coast and the Boers from the Cape, fighting for the territory in the interior! A twelve-year-old boy, who by then had already shot his first lion, helped load the muskets of the Boers and would play a huge role in the history of the country. He was Paul Kruger who became a legendary Boer leader and after whom the Kruger National Park was named. In spite of winning the battle, the Boers lost all their cattle and it was only after the local Baroleng clan helped them with oxen that they were able to pull their wagons to safety. The Boers then hunted down Mzilikazi's army and defeated them in the nine-day battle of Kapain and he fled north to establish the Kingdom of Matabeleland in Zimbabwe. The Boers demarshed the two territories of the land they conquered and called them The Free State and The South African Republic (later known as The Transvaal) to stand alonside the black nations much like Zululand, Swaziland, Basutuland (later Lesoto) and Bechuanaland (later Botswana). The Boer Republic were ruled by a democratically elected Volksraad in which only Boers could participate, while the Black Nations were ruled by monarch or chief who had absolute pover. The two Boers Republics were recognized by Britain (and internationaly) as independent republics by the signing of the Sand River Convention, witnessed by the young Paul Kruger, in 1852 and 1854 respectively. While the Boers were deeply attached to their farms, they were not only in almost constant conflict with neighbourig black groups, but also fought amongst each other. At one stage there was an actual civil war between two factions of the Boers. Both republics did not allow the black people an equal say in the government of the land that they believed they had fought for conquered. The area was sparsely populated especially in the interior after the Mfecane and befor the discovery of gold and diamonds (the population of the whole of south Africa at the time was only about 5% of what it is now), so there was not enough space for all the groups to live in peace and maintain their cultures and pastoral way of life post Mfecane. However the more conversative elements of the Boers were deeply religious and justified their treatment of Black people with a verse from Jeshua 9 in the Bible's Old Testament where it says that they should be the 'hewers of wood and drawers of water' which defined their relationship with black people. The British believed they were a superior race, sent to Africa to educate and civilise, while the Boers considered themselves the masters of the black people. The scene was set for more conflict. Пока Mfecane происходило на месте где сегодня расположена провинция Квазулу-Натал и в глубине , африканерам надоело жить под британским владычеством на мысе. Многие буры, или африканеры, поселились как фермеры на окраине колонии. Это были так называемые «Фуртрекеры» и они жаловались на то, что англичане не защищают их от мародерства со стороны чернокожих молодых людей, хотя они ростом были не были выше скота. Существенным событием стало то, что британский магистрат приговорил пятерых молодых буров к повешению за применение насилия, когда они стали защищать одного из них, который сопротивлялся аресту за плохое обращение с работником племени Кхои- Кхои. Во время публичной казни порвались кожаные веревки, и после того, как буры вызвали к себе милосердие, их повесили поодиночке перед рассерженной толпой. Место, где это произошло, вошло в фольклор африканеров как «Слейтер-Нек». Одним из последних вех в их разочаровании в британском правлении произошла тогда, когда им должным образом не вернули средства портаченые на покупку рабов, как же как и другим британским подданным, когда рабство было отменено в британских колониях в 1834 году. В историческом контексте. Отмена рабства в Америке произошло только в 1860-е годы, после Гражданской войны. Так, в 1836 году фуртрекеры загрузили повозки запряженные волами, собрали свои семьи и домашний скот и совершили одну из величайших человеческих миграций в истории - Великий Поход во внутренние районы Южной Африки. До 4000 семей совершили это путешествие, их численность была равна одной пятой от всего количества африканеров в Капской колонии в то время. Они стали известны как фуртрекеры, что означает «пионеры» на языке Африканс. По пути им приходилось иметь дело с сложной местностью, суровым климатом, опасными животными и враждебными группами аборигенов, многие из которых никогда раньше не видели европейцев. Они очень рисковали и преодолели множество препятствий на своем пути в поисках свободы и защиты своего кальвинистского образа жизни. Я часто задавался вопросом, существует ли в истории Южной Африки выражение «Африканер - не бабник». Были две группы фуртреккеров, которые ссорились между собой в вопросе куда идти. Первая группа, под предводительством Пита Ретифа, отправилась на север и пересекла Дракенсбергские горы попав в Натал, они прошли до Порт-Натал, ныне Дурбан, попав прямо на побережье. Отколовшаяся группа под руководством Луи Тричардта дошла до Лаурен Маркиза (ныне Мапуту) в Мозамбике, прежде чем им пришлось эвакуироваться морем, после того как местные жители столкнулись с ними. В то время как они избежали владычества британцев, пересекая границы Капской колонии, Британский колониальный губернатор все еще рассматривал их в качестве британских подданных, которые восстали против них и опасались, что мятежники будут доминировать в северо-восточном регионе Южной Африки и подставлять их европейским противникам имея выход к морю. Поэтому они отправили небольшой контингент чиновников в Порт-Наталь всед за бурами, хотя они вовсе не подпадали под их юрисдикцию. Вторая группа фуртрекерцев под руководством Хендрика Потгитера, не захотели идти к морю, потому что там «где море, там будут англичане», они пошли вовнутрь страны. Англичанам было все равно, что буры где далеко будут жить буры, потому что они не придавали большого значения тем территориям. Все конечно изменилось коренным образом позжеб когда были обнаружены запасы бриллиантов и золота. Когда фуртрекеры прибыли на место, они столкнулись с пустыней, опустошенной войнами Mfecane. То, что осталось от местных сото-тсванских групп, искали у Буров от мародерствующих воинов Мзиликази, но мало кто из них когда-либо видел европейцев раньше и они с большим подозрением относились к этим странным людям с их быками и пистолетами. Неизбежное столкновение произошло, когда Mzilikazi напали на буров в битве при Vegkop, это было одно из самых ярких сражений в истории Южной Африки. По иронии судьбы, это была «игра на вылет» для обеих сторон, Mzilikazi с восточного побережья и буры со стороны мыса, сражающиеся за территорию в своиз землях! Двенадцатилетний мальчик, который к тому времени уже застрелил своего первого льва, помогал заряжать мушкеты буров и именно он сыграл огромную роль в истории страны. Это был Пол Крюгер, который стал легендарным лидером Буров и его именем был назван Национальный парк Крюгера. Несмотря на победу в битве, буры потеряли весь свой скот и только после того, как местный клан Баролинга помог им с быками, они смогли вытащить свои повозки в безопасное место. Позже буры выследили армию Mzilikazi и победили их в девятидневной битве при Капаин, поле чего враг бежал на север, чтобы основать Королевство Матабелеланд в Зимбабве. Буры заняли две территории земли и назвали их Свободное государство и Южно-Африканская Республика (позже ставшую Трансвааль) чтобы быть наравне с такими черными нациями, как Зулуланд, Свазиленд, Басутуленд (позднее Лесото) и Бечуаналенд (позднее Ботсвана). Бурской республикой управляло демократически избранное народное правительство, в котором могли участвовать только буры, в то время как нациями чернокожих управлял монарх или начальник, который имел абсолютную власть. Две Бурские республики были признаны Великобританией ( так же на международном уровне) в качестве независимых республик, подписав Конвенцию Песчаной реке, свидетелем которой был молодой Пол Крюгер, в 1852 и 1854 годах. Хотя буры были глубоко привязаны к своим фермам, они не только находились в постоянном конфликте с соседними черными группами, но и сражались друг с другом. На одном этапе между двумя фракциями буров произошла настоящая гражданская война. Обе республики не давали черным людям никаких постов и прав в правительстве страны, они считали, что боролись за свое завоевание. Область была малонаселенной особенно в глубине после Mfecane и перед открытием месторождений золота и алмазов (население всей Южной Африки в то время составляло только около 5% от того колличества, что сейчас), несмотря на это не хватило места для того, чтобы все группы жили в мире и поддерживали свою культуру и пастырский образ жизни после Mfecane. Однако более разговорчивые элементы из буров были глубоко религиозными и оправдывали свое отношение к черным людям стихом из Иешуа 9 в Ветхом Завете Библии, в котором говорится, что они должны быть «орудиями древа и воды», которые определяют их взаимоотношения с черными людьми. Англичане полагали, что они были высшей расой, отправленной в Африку, чтобы воспитывать и нести цивилизацию, в то время как буры считали себя хозяевами черных людей. Обстановка была напряженной и вот вот должен был возникнуть конфликт.

The need to know facts about the Fibrosa Case (Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd.) - a very important contract law case detailing an important rule on frustration.

Auschwitz was the most notorious and horrible of the concentration camps during World War II. Over a million innocent people were murdered at the camp located in Southern Poland (which was “annexed” by Nazi German forces at the beginning of the war). Survivors, of which there were only about 200,000 of the 1.3 million that were sent there, reported that [...]