“London” prefix introduced in 1613 could be deleted as councilors and public look for change.
Manning a charity stall on Newton Aycliffe market on June 7, 1984, raising £140 for the striking miners. Northern Echo
Abner R. Small of Waterville was 25 when he enlisted in Co. G of the Maine 3rd Infantry Regiment on June 4, 1861. He was promoted to Full 1st Lieutenant on May 24, 1862, the same day he was mustered out of the 3rd Maine and commissioned an officer in Company S of the newly formed Maine 16th Infantry Regiment. Small became a Full Major on Oct. 13, 1864. He served a adjutant for the regiment. He served on Col. Joshua Chamberlain's staff when Chamberlain commanded the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division. He was mustered out on June 5, 1865 at Arlington Heights, Virginia.
Unionists of Salamanca 1-3 Real Madrid | Copa del Rey 22.01.2020
Eccentric attraction on Kent Thames estuary highlights intelligence of decapods while depicting crabs as 1920s fascists and trade unionists
Jules Feiffer’s new graphic novel, “Cousin Joseph,” features a strange collection of characters: unionists, head honchos, dirty cops, bums, lackeys.
Trade unionists from US and Europe stand with staff at Coventry hub over local pay dispute amid global day of action
Tabarnia, created by Spanish unionists, has become so popular that a recent press conference was set up in Barcelona with theatre actor Albert Boadella as ‘president’.
Read "Maryland Women in the Civil War Unionists, Rebels, Slaves & Spies" by Claudia Floyd available from Rakuten Kobo. This lively Civil War history chronicles the harrowing and heroic lives of Maryland women caught in the bloody conflict....
“The British government is always going to stand by the unionists … they hate them (!) but they’re going to use them to get one over on Sinn Fein” Stephen Rea in ‘United Nation - The Case for Integrating Ireland’ by Frank Connolly
The Troubles, also known as the Northern Ireland Conflict, was a political and nationalistic movement fueled by the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. Protestant Unionists/loyalists wanted Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom. Catholic Irish Nationalists/Republicans wanted Northern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom and join a…
Research in Progress - 1982 Sighting: Beechmount Street - Belfast - 1982"Many Unionists identify with Israel as an isolated community, surrounded by hostile forces and lacking international support. Their pro-Israeli sentiments also are a reaction to Irish Republican support for the Palestinian cause. In the 1980s, a mural in a nationalist area of Belfast depicted armed Irish
After 1933, as the brutal terror regime took hold, most of the two-thirds of Germans who had never voted for the Nazis - some 40 million people - tried to keep their heads down and protect their families. They moved to the country, or pretended to support the regime to avoid being denounced by neighbours, and tried to work out what was really happening in the Reich, surrounded as they were by Nazi propaganda and fake news. They lived in fear. Might they lose their jobs? Their homes? Their freedom? What would we have done in their place?Many ordinary Germans found the courage to resist, in the full knowledge that they could be sentenced to indefinite incarceration, torture or outright execution. Catrine Clay argues that it was a much greater number than was ever formally recorded: teachers, lawyers, factory and dock workers, housewives, shopkeepers, church members, trade unionists, army officers, aristocrats, Social Democrats, Socialists and Communists.Catrine Clay's ground-breaking book focuses on six very different characters: Irma, the young daughter of Ernst Thalmann, leader of the German Communists; Fritzi von der Schulenburg, a Prussian aristocrat; Rudolf Ditzen, the already famous author Hans Fallada, best known for his novel Alone in Berlin; Bernt Engelmann, a schoolboy living in the suburbs of Dusseldorf; Julius Leber, a charismatic leader of the Social Democrats in the Reichstag; and Fabian von Schlabrendorff, a law student in Berlin. The six are not seen in isolation but as part of their families: a brother and sister; a wife; a father with three children; an only son; the parents of a Communist pioneer daughter. Each experiences the momentous events of Nazi history as they unfold in their own small lives - Good Germans all.
Wrocław [ˈvrɔt͡swaf] (German: Breslau (Image:Ltspkr.png listen)) is the chief city of the historical region of Silesia in south-western Poland, situated on the Oder (Polish: Odra) river. Over the centuries the city has been part of Poland, Bohemia, Austria, Prussia, and Germany. In 1945, the city became part of Poland following the Potsdam Agreement. Wroclaw is the capital of Lower Silesian Voivodeship. According to official population figures for 2006, its population is 635,280, making it the fourth largest city in Poland. The city of Wrocław originated in Lower Silesia as a Bohemian stronghold at the intersection of two trade routes, the Via Regia and the Amber Road. The city was first recorded in the tenth century as Vratislavia, possibly derived from the name of a Bohemian duke Vratislav I. Its initial extent was limited to district of Ostrów Tumski (the Cathedral Island). Centennial Hall in Wrocław* UNESCO World Heritage Site Middle Ages During Wrocław's early history, its control changed hands between Bohemia (till 992 and then 1038-1054), the Kingdom of Poland (992-1038 and 1054-1202), and, after the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Poland, the Piast-ruled duchy of Silesia. One of the most important events in those times was the foundation of the Diocese of Wrocław by the Polish Duke (from 1025 king) Bolesław the Brave in 1000, which, together with the Bishoprics of Kraków and Kołobrzeg, was placed under the Archbishopric of Gniezno in Greater Poland, founded by Otto III in 1000. In the first half of the thirteenth century Wrocław even became the political center of the divided Polish kingdom.[1] The city became a commercial center and expanded to Wyspa Piaskowa (Sand Island), then to the left bank of the Oder River. Around 1000 the town had 1000 inhabitants.[2] By 1139 a settlement belonging to Governor Piotr Włostowic (a.k.a Piotr Włast Dunin) was built, and another was founded on the left bank of the Oder River, near the present seat of the university. While the city was Polish, there were also communities of Bohemians, Jews, Walloons and Germans. The city was devastated in 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Europe. The inhabitants burned the city to force the Mongols to a quick withdrawal. Afterwards the town was repopulated by Germans (see: Ostsiedlung), who became the dominant ethnic group, though the city remained multi-ethnic as an important trading city on the Via Regia and Amber Road.[6] "Breslau", the Germanised name of the city, appeared for the first time in written records. The city council used Latin and German languages.[5] After the Mongol invasion, Breslau was expanded by adopting German town law. The expanded town was around 60 hectares in size and the new Main Market Square (Rynek), which was covered with timber frame houses, became the new centre of the town. The original foundation, Ostrów Tumski, became the religious center. Breslau adopted Magdeburg rights in 1262 and, at the end of the thirteenth century joined the Hanseatic League. The Polish Piast dynasty[7] remained in control of the region, but the city council's right to govern independently increased. Wrocław historic City Hall built in a typical fourteenth century Brick Gothic In 1335, Breslau was incorporated with almost all of Silesia into the Kingdom of Bohemia, then a part of Holy Roman Empire. Between 1342 and 1344, two fires destroyed large parts of the city. Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation The Protestant Reformation reached Breslau in 1518 and the city became Protestant. However from 1526 Silesia was ruled by the Catholic House of Habsburg. In 1618 Breslau supported the Bohemian Revolt in fear of losing the right to freedom of religious expression. In the following Thirty Years' War the city was occupied by Saxon and Swedish troops and lost 18,000 of 40,000 citizens to plague. The Austrian emperor brought in the Counter-Reformation by encouraging Catholic orders to settle in Breslau, starting in 1610 with the Minorites, followed by Jesuits, Capucins, Franciscans, and finally Ursulines in 1687. These orders erected buildings which shaped the city's appearance until 1945. At the end of the Thirty Years' War, however, Breslau was one of only a few Silesian cities to stay Protestant. During the Counter-Reformation, the intellectual life of the city – shaped by Protestantism and Humanism – flourished, even as the Protestant bourgeoisie lost its role to the Catholic orders as the patron of the arts. Breslau became the center of German Baroque literature and was home to the First and Second Silesian school of poets. Town square and St. Elisabeth's Church Wrocław Central Railway Station The Kingdom of Prussia annexed Breslau and most of Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession in the 1740s. Habsburg empress Maria Theresa ceded the territory in 1763. Napoleonic Wars During the Napoleonic Wars, Breslau was occupied by an army of the Confederation of the Rhine. The fortifications of the city were leveled and monasteries and cloisters were secularised. The Protestant Viadrina university of Frankfurt (Oder) was relocated to Breslau in 1811, and united with the local Jesuit University to create the new Silesian Frederick-William University (Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität, now University of Wrocław). The city became the center of the German Liberation movement against Napoleon, and the gathering place for volunteers from all over Germany, with the Iron Cross military decoration founded by Frederick William III of Prussia in early March 1813. The city was the centre of Prussian mobilization for the campaign which ended at Leipzig. Before and after World War I Napoleonic redevelopments increased prosperity in Silesia and Breslau. The levelled fortifications opened space for the city to grow beyond its old limits. Breslau became an important railway hub and industrial centre, notably of linen and cotton manufacture and metal industry. The new university served as a major centre of sciences, while the secularisation of life laid the base for a rich museum landscape. The Unification of Germany in 1871 turned Breslau into the sixth-largest city in the German Empire. Its population more than tripled to over half a million between 1860 and 1910. The 1905 census lists 470,904 residents, including 440,596 Germans, 20,536 Jews, 6,020 Poles and 3,752 others. Important landmarks were inaugurated in 1910, the Kaiserbrücke (Kaiser bridge) and the Technische Hochschule (TH), which now houses the Wrocław University of Technology. In 1913 the newly-built Centennial Hall housed the "Ausstellung zur Jahrhundertfeier der Freiheitskriege", an exhibition commemorating the 100th anniversary of the historical German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon and the first award of the Iron Cross. Following World War I, Breslau became the capital of the newly created Province of Lower Silesia in 1919. During the month of August 1920, at the time of Polish Silesian Uprising in Upper Silesia, the Polish consulate and school were demolished, while the Polish Library was burned down by a mob. The number of Poles in Breslau dropped from 2 percent before World War I to 0.5 percent after the reconstitution of Poland in 1918.[8] Antisemitic riots occurred in 1923.[9] The city boundaries were expanded between 1925 and 1930 to include an area of 175 km² with a population of 600.000. In 1929 the Werkbund opened WuWa (German: Wohnungs- und Werkraumausstellung) in Breslau-Scheitnig, an international showcase of modern architecture by architects of the Silesian branch of the Werkbund. In June 1930 Breslau hosted the Deutsche Kampfspiele, a sporting event for German athletes after Germany was excluded from the Olympic Games after World War I. The city became one of the largest support bases of the Nazis, who in the 1932 elections received 43,5 % of Breslau's votes, their third-largest total in the entire country.[10] After Hitler's takeover of the German government in 1933, political enemies of the Nazis like Communists, Social Democrats, trade unionists, Jews, Poles and homosexuals were persecuted, and their institutions closed or destroyed,[11][12][13] (see: Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau). Many of the city's 10,000 Jews as well as many other political enemies of the Third Reich were sent to concentration camps; those Jews who remained were killed during the Holocaust.[13] A network of concentration camps and forced labour camps was established around Breslau, to serve industrial concerns, including FAMO, Junkers and Krupp. Tens of thousands were imprisoned there.[14] The last big event organized by the Nazi Sports Body called Deutsches Turn-und-Sportfest (Gym and Sports Festivities) took place in Breslau from 26 to 31 July 1938. The Sportsfest was held in Breslau to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon's invasion.[15] World War II and afterwards For most of World War II, the fighting did not affect Breslau. As the war lengthened, refugees from bombed-out German cities, and later refugees from farther east, swelled the population to nearly one million.[16] In February 1945 the Soviet Red Army approached the city. Gauleiter Karl Hanke declared the city a Festung (fortress) to be held at all costs. Hanke finally lifted a ban on the evacuation of women and children when it was almost too late. During his poorly organised evacuation in early March 1945, 18,000 people froze to death in icy snowstorms and -20°C weather. By the end of the Siege of Breslau, half the city had been destroyed. An estimated 40,000 civilians lay dead in the ruins of homes and factories. After a siege of nearly three months, "Fortress Breslau" surrendered on 7 May 1945, just before the end of the war.[17] Along with almost all of Lower Silesia, Breslau became part of Poland under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. Most remaining German inhabitants fled or were expelled from Wrocław between 1945 and 1949. Most of them arrived in one of the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany. A considerable German presence remained until the late 1950s; the city's last German school closed in 1963. The population was dramatically increased by official resettlement of Poles during the postwar repatriation of Poles (1944–1946) (75%) as well as during the forced deportations from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union in the east. Wrocław is now a unique European city of mixed heritage, with architecture influenced by Bohemian, Austrian, and Prussian traditions, such as Silesian Gothic and its Baroque style of court builders of Habsburg Austria (Fischer von Erlach). Wrocław has a number of notable buildings by German modernist architects including the famous Centennial Hall (Hala Stulecia or Jahrhunderthalle) (1911–1913) designed by Max Berg. In July 1997, the city was heavily affected by a flood of the Oder River, the worst flooding in post-war Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic. Around one third of the city's area stood under water.[18] An earlier equally devastating flood of the river took place in 1903.[19] Climate Wrocław is one of the warmest cities in Poland. Lying in the Lower-Silesian region, one of the warmest in Poland, the mean annual temperature is 9.1 °C. The coldest month is January (average temperature -0.4°C) and the warmest is July (average temperature 19.2°C). The longest season is summer, which lasts above 100 days. The highest temperature in Wrocław was recorded on 31 August 1994 (+37.9°C), the lowest was recorded on 11 February 1956 (-30.4°C).
