Repurpose Optical Drive With RPi : This project came about after my beloved laptop's optical drive started to misbehave. The CD tray would repeatedly pop out whenever I gave my laptop a push or moved it about in any way. My diagnosis of the problem was that there must have been some …
This mobile phone detector circuit helps to track the presence of an activated cell phone by detecting the signals in the frequency range of 0.9 to 3GHz.
This post tells you the differences between PCI and PCIe. It also shows you how to distinguish them.
Repurpose Optical Drive With RPi : This project came about after my beloved laptop's optical drive started to misbehave. The CD tray would repeatedly pop out whenever I gave my laptop a push or moved it about in any way. My diagnosis of the problem was that there must have been some …
LM3909 Frequency oscillator generator / LED flasher using low voltage and a few parts. There are 7 circuit ideas. You will like LM3909!
Remember the direction of NPN and PNP Transistors Identify the Base, Collector & Emitter of a Transistor Check a transistor if it is Good or Bad. Check Transistor with Analog or Digital Multimeter in Ohm Range Mode: Check Transistor in Digital Multimeter with Diode ,Continuity or hFE / Beta Mode
Learn all about 5mm LEDs. 5mm LED dimensions, voltage/current specifications & light output explained. See all the ways you can use these tiny lights!
Repurpose Optical Drive With RPi : This project came about after my beloved laptop's optical drive started to misbehave. The CD tray would repeatedly pop out whenever I gave my laptop a push or moved it about in any way. My diagnosis of the problem was that there must have been some …
The Ultimate FM Transmitter (Long Range Spybug): Have you ever wanted to broadcast your own radio station within your neighborhood? Ever get curious on where people get those "Surveillance Bugs" from spy and action movies? This small and simple FM transmitter is the toy that geeks have always want…
Every so often I get an email from a conceptual artist who is obsessed with the artistic merit of putting a gun on display.Rarely do they exhibit beautiful guns, but instead poorly made, badly modified or kitschy blinged out guns.My theory is that eventually conceptual artists eventually run out of metaphors for genetalia and need to find the next thing to shock the public.
The USB 3.0 Promoter Group has announced that it has completed work on designing the much-anticipated USB Type-C connector. USB Type-C will replace the existing Type-A and Type-B used across millio…
An electrical relay consists of a electromagnet and a spring loaded changeover contacts. When the electromagnet is switched ON/OFF with a DC supply, the spring loaded mechanism is corresponding pulled
Thanks to the worldwide proliferation of smartphones, tiny high-resolution displays are common and cheap. Interfacing these displays with anything besides a phone has been a problem. [twl] has a board...
Do you want to Download PDF & All files of these? Contents list SMALL CIRCUITS BASIC ELECTRONICS We love Power supplies! Let’s make Amplifier Projects What you will get from this E-Book. All are compiled in this eBook. Thanks for your support.
Repurpose Optical Drive With RPi : This project came about after my beloved laptop's optical drive started to misbehave. The CD tray would repeatedly pop out whenever I gave my laptop a push or moved it about in any way. My diagnosis of the problem was that there must have been some …
A Software-Defined Radio on a Shoestring: In the beginning was the crystal set - the first practical broadcast radio receiver. But it needed a long aerial and could only receive local stations. When valves came along (tubes, for our American friends) they made it possible to build much more…
Make a Wi-fi Webcam From an Old Android Phone: Turning one of my old Android phones into a webcam is something I've been thinking about doing for a long time now. A couple of years ago, I backed a 3D printer project on Kickstarter (RigidBot, if you're interested). It took a long time to finall…
Repurpose Optical Drive With RPi : This project came about after my beloved laptop's optical drive started to misbehave. The CD tray would repeatedly pop out whenever I gave my laptop a push or moved it about in any way. My diagnosis of the problem was that there must have been some …
Repurpose Optical Drive With RPi : This project came about after my beloved laptop's optical drive started to misbehave. The CD tray would repeatedly pop out whenever I gave my laptop a push or moved it about in any way. My diagnosis of the problem was that there must have been some …
A Software-Defined Radio on a Shoestring: In the beginning was the crystal set - the first practical broadcast radio receiver. But it needed a long aerial and could only receive local stations. When valves came along (tubes, for our American friends) they made it possible to build much more…
This is a simple two transistor AM radio using regenerative feedback to enhance the received radio frequency signal.This is an easy DIY project.
Repurpose Optical Drive With RPi : This project came about after my beloved laptop's optical drive started to misbehave. The CD tray would repeatedly pop out whenever I gave my laptop a push or moved it about in any way. My diagnosis of the problem was that there must have been some …
Repurpose Optical Drive With RPi : This project came about after my beloved laptop's optical drive started to misbehave. The CD tray would repeatedly pop out whenever I gave my laptop a push or moved it about in any way. My diagnosis of the problem was that there must have been some …
Download scientific diagram | CanSat prototype, equipped with temperature/humidity sensors. from publication: The cansat technology for climate monitoring in small regions at altitudes below 1km | In this paper, we propose a concept test, using pico-satellites CanSat for climate monitoring in a small region of around 4 km 2 , immersed in an Ecological Campus dedicated to research in wildlife, forest and agricultural sciences. This region is being monitored since the... | Altitude, Climate and Regional | ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists.
General characteristics Supply: 3 to 15V, small fluctuations are tolerated. Inputs have very high impedance (resistance), this is good because it means they will not affect the part of the circuit where they are connected. However, it also means that unconnected inputs can easily pick up electrical noise and rapidly change between high and low states in an unpredictable way. This is likely to make the IC behave erratically and it will significantly increase the supply current. To prevent problems all unused inputs MUST be connected to the supply (either +Vs or 0V), this applies even if that part of the IC is not being used in the circuit! Outputs can sink and source only about 1mA if you wish to maintain the correct output voltage to drive CMOS inputs. If there is no need to drive any inputs the maximum current is about 5mA with a 6V supply, or 10mA with a 9V supply (just enough to light an LED). To switch larger currents you can connect a transistor. Fan-out: one output can drive up to 50 inputs. Gate propagation time: typically 30ns for a signal to travel through a gate with a 9V supply, it takes a longer time at lower supply voltages. Frequency: up to 1MHz, above that the 74 series is a better choice. Power consumption (of the IC itself) is very low, a few µW. It is much greater at high frequencies, a few mW at 1MHz for example. If you are using another reference please be aware that there is some variation in the terms used to describe input pins. I have tried to be logically consistent so the term I have used describes the pin's function when high (true). For example 'disable clock' on the 4026 is often labelled 'clock enable' but this can be confusing because it enables the clock when low (false). An input described as 'active low' is like this, it performs its function when low. If you see a line drawn above a label it means it is active low, for example: (say 'reset-bar').There are many ICs in the 4000 series and this page only covers a selection, concentrating on the most useful gates, counters, decoders and display drivers. For each IC there is a diagram showing the pin arrangement and brief notes explain the function of the pins where necessary. The notes also explain if the IC's properties differ substantially from the standard characteristics listed above. The Links page lists some Datasheet websites. Static precautions The CMOS circuitry means that 4000 series ICs are static sensitive. Touching a pin while charged with static electricity (from your clothes for example) may damage the IC. In fact most ICs in regular use are quite tolerant and earthing your hands by touching a metal water pipe or window frame before handling them will be adequate. ICs should be left in their protective packaging until you are ready to use them. Gates Quad 2-input gates 4001 quad 2-input NOR 4011 quad 2-input NAND 4030 quad 2-input EX-OR (now obsolete) 4070 quad 2-input EX-OR 4071 quad 2-input OR 4077 quad 2-input EX-NOR 4081 quad 2-input AND 4093 quad 2-input NAND with Schmitt trigger inputs The 4093 has Schmitt trigger inputs to provide good noise immunity. They are ideal for slowly changing or noisy signals. The hysteresis is about 0.5V with a 4.5V supply and almost 2V with a 9V supply. Triple 3-input gates 4023 triple 3-input NAND 4025 triple 3-input NOR 4073 triple 3-input AND 4075 triple 3-input OR Notice how gate 1 is spread across the two ends of the package. Dual 4-input gates 4002 dual 4-input NOR 4012 dual 4-input NAND 4072 dual 4-input OR 4082 dual 4-input AND NC = No Connection (a pin that is not used). 4068 8-input NAND/AND* gate This gate has a propagation time which is about 10 times longer than normal so it is not suitable for high speed circuits. NC = No Connection (a pin that is not used). * = The AND output (pin 1) is not available on some versions of the 4068. 4069 hex NOT (inverting buffer) 4049 hex NOT and 4050 hex buffer 4049 hex NOT (inverting buffer) 4050 hex non-inverting buffer Inputs: These ICs are unusual because their gate inputs can withstand up to +15V even if the power supply is a lower voltage. Outputs: These ICs are unusual because they are capable of driving 74LS gate inputs directly. To do this they must have a +5V supply (74LS supply voltage). The gate output is sufficient to drive four 74LS inputs. NC = No Connection (a pin that is not used). Note the unusual arrangement of the power supply pins for these ICs! 4000 dual 3-input NOR gate and NOT gate Two 3-input NOR gates and a single NOT gate in one package. NC = No Connection (a pin that is not used). Decade and 4-bit Counters 4017 decade counter (1-of-10) The count advances as the clock input becomes high (on the rising-edge). Each output Q0-Q9 goes high in turn as counting advances. For some functions (such as flash sequences) outputs may be combinedusing diodes. The reset input should be low (0V) for normal operation (counting 0-9). When high it resets the count to zero (Q0 high). This can be done manually with a switch between reset and +Vs and a 10k resistor between reset and 0V. Counting to less than 9 is achieved by connecting the relevant output (Q0-Q9) to reset, for example to count 0,1,2,3 connect Q4 to reset. The disable input should be low (0V) for normal operation. When high it disables counting so that clock pulses are ignored and the count is kept constant. The ÷10 output is high for counts 0-4 and low for 5-9, so it provides an output at 1/10 of the clock frequency. It can be used to drive the clock input of another 4017 (to count the tens). Example projects: Heart-shaped badge | Network Lead Tester | Traffic Light | Dice | Model Lighthouse 4026 decade counter and 7-segment display driver The count advances as the clock input becomes high (on the rising-edge). The outputs a-g go high to light the appropriate segments of a common-cathode 7-segment display as the count advances. The maximum output current is about 1mA with a 4.5V supply and 4mA with a 9V supply. This is sufficient to directly drive many 7-segment LED displays. The table below shows the segment sequence in detail. The reset input should be low (0V) for normal operation (counting 0-9). When high it resets the count to zero. The disable clock input should be low (0V) for normal operation. When high it disables counting so that clock pulses are ignored and the count is kept constant. The enable display input should be high (+Vs) for normal operation. When low it makes outputs a-g low, giving a blank display. Theenable out follows this input but with a brief delay. The ÷10 output (h in table) is high for counts 0-4 and low for 5-9, so it provides an output at 1/10 of the clock frequency. It can be used to drive the clock input of another 4026 to provide multi-digit counting. The not 2 output is high unless the count is 2 when it goes low. Example project: 'Random' flasher for 8 LEDs This project uses the 4026 in an unconventional way, the outputs a-g and the ÷10 output (h) are used to flash individual LEDs in a complex pattern which appears random if not studied too closely! 4029 up/down synchronous counter with preset The 4029 is a synchronous counter so its outputs change precisely together on each clock pulse. This is helpful if you need to connect the outputs to logic gates because it avoids the glitches which occur with ripple counters. The count occurs as the clock input becomes high (on the rising-edge). The up/down input determines the direction of counting: high for up, low for down. The state of up/down should be changed when the clock is high. For normal operation (counting) preset, and carry in should be low. The binary/decade input selects the type of counter: 4-bit binary (0-15) when high; decade (0-9) when low. The counter may be preset by placing the desired binary number on theinputs A-D and briefly making the preset input high. There is no reset input, but preset can be used to reset the count to zero if inputs A-D are all low. Connecting synchronous counters in a chain: please see 4510/16 below. 4510 up/down decade (0-9) counter with preset 4516 up/down 4-bit (0-15) counter with preset These are synchronous counters so their outputs change precisely together on each clock pulse. This is helpful if you need to connect their outputs to logic gates because it avoids the glitches which occur with ripple counters. The count occurs as the clock input becomes high (on the rising-edge). The up/down input determines the direction of counting: high for up, low for down. The state of up/down should be changed when the clock is high. For normal operation (counting) preset, reset and carry in should be low. When reset is high it resets the count to zero (0000, QA-QD low). The clock input should be low when resetting. The counter may be preset by placing the desired binary number on theinputs A-D and briefly making the preset input high, the clock input should be low when this happens. Connecting synchronous counters in a chain The diagram below shows how to link synchronous counters, notice how all the clock (CK) inputs are linked. Carry out (CO)feeds carry in (CI) of the next counter. Carry in (CI) of the first counter should be low for 4029, 4510 and 4516 counters. 4518 dual decade (0-9) counter 4520 dual 4-bit (0-15) counter These contain two separate synchronous counters, one on each side of the IC. Normally a clock signal is connected to the clock input, with theenable input held high. Counting advances as the clock signal becomes high (on the rising-edge). Special arrangements are used if the 4518/20 counters are linked in a chain, as explained below. For normal operation the reset input should be low, making it high resets the counter to zero (0000, QA-QD low). Counting to less than the maximum (9 or 15) can be achieved by connecting the appropriate output(s) to the reset input, using an AND gate if necessary. For example to count 0 to 8 connect QA (1) and QD (8) to reset using an AND gate. Connecting 4518 and 4520 counters in a chain The diagram below shows how to link 4518 and 4520 counters. Notice how the normal clock inputs are held low, with theenable inputs being used instead. With this arrangement counting advances as the enable input becomes low (on the falling-edge) allowing output QD to supply a clock signal to the next counter. The complete chain is a ripple counter, although the individual counters are synchronous! If it is essential to have truly synchronous counting a system of logic gates is required, please see a 4518/20 datasheet for further details. 7-bit, 12-bit and 14-bit counters 4020 14-bit (÷16,384) ripple counter The 4020 is a ripple counter so beware that glitches may occur in any logic gate systems connected to its outputs due to the slight delay before the later counter outputs respond to a clock pulse. The count advances as the clock input becomes low (on the falling-edge), this is indicated by the bar over the clock label. This is the usual clock behaviour of ripple counters and it means a counter output can directly drive the clock input of the next counter in a chain. Output Qn is the nth stage of the counter, representing 2n, for example Q4 is 24 = 16 (1/16 of clock frequency) and Q14 is 214 = 16384 (1/16384of clock frequency). Note that Q2 and Q3 are not available. The reset input should be low for normal operation (counting). When high it resets the count to zero (all outputs low). Also see: 4040 (12-bit) and 4060 (14-bit with internal oscillator). 4024 7-bit (÷128) ripple counter The 4024 is a ripple counter so beware that glitches may occur in any logic gate systems connected to its outputs due to the slight delay before the later counter outputs respond to a clock pulse. The count advances as the clock input becomes low (on the falling-edge), this is indicated by the bar over the clock label. This is the usual clock behaviour of ripple counters and it means a counter output can directly drive the clock input of the next counter in a chain. Output Qn is the nth stage of the counter, representing 2n, for example Q4 is 24 = 16 (1/16 of clock frequency) and Q7 is 27 = 128 (1/128 of clock frequency). The reset input should be low for normal operation (counting). When high it resets the count to zero (all outputs low). 4040 12-bit (÷4096) ripple counter The 4040 is a ripple counter so beware that glitches may occur in any logic gate systems connected to its outputs due to the slight delay before the later counter outputs respond to a clock pulse. The count advances as the clock input becomes low (on the falling-edge), this is indicated by the bar over the clock label. This is the usual clock behaviour of ripple counters and it means a counter output can directly drive the clock input of the next counter in a chain. Output Qn is the nth stage of the counter, representing 2n, for example Q4 is 24 = 16 (1/16 of clock frequency) and Q12 is 212 = 4096 (1/4096 of clock frequency). The reset input should be low for normal operation (counting). When high it resets the count to zero (all outputs low). Also see these 14-bit counters: 4020 and 4060 (includes internal oscillator). 4060 14-bit (÷16,384) ripple counter with internal oscillator The 4060 is a ripple counter so beware that glitches may occur in any logic gate systems connected to its outputs due to the slight delay before the later counter outputs respond to a clock pulse. The count advances as the clock input becomes low (on the falling-edge), this is indicated by the bar over the clock label. This is the usual clock behaviour of ripple counters and it means a counter output can directly drive the clock input of the next counter in a chain. The clock can be driven directly, or connected to the internal oscillator (see below). Output Qn is the nth stage of the counter, representing 2n, for example Q4 is 24 = 16 (1/16 of clock frequency) and Q14 is 214 = 16384 (1/16384of clock frequency). Note that Q1-3 and Q11 are not available. The reset input should be low for normal operation (counting). When high it resets the count to zero (all outputs low). The 4060 includes an internal oscillator. The clock signal may be supplied in three ways: From an external source to the clock input, as for a normal counter. In this case there should be no connections toexternal C and external R (pins 9 and 10). RC oscillator as shown in the diagram. The oscillator drives the clock input with an approximate frequency f = 1/(2×R1×C) (it partly depends on the supply voltage). R1 should be at least 50k if the supply voltage is less than 7V. R2 should be between 2 and 10 times R1. Crystal oscillator as shown in the diagram, note that there is no connection to pin 9. The 32768 Hz crystal will give a 2Hz signal at the last output, Q14. Also see: 4020 (14-bit) and 4040 (12-bit), neither have internal oscillators. Example projects: Christmas Decoration | Valentine Heart Decoders 4028 BCD to decimal (1 of 10) decoder The appropriate output Q0-9 becomes high in response to the BCD (binary coded decimal) input. For example an input of binary 0101 (=5) will make output Q5 high and all other outputs low. The 4028 is a BCD (binary coded decimal) decoder intended for input values 0 to 9 (0000 to 1001 in binary). With inputs from 10 to 15 (1010 to 1111 in binary) all outputs are low. Note that the 4028 can be used as a 1-of-8 decoder if input D is held low. Also see: 4017 (a decade counter and 1-of-10 decoder in a single IC). 7-segment Display Drivers 4511 BCD to 7-segment display driver The appropriate outputs a-g become high to display the BCD (binary coded decimal) number supplied on inputs A-D. The outputs a-g cansource up to 25mA. The 7-segment display segments must be connected between the outputs and 0V with a resistor in series (330with a 5V supply). A common cathode display is required. Display test and blank input are active-low so they should be high for normal operation. When display test is low all the display segments should light (showing number 8). When blank input is low the display will be blank (all segments off). The store input should be low for normal operation. When store is high the displayed number is stored internally to give a constant display regardless of any changes which may occur to the inputs A-D. The 4511 is intended for BCD (binary coded decimal). Inputs values from 10 to 15 (1010 to 1111 in binary) will give a blank display (all segments off).
The Micro Amp is a classic clean boost circuit first introduced by MXR in the late 70s. It's a great option if you need to stomp on something for solos. Pretty simple op-amp design that should fit nicely in a 1590a.
In this post I have explained the circuit for a simple, universal capacitive discharge ignition circuit or a CDI circuit using a standard ignition coil and a solid state SCR […]
There are many types of expansion cards that can be installed in a computer, including sound, video, modem, network, interface card, and a number of others. In many cases, these expansion cards will fit in a slot in the computer called a PCI slot. However, in the case of…
Raspberry Pi Zero As USB to HDMI: Because of the size and price of the raspberry pi zero it's a perfect tool for taking with you. As many phones, my phone doesn't have HDMI in his USB port, but it has USB tethering.I'm going to explain how to use a raspberry pi zero to stream video'…
La potencia de una resistencia generalmente no se encuentra indicada en su cuerpo pero podemos conocerla en base a sus dimensiones.
