Colorado Wedding and Elopement Photographer | Abby Shepard Photography - Adventurous rock climbing engagement photos in Safe Harbor, Pennsylvania. This couple went rock climbing for the engagement photos!

Have you found yourself using one of these ~excuses~ to account for poor climbing, poor performance, or just feeling stagnant? We face many obstacles when it comes to achieving what it is that we want – in personal lives and climbing careers alike.

Elevate your child's active play with our versatile Avenlur Walnut 9-in-1 Swedish Ladder Wall Gym and Climber. This engaging piece of equipment is a powerhouse of activities and exercises designed to boost strength, coordination, and overall physical development through climbing and more. Our multifunctional gym and climber features nine different stations, making it the ultimate setup for enhancing core strength, balance, and flexibility. Activities include: Trapeze Swing Rope Ladder Rock Wall Rope Wall Rock Ramp Climber Slide Pull-Up Bar Ladder Swing With safety as our top priority, this climber is crafted from solid wood with a natural finish, offering not just durability but also adding a touch of elegance to any space. The carefully spaced rungs and bars provide a secure grip, ensuring stable and safe play. Its compact design efficiently saves space while offering a dedicated area for vigorous play. This gym and climber goes beyond mere physical exercise; it is designed to foster cognitive skills and problem-solving, thereby enhancing motor planning and concentration. It's perfect for a wide range of activities including fitness, bodyweight exercises, scoliosis therapy, calisthenics, and gymnastics. Ideal for home use, gyms, clinics, schools, and more, it's a comprehensive tool for promoting an active and healthy lifestyle in children. UPC: 850052981280

The Alpinist, out September 10, captures some of the most awe-inspiring free solo climbing footage ever seen on rock and ice. Filmmakers Peter Mortimer and Nick Rosen of Sender Films, core climbers who’ve documented the sport for 20 years, tell the story of Marc-André Leclerc, regarded as the best alpinist in history. After getting a tip that the young climber had been hitchhiking his way ac...

I invite guests to share personal stories about acts of leadership that help shape their lives. In Episode Ten, Dave Best talks about ways to connect with one another, what it means to encourage growth, and urges us to practice being genuine. 00:18 Prologue: Givers Put Others First I’ve known Dave for about ten years. We met at Lowe’s. Since then, Dave has worked at Wal-Mart and now is a senior manager at The Home Depot. To learn more about Dave, you can view his LinkedIn profile (link below). 01:26 Part 1: Connect with Others Core to leadership is how we interact with people at different levels. Dave shares a story about Mike Abrashoff, a leadership author, that illustrates the challenge of connecting with others. 06:43 Part 2: Encourage Growth Leadership is not about you, but it is about other people. Practicing leadership is about helping others develop their mental and moral qualities, capabilities, and behaviors. In other words, leading people involves building character. 21:08 Part 3: The Real Deal One of the themes of these episodes is being genuine. Dave discusses what this means and how crucial being genuine is when leading. _________________________________ How You Can Support the Show Unlabeled Leadership is a free service for people to learn about leadership. If you want to support the show, you can make a $0.99 donation. Your support reduces production expenses. https://anchor.fm/unlabeled-leadership/support No transcript available (future enhancement) Episode links Dave’s LinkedIn Profile Navy Captain MIKE ABRASHOFF: People Don’t Come to Work to Fail [00:03:50] (monkey story video) Gary DePaul's website Gary's books:    What the Heck Is Leadership and Why Should I Care?    Nine Practices of 21st Century Leadership Background Music You can find all the musical tracks at Envato Elements. 00:00 Theme music: Inspiring Uplifting Corporate by mixer_drummer 01:05 At Jazz by EightBallAudio 06:25 Comedy Pizzicato by Praded 20:50 Softly Building Lite Rock by pinkzebra 27:26 Fun and Flirty by BrownHouseMedia Lead on!

July 11, 2010 - High Knob Massif Pipevine Swallowtail ( Battus philenor ) Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. The stunning Pipevine Swallowtail Butterfly is part of mid-summer majesty in the High Knob Landform.  A common species observed during summer in the mountains ( given you take a moment to simply be still and observe the great natural world around you! ). [ Dutchman's Pipe ( Aristolochia macrophylla ) tends to be their host plant with the various species of resident Milkweeds ( Asclepias spp. ) serving as sources of nectar ]. Pipevine Swallowtail In Motion - Identification Marks Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. Identified by a distinct curl of seven orange spots on its hindwing, the Pipevine Swallowtail is merely one of more than 1,000 species of butterflies and moths gracing this truly diverse landscape of these ancient mountains!  ( Males have few to no white spots on their forewings ) Male Pipevine Swallowtail ( Battus philenor ) Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. Other swallowtail butterflies in this area include: Zebra Swallowtail ( Eurytides marcellus ) Photograph by Alan Cressler - © All Rights Reserved. Giant Swallowtail ( Papilio cresphontes ) Eastern Tiger Swallowtail ( Papilio glaucus ) Photograph by Alan Cressler - © All Rights Reserved. Black Swallowtail ( Papilio polyxenes ) Black Swallowtail ( Papilio polyxenes ) Caterpillar Photograph by Alan Cressler - © All Rights Reserved. Spicebush Swallowtail ( Papilio troilus ) Photograph by Alan Cressler - © All Rights Reserved. [ Smaller Summer Azure ( Celastrina neglecta ) Butterflies are also present in the above scene ]. Spicebush Swallowtail ( Papilio troilus ) Caterpillar Photograph by Alan Cressler - © All Rights Reserved. Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail ( Pterourus appalachiensis ) Before butterflies turn into the truly gorgeous creatures we most often see, many of their larval forms are simply incredible ( as highligted above )!  Consider Roddy's absolutely beautiful, gentle looking Pipevine Swallowtail, which does not look so tame wrapped in its larval armory!! Pipevine Swallowtail ( Battus philenor ) Caterpillar Photograph by Alan Cressler - © All Rights Reserved. Wow, what a transformation! July 11, 2010 - High Knob Massif Great Spangled Fritillary ( Speyeria atlantis ) Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. Great Spangled Fritillary is one of numerous beautiful fritillaries to grace this most wondrous mountain landscape, adding color to its amazing palette of hues which extend from subterranean depths into the heavens above! Meadow Fritillary ( Boloria bellona ) Silver-bordered Fritillary ( Boloria selene ) Variegated Fritillary ( Euptoieta claudia ) Aphrodite Fritillary ( Speyeria aphrodite ) Diana Fritillary ( Speyeria diana ) Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. Regal Fritillary ( Speyeria idalia ) Another incredible creature currently working summer flowers is often mistaken for our resident Ruby-throated Hummingbird ( Archilochus colubris ). July 11, 2010 - High Knob Massif Hummingbird Clearwing Moth ( Hemaris thysbe ) Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. The Hummingbird Clearwing is actually a form of sphinx moth of the family Lepidoptera. At certain angles it is possible to see right through the centers of their amazing wings! Hummingbird Clearwing Moth ( Hemaris thysbe ) Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. In addition to their incredibly long tongues, clear center wings, and awesome tail flaps, these little flying machines are a potpourri of colorations. Hummingbird Clearwing Moth - High Knob Massif Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. Weather Conditions for July 1-15, 2010 Looking to South Fork Gorge of High Knob Massif Multi-layered Clouds - AM of July 14, 2010 Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. With all the color in this section, I thought it good to illustrate the pure beauty of mid-summer in the High Knob Landform with a wonderful black & white photograph by Roddy Addington. [ Color is great for certain, but there is still something special about black & white photographs, especially given an awesome scene as viewed from the floor of Powell Valley in Wise County, Va., during early morning light ( with different orographic processes working to generate multiple cloud layers ) ]. Climate Statistics for July 1-15, 2010 Clintwood 1 W - Elevation 1560 feet Average Max: 83.0 degrees Average Min: 57.5 degrees Mean: 70.2 degrees Highest Temperature: 90 degrees Lowest Temperature: 45 degrees Days at or above 90 degrees in 2010: 2 Rainfall: 1.25" 2010 Precipitation: 26.25" City of Norton - Elevation 2141 feet Average Max: 82.2 degrees Average Min: 55.0 degrees Mean: 68.6 degrees Highest Temperature: 89 degrees Lowest Temperature: 44 degrees Days at or above 90 degrees in 2010: 0 Rainfall: 1.14" 2010 Precipitation: 30.19" In the High Knob highcountry, July 1-15 temp means varied from 70s by day to 50s by night, with mean July temperatures actually being lower than June ( as also observed in Clintwood & Norton ). A general 1.00" to 3.00" of rain fell during the first half of the month across the massif ( heaviest between Big Cherry Basin & Bark Camp Lake of Little Stony Basin in northern Scott County, Virginia ). [ The lower mean July temperatures being due to cool nights, with lower-middle 50s on average within the cooler mountain basins of mid-upper elevations in the massif area ].   Colorful Version of Multi-layered Clouds - July 14 Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. Rainfall during the first half of July was below average, with nary a drop during the first 9 days of the month.  Wetness finally returning in the past week, with local 3.00" to 4.00"+ amounts in Lee County and the southwest end of the High Knob Landform ( especially across Cumberland Gap NHP ). Regional Climate Statistics for July 1-15, 2010 Jackson, Ky., NWSFO - Elevation 1365 feet Average Max: 84.5 degrees Average Min: 65.6 degrees Mean: 75.0 degrees Highest Temperature: 91 degrees Lowest Temperature: 57 degrees Days at or above 90 degrees in 2010: 5 Rainfall: 1.51" 2010 Precipitation: 27.45" London, Kentucky - Elevation 1211 feet Average Max: 87.2 degrees Average Min: 64.9 degrees Mean: 76.0 degrees Highest Temperature: 95 degrees Lowest Temperature: 55 degrees Days at or above 90 degrees in 2010: 12 Rainfall: 1.70" 2010 Precipitation: 23.81" Buckhorn Lake SP, Kentucky - Elevation 936 feet Average Max: 87.9 degrees Average Min: 63.0 degrees Mean: 75.4 degrees Highest Temperature: 95 degrees Lowest Temperature: 50 degrees Days at or above 90 degrees in 2010: 26 Rainfall: 1.92" 2010 Precipitation: 23.01" Tri-Cities, Tennessee - Elevation 1525 feet Average Max: 90.1 degrees Average Min: 62.5 degrees Mean: 76.3 degrees Highest Temperature: 97 degrees Lowest Temperature: 58 degrees Days at or above 90 degrees in 2010: 22 Rainfall: 0.88" 2010 Precipitation: 16.54" Knoxville, Tennessee - Elevation 981 feet Average Max: 92.1 degrees Average Min: 69.8 degrees Mean: 81.0 degrees Highest Temperature: 99 degrees Lowest Temperature: 63 degrees Days at or above 90 degrees in 2010: 33 Rainfall: 3.33" 2010 Precipitation: 23.18" Richmond, Va., ( State Capitol ) - Elevation 167 feet Average Max: 93.3 degrees Average Min: 68.2 degrees Mean: 80.8 degrees Highest Temperature: 104 degrees Lowest Temperature: 56 degrees Days at or above 90 degrees in 2010: 37 Rainfall: 0.60" 2010 Precipitation: 18.22" The regional trend has been for northwest to southeast gradients in weather conditions, with hotter and drier conditions within the Great Valley and locations east of the Appalachians verses areas toward the northwest ( with exception of lower elevations amid the Kentucky foothills, this has also been exemplified by a notable upward spike in the number of 90 degree days in 2010 ). Majestic Morning In The HKL - July 14, 2010 Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. With respect to topographic variations, the same conditions highlighted on this website that forced earlier autumn colorations and later spring emergence in higher elevations of the High Knob Landform remain at work during summer ( they are just not as visible to untrained eye, since everything is now green outside of any drought stricken locations in the region ). Harvestman or Granddaddy Long-legs ( Leiobunum sp. ) on a Poke Milkweed ( Asclepias exaltata ) - High Knob Massif Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. [ Reference the following sections on my website: September Generates Wetness And Colorations http://www.highknoblandform.com/2009/10/september-generates-wetness-and.html High Knob Landform - Glorious Color Climax http://www.highknoblandform.com/2009/10/high-knob-massif-reaches-glorious-color.html Colors Peak In Lower Elevations of Cumberlands http://www.highknoblandform.com/2009/10/lower-elevations-peak-in-breaks.html HKL Spring Differences: Elevation + Latitude http://www.highknoblandform.com/2010/05/spring-differences-with-elevation.html  ]. Radio Tower Elevation 3779 feet  Morris Butte of High Knob Massif - July 14, 2010 Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. During July 1-15, for example, average nightly lows in the 50s were locally common outside of    well exposed middle elevation ridges and plateaus of the thermal belt ( e.g., Nora 4 SSE & LNP ). Minimums early in July dipped into the upper 30s to middle 40s within the High Knob Massif area, in rather dramatic contrast to the Great Valley of east Tennessee where July mins have only been in the upper 50s to lower 60s ( note July min of only 63 degrees in Knoxville, Tn., is 8 degrees warmer than the average nightly low in Norton for the entire July 1-15 period ). Implications Of Climatic Differences ( Part of the BIG Picture ) High Knob Massif - July 11, 2010 Canada Lily ( Lilium canadense ) Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. Cooler mean temperatures allows northern species of flora & fauna, such as this magnificent Canada Lily found by my friend Roddy Addington in the High Knob Massif, to live within higher elevations of the High Knob Landform.   Canada Lily ( Lilium canadense var. canadense ) Canada Lily Variation ( Darker Phase )  ( Lilium canadense var. editorum ) High Knob Massif Illuminated by Afternoon Light - July 11, 2010 Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. To be more precise, a darker phase or variation in this species has been recognized as noted above. High Knob Massif - July 11, 2010 Turk's Cap Lily ( Lilium superbum ) Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. Although Turk's Cap Lilies have a widespread range across Virginia, from the coastal plain to the mountains, those living within the highlands tend to reside in upper elevations. Beauty of Turk's Cap Lily - High Knob Massif Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. These gorgeous highcountry lilies are merely the tip of a great iceberg of differences forced by climate changes directly related to terrain variations, which span all realms of the natural sciences. Looking Up South Fork Gorge - High Knob Massif  Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. Everything presented on this website during the past 11 months has only just started to scratch the surface of these natural realms, the collective array of which defines what the High Knob Landform is. High Knob Massif - July 9, 2010 Rugged Karst Landscape of High Knob Landform Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. The High Knob Landform ( HKL ) is: A great continuous mountain landform consisting of: 1 ). a remnant massif of highcountry ( High Knob Massif ) 2 ). a northwestern mountain flank ( * ) 3 ). a southeastern mountain flank 4 ). an eroded calcareous core that separates the mountain flanks and narrows by headward erosion, to the northeast, into the inverted V-shaped Powell Valley ( adjacent to the High Knob peak ) . *Contains Cumberland Gap National Historical Park and other magnificent natural wonders. The above being the most basic definition for an extremely large and richly diverse Appalachian landform of the awesome Upper Tennessee & Upper Cumberland river basins ( a mountain landform so large that the biggest portion of the Clinch Mountain range, from Brumley Mountain to Round Mountain, could easily fit inside of its eroded calcareous core between The Cedars NAP and Cove Lake State Park in Tennessee ). High Knob Massif - July 11, 2010 White Bergamot ( Monarda clinopodia ) Spotted Variety  Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. [ Reference the following section for the Name & Purpose of this website: March 2010: Second Week - Spring Prelude! http://www.highknoblandform.com/2010/03/march-2010-second-week-spring-prelude.html   ]. High Knob Massif - July 9, 2010 Karstic Rock Outcrop - Edge of Mountain Meadow Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. NOTE:  The following section of the website began to document severe flash flooding in Pike County, Ky., into the evening of July 17, 2010.  New updates were then added on the dates given. Weather Update - July 18, 2010 Killer Flash Flooding Strikes Pike County, Kentucky JKL Doppler Rainfall Estimate - 12:01 AM July 18, 2010 Image Courtesy of Plymouth State University [ Flash flooding developed as thunderstorms trained, and back built, along a stalled boundary of high energy air ( called a theta-e gradient ) situated over Pike County, Ky., with a downstream drift or propagation into portions of Buchanan and northern Tazewell counties of southwestern Virginia ]. Given the volatile nature of this mid-July atmosphere, I wanted to highlight the sudden, violent, and tragic flash flooding that struck Pike County, Ky., during the evening hours of July 17. Although the Doppler radar rainfall estimate above has some hail contamination, making it read too high, several rain gauges reported 4.00" to 5.00"+ of rainfall ( mostly fell between 5 p.m. and 10 p.m. July 17 ). Two individuals lost their lives as homes, cars, and many other structures were literally washed away down creeks! [ The Pike County Sheriff's Office initially reported 3 deaths.  Thankfully, that was downgraded to 2 and all of the missing have reportedly been accounted for.  Some good news in the wake of this tragedy ]. WSAZ NewsChannel 3 Team Coverage of Pike County, Ky., Flash Flood Video Courtesy of WSAZ-TV in Huntington, West Virginia This occurred just 35 to 40 air miles north to northeast of the High Knob Landform, and is part of a series of torrential downpours that have struck localized corridors during the past several days. Until this air mass changes it signals, like a Red Flag, that other local flash flooding events will be possible across the region. Updated - July 24, 2010 Another severe flash flood event unfolded into early hours of July 21, north of Pike County, Ky., as thunderstorms trained along and just south of the Ohio River. WSAZ NewsChannel 3 Coverage of Carter County, Ky., Flash Flooding Video Courtesy of WSAZ-TV in Huntington, West Virginia [ The body of a 72-year old Carter County, Ky., woman was not found until July 24, after severe flash flooding had swept her mobile home off its foundation.  Flood waters carried her 6 miles downstream ]. JKL Doppler Rainfall Estimate - July 21, 2010 Image Courtesy of Plymouth State University Important Follow Up Note... HEAT had increased as of July 24, but the air mass had NOT changed.  As another front stalls during the week of July 25-31, the threat for more hit-miss flash flood events will be renewed! [ Folks living along creeks and rivers, and in flood prone locales, should remain alert for rapid water rises should heavy rains develop over or upstream of their location ]. Updated - July 26, 2010 Yet Another Flash Flood Death JKL Doppler Rainfall Estimate - 8 PM July 25, 2010  Image Courtesy of Plymouth State University Amazing Report Courtesy of WSAZ-TV in Huntington, West Virginia UPDATE 7/26/10 @ 6:45 p.m. by WSAZ-TVDANVILLE, W.Va. (WSAZ) -- "Another round of floodwaters claimed another life over the weekend. This time, it was a man from Danville who was swept away from just outside his home. Chris Ryan died despite a heroic rescue attempt. We talked with family and friends - and the second man in - who was lucky to get out alive. Into our second week of intense storms, West Virginia has now sadly joined eastern Kentucky and southern Ohio on the fatal flood list. The scenarios are the same -- more rain in less time and swifter currents than ever seen before. This time, a dad was trying to make sure his daughter got home safely. In the process, he was swept away. Kelly Ryan says her husband Chris was clearing debris from the flood-swollen creek and road at their Thurmond Street home -- so a daughter on a play date could get home safely. But then she says the Sunday evening rain hit harder -- the water came up high and fast -- maybe 6 feet -- and Chris went in. Kelly told us that Chris was able to get his face up and say he was OK – that his daughter was in there and so was he. Kelly and her daughter made it out safely. Chris was still heading downstream. Kelly says next-door neighbor Paul Bentley ran past 20 bystanders and jumped into the rushing water. He says he was trying to keep Chris from getting sucked into a culvert drain pipe. "I grabbed his hand but he went under, and I went in the drain pipe," Paul Bentley said. "It took four to five guys to pull me out. I was in there ten minutes. It got me from here on my stomach on down; I wish there was more I could have done." Searchers found Chris Ryan’s body more than a mile down stream -- on the other side of Danville in the Little Coal River. Kelly Ryan says her husband was a good man a good dad; he would help anybody with anything. Chris Ryan was a 41-year-old disabled coal miner. He leaves behind his wife Kelly of 17 years, as well as three daughters. Bentley, the brave man who attempted the rescue, was treated and released with a number of injuries. He said he jumped in because he knew Chris Ryan would do the same for him." WSAZ NewsChannel 3 Coverage of Boone County, Wv., Flash Flooding Video Courtesy of WSAZ-TV in Huntington, West Virginia July 2010 has become a month of incredible regional extremes, from a continuing series of killer flash floods to blazing heat and drought. The bottom line...this is a dangerous, repetitive pattern that must be respected ( updated 2 AM on July 27, 2010 ). Updated - July 24, 2010 at Midnight Why Mountain Heatwaves Are Rare ( Mountain Valleys vs. Lowlands ) Powell Valley of High Knob Massif Typical Mountain Valley Fog - AM of July 21, 2010 Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. Heat has historically been the silent but deadly killer, with folks in the mountains and lowlands alike needing to be more cautious on days which are "hot" relative to what is "normal" for them! [ Although varying with National Weather Service coverage areas, a Heat Advisory is generally issued when the combination of temperature and humidity will make it feel like 100 to 115 degrees for up to 3 hours during the day, and/or there is expected to be at least 2 consecutive nights with minimum temperatures above 80 degrees.  An Excessive Heat Warning is issued for even more extreme conditions, posing a grave danger to all homeothermic organisms ].  One of the seemingly more simple but fascinating aspects of climatology, which has held my interest since a kid, is the way mountain valleys cool off at night throughout the year. It is this cooling at night combined with the naturally lower temperatures occurring at higher elevations by day, which collectively make true heatwaves rare within the mountains. [ Oh, it is a wave of HEAT for mountain residents since it is HOT compared to what they are used too and is often a sticky, miserable feeling type of heat in "jungle-like" locations with high humidity levels. In comparison to lower elevations and to urban areas, however, it is not as severe ( and there is relief at night ) ]. Looking to South Fork Gorge of High Knob Massif Multi-layered Clouds - AM of July 21, 2010 Photograph by Roddy Addington - © All Rights Reserved. [ While looking similar to photographs taken on July 14, the above scene captured by Roddy illustrates how common such multi-layered clouds are during summer in this landform, as air at various different levels cools to its dewpoint nearly every night ]. I have been officially observing weather conditions for the National Weather Service now for more than 21 years, and recording temps for most of the past 35 years.  In all that time I have never had a night remain above 70 degrees, and I do not even live in a higher mountain valley ( above 2000 feet ). News Flash - No Longer True Check out the section on July 2011 heat: Summer 2011 Gets Even WETTER Example - Midnight on July 24, 2010 Local Temperatures ( degrees Fahrenheit ) City of Norton: 69 degrees MECC in Big Stone Gap: 70 degrees Clintwood 1 W: 71 degrees L.F. Addington MS in Wise: 71 degrees Lonesome Pine Airport in Wise: 72 degrees In the High Knob highcountry, midnight temperatures in cooler basins, above 2400 feet elevation, were generally in middle to upper 60s     ( dewpoints were in the lower 60s on Eagle Knob to provide a source for cool air drainage into these higher mountain basins ). In contrast to these already good temperature drops, readings across much of the region were still hot ( outside of the mountains ). Regional Temperatues at Midnight July 24, 2010 Virginia Tazewell: 70 degrees Lebanon: 73 degrees Blacksburg: 77 degrees Hillsville: 79 degrees Roanoke: 80 degrees Lynchburg: 81 degrees Martinsville: 81 degrees Danville: 82 degrees Staunton: 82 degrees Charlottesville: 84 degrees Farmville: 86 degrees Richmond: 86 degrees Fredericksburg: 88 degrees Stafford: 88 degrees West Point: 88 degrees Williamsburg: 88 degrees Hanover: 89 degrees Quantico: 89 degrees Fort Belvoir: 90 degrees Washington National: 91 degrees Tennessee Mountain City: 69 degrees Tri-Cities: 77 degrees Crossville: 77 degrees Oak Ridge: 79 degrees Knoxville: 81 degrees Chattanooga: 83 degrees Kentucky Middlesboro: 73 degrees London: 75 degrees Hazard: 77 degrees Jackson: 79 degrees Lexington: 79 degrees West Virginia Elkins: 72 degrees Beckley: 74 degrees Bluefield: 77 degrees Charleston: 77 degrees Huntington: 79 degrees Parkersburg: 81 degrees Morgantown: 82 degrees Locally cooler mountain locations are likely present in the above states, as exemplified by the many elevated basins in the High Knob Massif, to illustrate how cool air drainage can temper even the more intense periods of summer heat.  [ Note that exposed middle elevation ridges, not subjected to cool air drainage or naturally cooler air in upper elevations, tend to occasionally have summer nights which can remain above 70 degrees ( but they rarely rise above 90 degrees by day ) ].

Description June 16, 1936. H, KlLFlTT PHOTOGRAPHIG CAMERA 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 24, 1955 f Fi 9.4. June 16, 1936. H K L TT PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERA 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed June 24, 1955 86\ Fl Patented June 16, 1936 rno'rooaarmc CAMERA Hei nz mum, Schwelm, Germany Application June 24, 1935, Serial No. 28,175 In Germany February 14, 1934 16 Claims. This invention consists in a photographic camera, in which the feed or the film is eflected automatically by a spring mechanism and wherein the toothed discs or the film feed roller which are 5 adapted to engage in the perforations of the film also effect through the intermediary of suitable elements, the tensioning ofthe shutter, the tensioning of the brake mechanism retarding the open position of the shutter and the drive of the counting mechanism showing the exposures which have taken place. ' The invention further consists in that the fully automatic method of operation of the camera is attained with a minimum requirement of details and space, so that the camera is not only very stable, very reliable in operation and cheap to produce but is also very small. Owing to the provision of this automatic drive, it is possible to hold the camera in front of the eyes during all the exposures, without having to move the film forward by hand after each exposure. , In the accompanying drawings: Fig. 1 is a horizontal section of the camera on the line l-i of Fig. 2, Fig. 2 is a vertical section on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1, Fig. 3 is a sectional view illustrating the brake device for the spring mechanism, Fig. 4 is a sectional view 01' the camera showing the spring driving mechanism and the brake mechanism for retarding the time exposure, and 1 Fig. 5 shows the brake mechanism to a larger scale. The film feed roller (Figs. 1, 2), is not a hollow cylinder as has usually been the case but comprises two thin discs 2n mounted on a spindle 2a and provided with driving teeth. A looking or stop pin 3, secured on one of the discs 2 is adapted to engage behind a stop plate 4 which is rigidly secured on a mutilated gear wheel 6 having its teeth in mesh with a pinion 8 secured on the spindle 9 carrying the shutter disc l0. 0n the spindle 2a of the feed roller is secured a toothed wheel 60 meshing with teeth 6 la on a spring casing 6i which teeth are also in mesh with a brake mechanism comprising an intermediate wheel 62, escapement wheel 63 and pallet 64. Naturally, this braking mechanism can be constructcd in any other suitable way, e. g., as a wheel or air-brake. It simply has the object of ensuring that the feed of the film takes place gently instead of suddenly. The spring arranged in the spring casing is wound up by means of a ratchet and a winding key or knob 33 in any usual way. In order not to enlarge the camera casing in spite of the space required by the spring casing, the latter is made in a special form. It is inserted from the outside through an opening in the camera wall and brought into engagement with the parts contained in the camera casing in such manner that a portion of the spring casing projects outside the wall, the externally located part having a larger diameter than the part inside. In the spring casing are then fitted two springs, of which one has a diameter approximately equal to or greater than that of the toothed rim Sia of the spring casing. Due to this arrangement of the spring casing, the brake for the regulation of the smooth and shockless running of the film feed also finds room and does not necessitate any enlargement of the camera casing. The brake device is located underneath the camera wall in the angle which is formed by the picture platform and the front and side walls, that is in a space which is also available in ordinary cameras but is not utilized. While this arrangement'does not require any enlargement of the camera casing, it also affords the further advantage that the spring casing is easily accessible should a breakage of a spring take place. The externally located portion of the spring casing is covered by the part serving for the winding up, i. e., the winding knob 33. Owing to the externally located part of the spring casing having a larger diameter than the toothed rim, a stronger spring can be fitted and, in addition this spring has a better action since it has the effect of a longer'lever arm or leverage. When the spring is tensioned, the feed roller is rotated by the meshing of the spring casing with the wheel 60 and the locking pin 3 engages behind the stop plate 4 so that the mutilated gear wheel 6 is rotated and thereby through the pinion 8, the shutter disc l0. An opening formed in the shutter disc is consequently movedpast the objective while a spring il connected to the shutter disc is tensioned. A cover fiap, which is not shown on the drawings, prevents, however, an exposure taking place during this operation. The mutilated gear wheel 6 is then displaced in its bearings by exerting a pressure on the release knob l4 so that the stop plate 4 is moved out of engagement with the stop pin 3 and can slide back under the action of the spring ll (Fig. 5) acting on the shutter disc. On the pressing of the release knob It, the cover fiap already mentioned (not shown) is simultaneously raised and the exposure-now takes place on the springing back of the shutter disc l8. Since in this stop the stop pin 8 on the feed roller 2 meets with no resistance from the stop plate 4, the spring mechanism and with it the feed roller would run down unchecked. A simple arrangement, however, prevents this running down by ensuring that on the pressing down of the release knob M, the spring mechanism will remain stationary and only the exposure will take place, and that on the rising or release of the knob II, the film will only be fed forward by one picture length. A lever 88 is arranged to rock about a pivot 61 and engage by one arm in a recess formed in a slide 28 which is actuated by the release knob to displace the mutilated gear wheel 8, as above described, out of the range of the stop pin.3. Now if the release knob' ll be pressed down for the purpose of making an exposure, the other end of the lever 88 is moved into the path of a nose piece fixed on the anchor 88, or of some other part of the brake device, to act as a detent preventing movement of the spring mechanism. On again letting go the release knob, that is,.after the exposure has taken place, the brake device is again released at the highest point and now the pin fitted on the feed roller can engage the stop plate which is again forced up on letting go the release knob, and force this forward up to its stop. The movement of the film feed roller here corresponds to the length of a picture. The shutter is again tensioned, and the process can be repeated; pressing down of the release, locking of the brake arrangement thereby; at the lowest point: release of the shutter. On letting go the knob of the release H, the release of the brake device, the running of the spring mechanism and the film feed roller, and the tensioning of the shutter. a The co-operation between the feed roller 2, the locking pin 8 and the stop plate 8 for the purpose of the film feed is at the same time utilized for the actuation of the partswhich retard the running of the shutter plate during longer exposures. In Figures 4 and 5, these parts are shown-this' time-brake mechanism is thus tensioned by the film feeditself by means of the mutilated gear wheel I, which carries out a rocking movement, with each film feed. . On the underside of the gear wheel 8 is fixed a pin 88 which, on the pressing forward of the former by the film feeding means bears against the surface of a lever 89. The rounded outer edge or back of this lever is accommodated in a corresponding recess oi. a lever 88 which is in sliding contact at its nose 8| with a cam 88 secured on the spindle II, which leads to the outside of the camera and by means of which the spring II can be tensioned to a greater or lesser extent. When the pin 58 comes into contact with the surface of the lever 58 and this cannot deflect due to its back bearing on the lever 88 which has been raised by the cam 8|, 9. toothed segment 88 is compelled to rotate about its pivot 84 in the direction of the arrow and an escapement wheel 88 carrying a pinion 81a which meshes with the segment 83 is thereby rotated in the direction of the arrow. In this case, however, the pallet 88 is not also moved because the escapement wheel is mounted on a bridge 87 which is also adapted to oscillate about the pivot.- 84. On the oscillation of the toothed segment 83 in the direction of the arrow, the bridge 81 with the escapement wheel is simultaneously brought in the same direction (up to a stop) out of the range of the pallet. If new the release operation takes place in which the stop plate 4 slides oil the pin of the film feed roller, then first the toothed segment 88 returns under the action of the spring 88, but now with the accompanying movement of the pallet 88, since the oscillating bridge 81 by engagement through the pinion 81a, follows the movement of the mutilated gear wheel 8. The escapement 85 is here brought into engagement with the pallet 88. Now, on the release, under the action of the spring -I I, the shutter disc will simultaneously spring. back with the pin 18 fastened thereon, without any braking. The pin 13 abuts immediately upon the are 88 of the toothed segment 83, whilst the slow slipping back oi the toothed segment 83, retarded by the movement of the pallet, commences. When the pin 18 .rests on the are 88, the objective is opened. Only when the toothed segment 83 has slid back to such an extent that the pin 18 can drop from the are 89, does the objective close. The tensioning of this brake device therefore takes place after each running down, simultaneously with the film feed. 'With a camera which, as described, carries out its functions by stored spring energy, there must naturally be no waste of power. A loss of power would, however, take place if one of the hitherto usual devices for compensating the increasing spool circumference of the film-winding spool were used such as, for example, if the winding spools were slidably or resiliently mounted on a carrier core and, when the spool had assumed such a circumference that more film was wound up than was fed forward, the winding spool had to yield slidingly on its core. The expenditure of energy necessary thereto plays no part in the I actuation of a camera by hand,-,-with the limited spring power of the camera here dealt with, how- ;ag'e, a loss of power might lead to trouble in the Consequently, according to the present invention, there is used for this purpose a positive connection between the feed roller and the winding spool 48 (Fig. 2), for example by means of a toothed wheel transmission 58, 5|, 52. The transmission ratio of this positive connection is, however, so selected that, at the commencement, less film is wound up than is fed forwards, so that the film is not wound up on the spool core in closely arranged turns. After'a certain number of exposures, however, this ratio alters, since the circumference of the winding spool has, in the meantime, slowly become larger. Consequently, more film is now wound up than is fed forward by the feed roller. This cannot, however, now have a prejudicial effect since, according to the invention, the part of the film initially fed forward in excess and which is disposed on the spool core in loose turns is gradually wound up more tightly. In practice, it has been found that in this way a large number of exposures can be made without an elastic compensation being necessary which would weaken the available spring energy and would disturb the automatic feed. By a suitable selection of the transmission ratio and of the ratio between the feed roller and the circumference of the film spool, it is possible to extend the limit of the use of this positive connection .according to the invention to such an extent that the device can be used for the large number of exposures desired with small picture cameras. This positive connection, which is so valuable for the automatic feed, between feed roller and film spool. can now be utilized, for the very reason'that it is positive, in an extremely simple manner for the numbering of the exposures (see Fig. 2). If, for example, there is used on the film roller a toothed wheel 50 of 24 teeth and on the driver of the film spool a. toothed wheel 52 of 25 teeth, then with every revolution of the film feed roller (which for example would correspond to a picture length), the position of the film spool driver will vary by one tooth. A number disc I fitted on the film driver or a marking arranged on this disc, would consequently be moved forward after each picture change by of the pitch circle. If there is arranged under the number disc a corresponding scale 54, the numbering device is complete. Since the toothed wheel transmission for the positive connection described mustalready exist, the complete numbering mechanism thus consists of only a single scale without any other parts whatever. The whole arrangement represents a considerable simplification of the total mechanism, since separate devices for the numbering mechanism and parts for compensating the increasing circumference of the film spool are superfluous. Summarized, according to the arrangement outlined, therefore, after the spring is wound up, on pressing the release, first the shutter is released, that is the exposure is made, and then the following processes take place automatically and simultaneously on letting go the release: feed forward of the film, measuring off the picture length, winding up of the film, numbering \the exposure, tensioning of the shutter, and tensioning of the timeand brake mechanism. Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I de clare that what I claim is: 1. In a film camera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a film feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding rolland said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, a shutter in said casing and movable between setand idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as it moves, a shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, and gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position. 2. In a film camera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a film feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate,- a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as it moves. a shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position, and a second latch means operable upon release of the first latch means to hold the spring means inactive during the movement of the shutter from set to idle position. 3. In a film camera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a film feeding roll mounted in.said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, gearing connecting said feeding roll and winding roll, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as it moves, a. shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, and gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter. to move from set to idle position. 4. In a film camera having a casing provided with a, lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a film feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, gearing connecting said feeding roll and winding roll, a braking mechanism for said spring means arranged to cause retardation in its action, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as it moves, a shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, and gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position. 5. In a filmcamera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a fi'm feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation. manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, gearing connecting said feeding roll and winding roll, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as it moves, a shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position, a braking mechanism for said spring means arranged to cause retardation in its action, and a second latch means operable upon release of the first latch means to engage said braking mechanism and prevent operation of the spring means during the movement of the shutter from set to idle position. 6. In a film camera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a film feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, gearing connecting said feeding roll and winding roll, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as it moves, a shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release oi, the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position, an escapement mechanism geared to said spring means to cause retardation in the action of the spring means, and a second latch means operable upon release of the first latch means to engage said escapement mechanism and prevent operation of the spring means during the movement of the shutter from set to idle position. 7. In a film camera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed fihn at the other side oi the aperture; the combination of a film feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, gearing connecting said feeding roll and winding roll, a braking mechanism for said spring means arranged to cause retardation in its action, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as it moves, a shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position, and a second latch means operable upon release of the first latch means to engage said braking mechanism and prevent operationof the spring means during the movement of the shutter from set to idle position. 8'. In a film camera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a film feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, gearing connecting said feeding roll and winding roll, an escapement mechanism for said spring means arranged to cause retardation in its action, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening theaperture as it moves, a shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position, and a second latch means operable upon release of the first latch means to engage said escapement mechanism and prevent operation of the spring means during the movement of the shutter from set to idle position. 9. In a film camera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revoiubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a film feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture' as it moves, a shutter springnrging said shutter to idle position, and gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position, a shutter controlling brake means to control the speed of movement of said shutter from set to idle position, and means to adjust said shutter controlling brake means to various speeds for said shutter. 10. In a film camera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of'a film feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as it moves, a shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby I I from set to idle position, a ieeens latch means} operable upon releaseof the'first latch means to hold thesprlng means inactive during the: controlling brake means to various speeds for said shutter; tension" the shutter said latch meansbewith said, searing whereby the lease ofthe latch permits the shutter to, move movement of the shutter from set to idle position, a shutter controlling brake wntrol the speed ofmovementof said shutter from set to" idle position, and means to adjust said shutter 11. In a film camera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll forfilm revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of theaperture,andmeanstosupportarollofunexposed-film at -the other side of the aperture; the oomblnationof a film feeding roll mounted 'insaidcaslngbetweenthewindingrollandsaid means, spring means urging-the feeding rollto rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, gearing connecting said feeding roll and winding roll, a shutter in said casing. and movable between set and idle positions of closingsaid aperture and opening the aperture as it moves, a shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, gearingfor the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with, said gearing whereby the release of' the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position, a shutter controlling brake. means to control the speed of movement of said shutterfrom setto idle position, and means to" adiustsaid shutter controlling brake means to various speeds for said shutter. 12. In,a film camera having a casing provided" with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a film feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, gearing connecting said feeding roll and winding roll, a braking'mechanism for said spring means arranged to cause retardation in its action, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as-it moves, a shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position, a shutter controlling brake means to control the speed of movement of said shutter from set to idle position, and means to adjust said shutcasing between the winding roll and said means, s'pring urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable glatch mechanism normally holdinl said feeding roll'fromrotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to s of the latch permits the shutter to moveirom set to idle'position, a braking'mechanism for said spring means arranged to cause retardation in its action, a second latch means operable upon release of the first latch means to engage said brak- 20 ing mechanism and prevent operation of the spring means during the movement of the shutter from set to idle position, a shutter controlling brake means to control the speed of movement of said shutter from set to idle position, and means toadjust said shutter controlling brake means to various speeds for said shutter. 14 In a film camera having acasing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a film feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, -spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, gearing connecting said feeding roll andwinding roll, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as it moves, a shutter spring urging'said shutter to idle position, gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position, an escapement mechanism geared to said spring-means to cause retardation in the action of the spring means, a second latch means operable upon release of the first latch means to engage said escapement mechanism and prevent operation of the spring means during the movement of the shutter from set to idle position, a shutter controlling brake means to control the speed of movement of said shutter from set to idle position, and means to adjust said shutter controlling brake means to various speeds for said shutter. l5. Ina film camera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revolubly mounted in said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a film feeding rollmounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring'means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism, normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, gearing connecting said feeding roll and winding roll, a braking mechanism for said spring means arranged to cause retardation in its action, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as it moves, a shutter spring urging said shutter to idle position, gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position, a second latch means operable upon release of the first latch means to engage said braking mechanism and prevent operation of the spring means during the movementilof the shutter from set to idle position, a shutter controlling brake means to control the speed of,'movement of said shutter from set to idle position; and means to adjust said shutter controlling brake means to various speeds for said shutter. 16. In a film camera having a casing provided with a lens aperture, a winding roll for film revoiubly mountedin said casing at one side of the aperture, and means to support a roll of unexposed film at the other side of the aperture; the combination of a film feeding roll mounted in said casing between the winding roll and said means, spring means urging the feeding roll to rotate, a releasable latch mechanism normally holding said feeding roll from rotation, manually operable means connected to the latch mechanism to release the same, gearing connecting said feeding roll and winding roll, an escapement mechanism for said spring means arranged to cause retardation in its action, a shutter in said casing and movable between set and idle positions of closing said aperture and opening the aperture as it moves, a shutter spring urging said shutter ts} idle position, gearing for the shutter operable through the latch means by the feeding roll to move the shutter to set position and thereby tension the shutter spring, said latch means, being associated with said gearing whereby the release of the latch permits the shutter to move from set to idle position, a second latch means operable upon release ofithe first latch means to engage said escapement mechanism and prevent operation of the spring means during the movement of the shutter from set to idle position, a shutter controlling brake means to control the speed of movement of said shutter from set to idle position, and means-to adjust said shutter controllingbrake means to various speeds for said shutter. HEDIZ KILFI'I'I.