¿QUÉ ES EL ROTAVIRUS? Mucho hemos escuchado sobre la infección por rotavirus, pero poco nos han explicado de qué se trata. Yo te explico un poco, es un virus que provoca las gastroenteritis infecciosas infantiles. Casi todos los niños tendrán al menos 1 infección por rotavirus antes de los 5 años de edad. ¿QUIÉN ESTÁ ... Leer más

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Cool skin turquoise concept icon. Cold weather treatment. Dermatology and skincare. Rotavirus symptom idea thin line illustration. Vector isolated outline RGB

Cool skin concept icon. Cold weather treatment. Disease sign. Dermatology and skincare. Rotavirus symptom idea thin line illustration. Vector isolated outline

First off, the “stomach flu” isn't really the “flu” at all. (It still makes you feel lousy.) It is caused by viruses, but not the influenza virus. Viral Gastroenteritis (stomach flu) is the second most common illness in the United States. It causes millions of cases of diarrhea each year. Stomach Flu Symptoms The main symptoms of Stomach Flu (Viral Gastroenteritis) are watery diarrhea and vomiting. Other symptoms are headache, fever, chills, and abdominal pain. Symptoms usually appear within 4 to 48 hours after exposure to the virus and last for 1 to 2 days, though symptoms can last as long as 10 days. Remember if your symptoms persists more than 48 hours or are causing undo pain or other major problems, consult your doctor, as it may be a sign of a more serious illness. Stomach Flu Causes The viruses that cause Stomach Flu (Viral Gastroenteritis) damage the cells in the lining of the small intestine. As a result, fluids leak from the cells into the intestine and produce watery diarrhea. Four types of viruses cause most Stomach Flu (Viral Gastroenteritis). Heart Spring breaks down the symptoms and causes of the stomach flu. Rotavirus is the leading cause among children 3 to 15 months old and the most common cause of diarrhea in children under the age of 5 years. Symptoms of rotavirus infection appear 1 to 2 days after exposure. Rotavirus typically causes vomiting and watery diarrhea for 3 to 8 days, along with fever and abdominal pain. Rotavirus can also infect adults who are in close contact with infected children, but the symptoms in adults are milder. In the United States, rotavirus infections are most common from November to April. Adenovirus occurs mainly in children under the age of 2 years. Of the 49 types of adenoviruses, one strain affects the gastrointestinal tract causing vomiting and diarrhea. Symptoms typically appear 1 week after exposure. Adenovirus infections occur year round. Caliciviruses cause infection in people of all ages. This family of viruses is divided into 4 types, the noroviruses being the most common and most responsible for infecting people. The noroviruses are usually responsible for epidemics of Stomach Flu (Viral Gastroenteritis) and occur more frequently from October to April. Infected people experience vomiting and diarrhea, fatigue, headache, and sometimes muscle aches. The symptoms appear within 1 to 3 days of exposure. Astrovirus also infects primarily infants, young children, and the elderly. This virus is most active during the winter months. Vomiting and diarrhea appear within 1 to 3 days of exposure. How Long is the Stomach Flu Contagious? Heart Spring also states, “People who no longer have symptoms may still be contagious, since the virus can be found in their stool for up to 2 weeks after they recover from their illness. Also, people can become infected without having symptoms and they can still spread the infection.”  I suspect I last became infected after spending the evening with family members who had “just gotten over the flu”, since my symptoms appeared roughly 48 hours after contact. Stomach Flu Treatments at Home #1 – Stay Properly Hydrated Skip anything with lots of sugar, caffeine or artificial anything (sports drinks, coffee, sodas, undiluted fruit juice, etc). Stay with soothing drinks like mint or chamomile tea, or restorative ones like coconut water or bone broth. Broth contains nutrients and minerals that aid healing. For my broth recipe, shown at the top of the post in a batch of chicken soup, visit How to Make Homemade Chicken Broth. Coconut water is high in electrolytes. If you want to have fruit juice for the little ones, please dilute it so that there's not as much sugar. Go for color free/additive free electrolyte drinks if you must. Small  sips at regular intervals are easier on the abdomen than large quantities at once. #2 – Eat or drink your probiotics Live culture foods help populate your digestive tract with healthy bacteria and other friendly beasties. This can help your body crowd out the troublemakers and speed your recovery. Yogurt, milk kefir, water kefir, kombucha, and lacto-fermented foods all contain bacteria that promotes a healthy immune system. You can, of course, purchase these items from the store or buy the little capsules, but it's really easy to make you own at home. Again, use small servings, especially with the kombucha, which can have a detox effect. No more than 2-4 ounces per day of kombucha tea. Yogurt and kefir are gentler and safer in larger amounts (up to eight ounces per day). #3 – Try Some Chia Chia seeds are hydrophilic, which means they absorb water (up to 12 times their weight in water). You can use this property to your advantage by thoroughly hydrating the seeds before consuming them, and then using the seeds to carry water into you body. The gel-like coating that forms around the hydrated seeds soothes your digestive tract and slowly releases the water into your body as they pass through your system. In my case, I placed some yogurt and milk kefir into my Vitamix, poured in a tablespoon of chia, mixed slightly, and then let it sit and soak for 10 minutes before finishing the smoothie preparation. If you want something more basic, try chia fresca. below is the recipe for Chia Fresca.  1 tablespoon of dry chia seeds 10 ounces water. 2 teaspoons lime juice (or one tablespoon lemon juice) Two teaspoons sugar or 1 tsp stevia powder Mix chia seeds and water. Let stand ten minutes. Add juice and sweetener and mix well. #4 – Comfort yourself Take a soothing warm shower to relax sore muscles. If you can bear it, try a warm bath with a cup of Epsom salts. (At the risk of TMI, be careful if you are coping with diarrhea, as the muscle relaxation could result in “poop soup”.) The warm bath option is probably best for late in the illness. By that point, fatigue and muscle cramping have led to significant muscle soreness, but the worst of the vomiting and/or diarrhea has passed. Place a hot pack on the lower back or abdominal area to help ease cramping. Beyond these options, if your stomach can keep it down, eat lightly of nourishing real foods. The “stomach flu” is viral, so taking antibiotics will not help. Again, if you are experiencing severe pain or other complications, please consult your healthcare practitioner, as serious food borne illness may sometimes present in a manner that resembles stomach flu. Why I Don't Recommend the BRAT Diet Typically, what I've seen recommended for stomach flu treatment are options like the BRAT diet (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast), and hydration with products like Gatorade. A more recent stomach virus treatment diet variation is the BRATY diet – Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast, Yogurt. While the BRAT diet is chosen to be non-irritating, evidence suggests that it may not help you heal, and may even slow the process of healing. In an article from Emergency Medicine News, they state (emphasis mine): Over the past 10 years, however, a consensus has developed that this dietary restriction is a suboptimal choice because it is low in protein, fat, and energy content. This limited intake is not considered helpful to the body's healing or immune response to infection. They go on to explain that: “…many studies have shown that unrestricted diets do not worsen the course or symptoms of diarrhea. For moderate to severe diarrhea, avoid fatty foods and foods high in simple sugars (including sweetened teas, juices, and soft drinks). Appropriate foods include lean meats, yogurts, fruits, and vegetables, as well as complex carbohydrates like rice, wheat, potatoes, bread, and cereals.” Robin, one of our readers, made another good observation about the problems with the BRAT diet on the Common Sense Home Facebook page: “I read the article and want to add that the “BRAT” diet is intended to slow or stop diarrhea. It's basically a diet of low-fiber (read: constipating) foods. The purpose of diarrhea – when caused by a virus or bacteria – is to help rid the body of that virus or bacteria. This is why the diet can drag out the illness. It simply gives those microorganisms more time in the digestive tract to hang out and multiply.”

of the following actions should the nurse take? A nurse is assessing a child who has intussusception. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? a nurse is caring for a school age child following a femoral venous cardiac catherization. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a nurse is caring for a preschooler who is post-operative following a tonsillectomy. The child is now ready to begin eating orally. Which of the following dietary choices should the nurse offer the child a nurse is assessing a 5 month old infant. Which of the following finding should the nurse report to the provider? a nurse in a pediatric clinic is providing teaching to the guardian of an infant who has a new prescription for digoxin. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the plan of care as an indication of digoxin toxicity? A nurse is admitting a child who is has acute epiglottitis. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a nurse is planning care for a child who has osteomyelitis. Which of the following intervention should the nurse include in the plan of care? the nurse is reviewing the medical record of a school age child who has cystic fibrosis. Which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider? A nurse is providing discharge teaching to the parents of an infant for sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS). Which of the following statements by the parents indicates an understanding of the teaching ? a nurse is teaching the guardian of a child who suspected to have cystic fibrosis and is scheduled for a sweat chloride test. Which of the following statements should the nurse include A nurse is preparing to initiate iv antibiotics for a newly admitted 12 month old infant. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? a nurse is planning care for an 8 month infant who has heart failure. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the plan of care? a nurse is providing teaching to the parents of an infant who is to undergo pilocarpine iontophoresis testing for cystic fibrosis. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching? A nurse is teaching a group of female adolescents about healthy eating. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? a nurse is preparing to administer a prescribe medication to a toddler who parents is nearby. which of the following actions should the nurse take to identify the toddler? a nurse is planning care for a school aged child who was admitted to the emergency department 2 hours ago. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include to promote adequate sleep for the child? the nurse is caring for a 5 year old child following a tonsillectomy and ..... which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a sign of hemorrhage A nurse is discussing coping mechanisms for a parent of a 3- month old infant. Which of the following therapeutic questions should the nurse ask the parent? A nurse is preparing a school- age child for an invasive procedure. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? A nurse in the emergency department is caring for a child who has a temp of 102.4 and a suspected diagnosis of bacterial meningitis? Which of the following actions should the nurse take FIRST? A nurse is preparing to collect a urine specimen from a female infant using a urine collection bag. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A nurse is providing teaching to the guardian of a school- aged child who has a seizure disorder. Which of the following factors should the nurse include as common trigger that increases the risk of seizures? A nurse in a provider's office is preparing to administer immunizations to a 12 year old client during a well-child visit? Which of the following immunization should the nurse plan to administer? a nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a child who was recently admitted for a suspected rheumatic fever. The nurse should identify that which of the following laboratory test can contribute to confirming this diagnoses. SATA A nurse is caring for an adolescent who is 1 hr postoperative following an appendectomy. Which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider? A nurse is preparing to administer an enteral feeding to an adolescent who has NG tube. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A nurse is providing teaching to the parents of a 6 week old infant who has developmental dysplasia of the hip and is wearing a pavlik harness. Which of the following statements by the parents indicates an understanding of the teaching? A nurse is assessing a school-aged child who has heart failure and is taking furosemide. Indication that the medication is effective? A nurse is applying socks and restraints to a child who is acting aggressively towards staff. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A nurse is providing teaching to a 10 year old child who is schedule for an arterial cardiac catheterization. Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching? A nurse is caring for a preschooler who refuses to take a stat dose of oral diphenhydramine. Which of the following statements should the nurse make? a nurse is caring for an infant who has rotavirus. Which of the following findings indicates that the infant is moderately dehydrated A nurse in an urgent care clinic is prioritizing care for four children. Which of the following child should the nurse assess first? A nurse is caring for an infant who received intermittent enteral feedings through a gastronomy tube. Which of the following actions should the nurse take when administering a feeding? SATA A nurse in the emergency department is caring for an adolescent who is requesting testing for STIs, which of the following actions is appropriate for the nurse to take. a nurse a caring for a school age child following an application of a cast to a fractured tibia which of the following action should the nurse take first A nurse is evaluating a four year old child who has cystic fibrosis and have been receiving chest physiotherapy treatment. The nurse should identify which of the following findings as an indication that the therapy has been effective a nurse is monitoring a school age child receiving opioid for pain. Which of the following findings should indicate to the nurse that the medication is having a therapeutic effect? a nurse a assessing a school age child who has twirl fusion and had a chest tube insertion 24 hours ago. Which of the following finding should the nurse intervene a nurse is caring for a 3 month old infant who has a cleft palate. Which of the following actions should the nurse take A nurse is reviewing the lab results of a preschooler who has gastroenteritis and notes the client's potassium level is 3.2. Which of the following assessment finding should the nurse expect? A nurse is planning care for an adolescent who has sickle cell anemia. Which of the following immunizations should the nurse include in the plan? A nurse is providing teaching about the effects of sun exposure to a parent of a toddler. Which of the following responses by the parent indicate understanding of the teaching? A nurse in the emergency department is assessing a toddler who has hypopyrexia, severe dyspnea, and is drooling. Which of the following actions should the nurse seek first? A nurse is planning care for a child who has varicella. Which of the following interventions should the burse plan to take? A nurse is teaching home care to the parents of a preschool-age child who has heart failure. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? A nurse is reviewing the medical record of 15- month old child who is schedule to receive the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Which of the following should the nurse advice as contraindication for receiving the vaccine. A nurse is teaching the parent of a school- aged child about bicycle safety. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? A nurse in a provider's office is assessing the vital signs of a 2-year-old child at a well-child visit. Which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider? A nurse is assessing an infant who has severe dehydration due to gastroenteritis. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? a nurse is providing teaching to the guardian of an infant. Which of the following statements by the guardian indicates an understanding of the teaching? A charge nurse is planning care for an infant who has failure to thrive. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the plan of care? A nurse is assessing an infant who has acute otitis media. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? (SATA) A nurse is planning care for a 6-month-old infant who has bacterial meningitis. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? A nurse is providing teaching about home care to the parent of a child who has AIDs. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? A nurse is providing support of a family whose infant died from SIDs. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A nurse is planning care for a toddler who has developed oral ulcers in response to chemotherapy. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the plan of care? A nurse in a pacu is caring for a school age child immediately following a tonsillectomy. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A nurse is planning care for a toddler who has developed oral ulcers in response to chemotherapy. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the plan of care? A nurse is caring for a 10-month-old child who was brought to the emergency department by his parents following a head injury. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A nurse is performing cranial nerve assessment on a school-aged child. Which of the following findings indicate proper functioning of the child's trigeminal nerve? A nurse is assessing a school-aged child cranial nerve function. Assessing the accessory nerve? Which location should the nurse place the thermometer to get an accurate oral temp reading? one month old infant is having oral canditis and became infected. What instructions should the nurse include?

immunizations prior to moving into a campus dormitory? A. Pneumococcal polysaccharide B. Meningococcal polysaccharide C. Rotavirus D. Herpes zoster A nurse is assessing a 9-month-old infant during a well-child visit. Which of the following findings indicates that the infant has a developmental delay? A. Creeps on hands and knees B. Inability to vocalize vowel sounds C. Uses crude pincer grasp D. Stands by holding onto support A nurse is caring for a preschool-age child who is dying. Which of the following findings is an age-appropriate reaction to death by the child? (Select all that apply.) A. The child views death as similar to sleep. B. The child is interested in what happens to his body after death. C. The child recognizes that death is permanent. D. The child believes his thoughts can cause death. E. The child thinks death is a punishment. A nurse is caring for an adolescent who is receiving pain medication via a PCA pump. When the nurse assesses the client's pain at 0800, the client describes the pain as a 3 on a scale of 1 to 10. At 1000, the client describes the pain as a 5. The nurse discovers the client has not pushed the button to deliver medication in the past 2 hr. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Ask the provider to discontinue the PCA so the nurse can administer PRN pain medication. B. Suggest the client's parent push the button for the client if the parent thinks the adolescent is having pain. C. Reevaluate the client in 1 hr since a pain level of 5 is acceptable on a scale of 1 to 10. D. Reinforce teaching with the client about how to push the button to deliver the medication. A nurse in a pediatric clinic is assessing a toddler at a well-child visit. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Perform the assessment in a head to toe sequence. B. Minimize physical contact with the child initially. C. Explain procedures using medical terminology. D. Stop the assessment if the child becomes uncooperative. A nurse on a pediatric unit is admitting a 4-year-old child. Which of the following toys should the nurse plan to provide for the child to engage in independent play? A. Brightly colored mobile B. Plastic stethoscope C. Small piece jigsaw puzzle D. A book of short stories A nurse is caring for a 2-year-old child who has cystic fibrosis. The nurse is planning to take the child to the playroom. Which of the following activities would be appropriate for the child? A. Cutting figures from colored paper B. Drawing stick figures using crayons C. Riding a tricycle D. Building towers of blocks A nurse is providing anticipatory guidance about accidental ingestion of a toxic substance to the parents of a toddler. The nurse should instruct the parents to take which of the following actions first if the child ingests a hazardous substance? A. Give the toddler milk. B. Go to an emergency department. C. Call the poison control center. D. Induce vomiting. A nurse in a pediatric clinic is caring for a 3-year-old child who has a blood lead level of 3 mcg/dL. When teaching the toddler's parent about the correlation of nutrition with lead poisoning, which of the following information is appropriate for the nurse to include in the teaching? A. Decrease the child's vitamin C intake until the blood lead level decreases to zero. B. Administer a folic acid supplement to the child each day. C. Give pancreatic enzymes to the child with meals and snacks. D. Ensure the child's dietary intake of calcium and iron is adequate. A nurse is planning care for a 10-month-old infant who has suspected failure to thrive (FTT). Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? (Select all that apply.) A. Observe the parents' actions when feeding the child. B. Maintain a detailed record of food and fluid intake. C. Follow the child's cues as to when food and fluids are provided. D. Sit beside the child's high chair when feeding the child. E. Play music videos during scheduled meal times. A nutritional goal for the child who has suspected FTT is to correct nutritional deficiencies, which can be identified by recording all food and fluid intake. A nurse in the emergency department is caring for a 2-year-old child who was found by his parents crying and holding a container of toilet bowl cleaner. The child's lips are edematous and inflamed, and he is drooling. Which of the following is the priority action by the nurse? A. Remove the child's contaminated clothing. B. Check the child's respiratory status. C. Administer an antidote to the child. D. Establish IV access for the child. A nurse is providing education to the parent of a toddler who is about to receive her first dose of the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) immunization. Which of the following statements by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? A. "I am not going to let my child play with other children for 2 days." B. "I will need to return in 2 weeks for my child to receive the varicella immunization." C. "I can give my child acetaminophen for discomfort associated with the immunization." D. "My child might have some discharge from the injection site." A nurse is teaching the parent of a 12-month-old infant about nutrition. Which of the following statements by the parent indicates a need for further teaching? A. "I can give my baby 4 ounces of juice to drink each day." B. "I will offer my baby dry cereal and chilled banana slices as snacks." C. "I am introducing my baby to the same foods the family eats." D. "My infant drinks at least 2 quarts of skim milk each day." A nurse is assisting a provider during a femoral venipuncture on a toddler. The nurse should place the child in which of the following positions? A. Side-lying B. Semi-recumbent C. Flexed sitting D. Supine A nurse providing teaching about promoting sleep with the parent of a 3-year-old toddler. Which of the following information should the nurse include? A. Follow a nightly routine and established bedtime. B. Encourage active play prior to bedtime. C. Let the child remain awake until tired enough to go to sleep. D. Reward the child with a food treat just prior to sleep if the child goes to bed on time. A nurse is assessing a 3-year-old child who is 1 day postoperative following a tonsillectomy. Which of the following methods should the nurse use to determine if the child is experiencing pain? A. Ask the parents. B. Use the FACES scale. C. Use the numeric rating scale. D. Check the child's temperature. A nurse is teaching the parent of an infant about food allergens. Which of the following foods should the nurse include as being the most common food allergy in children? A. Cow's milk B. Wheat bread C. Corn syrup D. Eggs A nurse is preparing to administer recommended immunizations to a 2-month-old infant. Which of the following immunizations should the nurse plan to administer? A. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis A B. Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (TDaP) C. Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) and inactivated polio virus (IPV) D. Varicella (VAR) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) A nurse is teaching the parent of an infant about home safety. Which of the following information should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) A. Use a wheeled infant walker. B. Place soft pillows around the edge of the infant's crib. C. Position the car seat so it is rear-facing. D. Secure a safety gate at the top and bottom of the stairs. E. Maintain the water heater temperature at 49° C (120° F). A nurse is preparing to administer a liquid medication to an infant. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Administer the medication while the infant is supine. B. Give the medication at the side of the infant's mouth. C. Add the medication to a full bottle of the infant's formula. D. Administer the medication slowly while holding the nares closed. A nurse in an emergency department is caring for an 8-year old who is up-to-date with current immunization recommendations and has a deep puncture injury. Which of the following should the nurse anticipate administering? A. Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine B. A single injection of tetanus immune globulin (TIG) mixed with the pediatric tetanus booster (DT) C. Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine D. Adult tetanus booster (Td) A nurse is observing a mother who is playing peek-a-boo with her 8-month-old child. The mother asks if this game has any developmental significance. The nurse should inform the mother that peek-a-boo helps develop which of the following concepts in the child? A. Hand-eye coordination B. Sense of trust C. Object permanence D. Egocentrism A nurse is performing a physical assessment on a 6-month-old infant. Which of the following reflexes should the nurse expect to find? A. Stepping B. Babinski C. Extrusion D. Moro A nurse is planning to collect a specimen from a male infant using a urine collection bag. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Wash and dry the infant's genitalia and perineum thoroughly. B. Apply a small coating of water-soluble lubricant to the skin of the infant's perineal area. C. Avoid placing the scrotum inside the collection bag. D. Wait several hours after positioning the device before checking it. A nurse is providing teaching to the parents of a 4-year-old child about fine motor development. Which of the following tasks should the nurse include in the teaching as an expected finding for this age group? A. Copies a circle B. Cuts foods using a table knife C. Begins writing in cursive D. Prints first and last name clearly A nurse is caring for a toddler and is preparing to administer 0.9% sodium chloride 100 mL IV to infuse over 4 hr. The drop factor of the manual IV tubing is 60 gtt/mL. The nurse should set the manual IV infusion to deliver how many gtt/min? (Round the answer to the nearest whole number. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trailing zero.) A nurse is caring for a 15-month-old toddler who requires droplet precautions. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Have the toddler wear a disposable gown when in the unit's playroom. B. Wear sterile gloves when changing the toddler's diapers. C. Wear a mask when assisting the toddler with meals. D. Ask visitors to wear an N-95 mask when entering the room. The nurse should wear a mask when within 3 to 6 feet of the toddler to prevent the transmission of infections that are spread via large droplet particles expelled in the air. A nurse is assessing a 6-month-old infant at a well-child visit. Which of the following findings indicates the need for further assessment? A. Grabs feet and pulls them to her mouth B. Posterior fontanel is closed C. Legs remain crossed and extended when supine D. Birth weight has doubled Legs crossed and extended when supine is an unexpected finding and requires further assessment. At 6 months of age, the legs flex at the knees when the infant is supine. Crossed and extended legs when supine is a finding associated with cerebral palsy. A nurse on a pediatric unit is reviewing the health record of a client who is demonstrating increasing levels of stress after admission. The nurse should identify which of the following findings as a risk factor for a stress-related reaction to hospitalization? A. Age 10 B. First hospitalization C. Male gender D. Calm, quiet demeanor Male clients are at increased risk for hospitalization-related stress compared to female clients. A nurse is teaching a parent of a 12-month old child about development during the toddler years. Which of the following statements should the nurse include? A. "Your child should be referring to himself using the appropriate pronoun by 18 months of age." B. "A toddler's interest in looking at pictures occurs at 20 months of age." C. "A toddler should have daytime control of his bowel and bladder by 24 months of age." D. "Your child should be able to scribble spontaneously using a crayon at the age of 15 months." A nurse is developing a plan of care for a school-age child who underwent a surgical procedure that resulted in a temporary loss of vision. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? A. Assign an assistive personnel to feed the child. B. Explain sounds the child is hearing. C. Have the child use a cane when ambulating. D. Rotate nurses caring for the child. A nurse is caring for a child who has bacterial endocarditis. The child is scheduled to receive moderate term antibiotic therapy and requires a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). Which of the following statements should the nurse include when teaching the child's parent? A. "The PICC line will last several weeks with proper care." B. "The public health nurse will rotate the insertion site every 3 days." C. "You will need to make certain the arm board is in place at all times." D. "Your child will go to the operating room to have the line placed." A nurse in the emergency department is caring for a 12-year-old child who has ingested bleach. Which of the following statements by the nurse indicates an understanding of this ingestion? A. "The absence of oral burns excludes the possibility of esophageal burns." B. "Treatment focuses on neutralization of the chemical." C. "Injury by a corrosive liquid is more extensive than by a corrosive solid." D. "Immediate administration of activated charcoal is warranted." A nurse is assessing a 6-year-old child at a well-child visit. Which of the following findings requires further assessment by the nurse? A. Presence of sparse, fine pubic hair B. Decreased head circumference compared to full height C. Increased leg length related to height D. Presence of a loose, central incisor The development of sexual characteristics prior to the age of 9 years in boys, and 8 years in girls, is an indication of precocious puberty and requires further evaluation. A nurse at a pediatric clinic is assessing a 5-month-old infant during a well-child visit. Which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider? A. Head lags when pulled from a lying to a sitting position B. Absence of startle and crawl reflexes C. Inability to pick up a rattle after dropping it D. Rolls from back to side At the age of 5 months, the infant should have no head lag when pulled to a sitting position; therefore, the nurse should report this finding to the provider. A nurse is assessing a 30-month-old toddler during a well-child visit. Which of the following findings requires further assessment by the nurse? A. Primary dentition is complete B. Unable to hop on one foot C. Birth weight is tripled D. Able to state first and last name The birth weight should triple by 12 months of age. By 30 months of age, the birth weight should be quadrupled. A nurse is assessing a 12-month-old male infant's vital signs during a well-child visit. The infant is in the 90th percentile of height. Which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider? A. Heart rate 175/min B. Respiratory rate 26/min C. Blood pressure 88/40 mm Hg D. Temperature 37.6° C (99.7° F) A heart rate of 175/min is above the expected reference range for a 12-month-old infant; therefore, the nurse should report this finding to the provider. A nurse is teaching the parent of a toddler about home safety. Which of the following statements by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? A. "I lock my medications in the medicine cabinet." B. "I keep my child's crib mattress at the highest level." C. "I turn pot handles to the side of my stove while cooking." D. "I will give my child syrup of ipecac if she swallows something poisonous." Locking up medications and other potential poisons prevents access. Toddlers have improved gross and fine motor skills that allow for further exploration of the environment and possible access to hazardous substances. A nurse is planning to implement relaxation strategies with a young child prior to a painful procedure. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Ask the child to hold his breath and then blow it out slowly. B. Ask the child to describe a pleasurable event. C. Bounce the child gently while holding him upright. D. Rock the child in long rhythmic movements. The nurse can implement relaxation strategies by sitting with the child in a well-supported position such as against the chest, and then rocking or swaying back and forth in long, wide movements. A nurse is assessing a 7-year-old child's psychosocial development. Which of the following findings should the nurse recognize as requiring further evaluation? A. The child prefers playmates of the same sex. B. The child is competitive when playing board games. C. The child complains daily about going to school. D. The child enjoys spending time alone. Complaining every day about going to school is an unexpected finding for a 7-year-old child. The child is in Erikson's psychosocial development stage of industry vs. inferiority. Children in this stage want to learn and master new concepts. If the child complains daily about going to school, it warrants further evaluation.