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Every person in Appalachia has a relationship with God, intentionally or otherwise. You could say the same thing about these pictures taken by Magnum photographer Bruce Gilden.

Working as an investigative photographer for the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC), Lewis Hine (1874-1940) portrayed working and living conditions of children in the United States between 1908 and 1924. The Library of Congress' National Child Labor Committee Collection includes more than 5,100 photographs that came with the records of the organization. Many of the pictures are familiar, but others are relatively unexplored. Accompanying original captions, often rich with detail, offer clues for learning more about individuals, places, and work environments from a hundred years ago. Vance, a Trapper Boy, 15 years old. Has trapped for several years in a West Va. Coal mine. $.75 a day for 10 hours work. All he does is to open and shut this door: most of the time he sits here idle, waiting for the cars to come ... (LOC) The "Manly art of self-defense" Newsboys' Protective Association. Location: Cincinnati, Ohio. (LOC) Marie Costa, Basket Seller, 605 Elm St., Sixth St. Market, Cincinnati. 9 P.M. Had been there since 10 A.M. Sister and friend help her. Location: Cincinnati, Ohio. (LOC) Glass works. Midnight. Location: Indiana. (LOC) A Little "Shaver," Indianapolis Newsboy, 41 inches high. Said he was 6 years old. Aug., 1908. Wit., E. N. Clopper. Location: Indianapolis, Indiana. (LOC) Lunch Time, Economy Glass Works, Morgantown, W. Va. Plenty more like this, inside. Location: Morgantown, West Virginia. (LOC) Tenjeta Calone, Philadelphia, 10 years old. Been picking cranberries 4 years. White's Bog, Browns Mills, N.J. ... (LOC) Messenger boy working for Mackay Telegraph Company. Said fifteen years old. Exposed to Red Light dangers. Location: Waco, Texas. (LOC) Albernesi Family, 126 W. Eagle St. Left to right: Frank Albernesi, 5 years old. Libori Albernesi, 15 years old, Joseph Albernesi, 13 years old. Family goes to country in summer to pick fruit. Location: Buffalo, New York (State) (LOC) Charlie Foster has a steady job in the Merrimack Mills. School Record says he is now ten years old. His father told me that he could not read, and still he is putting him into the mill. See Hine report. Location: Huntsville, Alabama. (LOC) Four-year-old Mary, who shucks two pots of oysters a day at Dunbar. Tends the baby when not working ... Location: Dunbar, Louisiana (LOC) Little Fannie, 7 years old, 48 inches high, helps sister in Elk Mills. Her sister (in photo) said, "Yes, she he'ps me right smart. Not all day but all she can. Yes, she started with me at six this mornin'." ... Location: Fayetteville, Tennessee (LOC) Newsie, "flipping cars". Location: Boston, Massachusetts. (LOC) Boys picking over garbage on "the Dumps." Boston. See 906-907. Location: Boston, Massachusetts. (LOC) Pin boys in Les Miserables Alleys ... Location: Lowell, Massachusetts (LOC) 2 newsgirls. Location: Wilmington, Delaware. (LOC) Young Cigarmakers in Englahardt & Co., Tampa, Fla. ... (LOC) Eagle and Phoenix Mill. "Dinner-toters" waiting for the gate to open. ... Location: Columbus, Georgia (LOC) Manuel, the young shrimp-picker, five years old, and a mountain of child-labor oyster shells behind him. He worked last year. Understands not a word of English. Dunbar, Lopez, Dukate Company. Location: Biloxi, Mississippi. (LOC) 11:30 A.M. Jennie Rizzandi, 9 year old girl, helping mother and father finish garments in a dilapidated tenement, 5 Extra Pl., N.Y.C. ... (LOC) Brown McDowell 12 year old usher in Princess Theatre. Works from 10 A.M. tp 10 P.M. Can barely read; has reached the second grade in school only. Investigator reports little actual need for earnings. Location: Birmingham, Alabama. (LOC) Only 5 pupils present out of about 40 expected when beet work is over. School #1, Dist. 3, Ft. Morgan, Colo. Oct. 26/15 (LOC) Interior of tobacco shed, Hawthorn Farm. Girls in foreground are 8, 9, and 10 years old. The 10 yr. old makes 50 cents a day. 12 workers on this farm are 8 to 14 years old, and about 15 are over 15 yrs. Location: Hazardville, Connecticut. (LOC) Rhodes Mfg. Co., Lincolnton, N.C. Spinner. A moments glimpse of the outer world Said she was 10 years old. Been working over a year. Location: Lincolnton, North Carolina. (LOC) Group of Breaker Boys in #9 Breaker, Hughestown Borough, Pennsylvania Coal Co. Smallest boy is Angelo Ross (see photos and labels #1953 & #1954). Location: Pittston, Pennsylvania. (LOC) The "Kinleygarten" (the mill Policeman called it) at Lynchburg (Va.) Cotton Mills ... (LOC) Shanties and cooking shacks on berry farm of Bottomley's, near Baltimore. Md. At times, four families live in one shanty: three families is the rule--two rooms. (See report July 10, 1909.) Location: Baltimore, Maryland. (LOC) A young oyster fisher [?] Others smaller employed in busy season ... Location: Apalachicola, Florida (LOC) Where the boys spend their money. Location: St. Louis, Missouri. (LOC) Some samples (not all) of the children in the "Kindergarten Factory" run by the High Point and Piedmont Hosiery Mills ... Location: High Point, North Carolina (LOC) (For Child Welfare Exhibit 1912-13.) Shooting craps, Providence, R.I. Location: Providence, Rhode Island. (LOC) [The 8 and 10 yr. old children here are working beets on a farm near Sterling, Colo, from 5:00 A.M. to 7:00 P.M. on rush days. Father said, "We have to get done."]. Location: [Sterling vicinity, Colorado] (LOC) Morris Levine, 212 Park Street. 11 years old and sells papers every day--been selling five years. Makes 50 cents Sundays and 30 cents other days. Location: Burlington, Vermont (LOC) Amos is 6 and Horace 4 years old. Their father, John Neal is a renter and raises tobacco. He said (and the owner of the land confirmed it) that both these boys work day after day from "sun-up to sun-down" ...Location: Warren County--Albaton, Kentucky (LOC) 5:00 A.M. Sunday May 8th, 1910. Starting out with papers from McIntyres Branch. Chestnut & 16th Sts.,. Location: St. Louis, Missouri. (LOC) Exhibit panel. (LOC) [Street gang - cor[ner] Margaret & Water Streets - 4:30 P.M.] Location: Springfield, Massachusetts. (LOC) This little girl like many others in this state is so small she has to stand on a box to reach her machine ... Location: Loudon, Tennessee (LOC) Fruit Venders, Indianapolis Market, aug., 1908. Wit., E. N. Clopper. Location: Indianapolis, Indiana. (LOC) Josie, six year old, Bertha, six years old, Sophie, 10 years old, all shuck regularly. Maggioni Canning Co. Location: Port Royal, South Carolina. (LOC) Nan de Gallant, 4 Clark St., Eastport, Maine, 9 year old cartoner, Seacoast Canning Co., Factory #2 ... (LOC) Part of a group of itinerant cotton pickers leaving a farm at which they had finished picking a bale and a half a day... Location: McKinney, Texas (LOC) Freddie Kafer, a very immature little newsie selling Saturday Evening Posts and newspapers at the entrance to the State Capitol.... Sacramento, California (LOC) Jewel and Harold Walker, 6 and 5 years old, pick 20 to 25 pounds of cotton a day ... Location: Comanche County ... Oklahoma (LOC) Colored School at Anthoston. Census 27, enrollment 12, attendance 7. Teacher expects 19 to be enrolled after work is over. "Tobacco keeps them out and they are short of hands."... Location: Henderson County, Kentucky (LOC) Folding filing-folders. Boston Index Card Co., 113 Purchase Street. Boston, Mass. Location: Boston, Massachusetts (LOC) Bundle boy. Location: St. Louis, Missouri. (LOC) A 9 year old boy, Jo Cafarella, 39 Warren Street, Somerville, Mass ... (LOC) Bootblacks in and around City Hall Park, New York City - July 25, 1924. Location: New York, New York (State) (LOC) (via The Library of Congress)

My name is Will and for the past 15 years, my family and I have live in Double Oak, Texas (pop 2700) which lies between Dallas and Fort Worth; 18 miles north of DFW airport. The semi rural lifestyle attracted my wife Lavada and I to this town back in 1995 to raise our four children. We made our home in the big city of Dallas prior to the move. Over the years we have seen much "progress" in the upscale suburbs of southern Denton County. During this time, the semi-rural atmosphere slowly gave way to the housing boon and megabox retail establishments that now are only a stone's throw away. With new developments in the area, the region of southern Denton County became a moderately dense suburbia . Double Oak is predominately middle class area and picturesquely nestled among several upscale planned communities. Recently, Gas drilling has come to our town and many residents have either signed over their mineral rights to drillers while others like us were forced to wait out the economic recession of 2008/2009. Our town has five gas wells with plans for 22 more and a large compression facility. And that's just for the west side of our little town of 2700. Gas drilling pad sites numbering in the hundreds litter the landscape in southern part of the county. And all this has been accomplished with no environmental regulations in place since the industry is exempt from the Safe Drinking Water Act. Over the course a couple of years, while we waited for the economy to rebound, my attitude about cashing in on the gas boon changed. As I talked to various individuals and read news reports of unhappy area residents, the trend toward discussing the negative impact of gas drilling seemed to overshadow the excitement of new found wealth. Then I recalled something my father once told me as he discussed his childhood. Around age of 14 he worked in the 9 Mile Point Coal Mine near his hometown of Cwmfelinfach, Wales, U.K. and it was common practice to use small pet shop birds to detect dangerous methane gas in the mine. If the bird died suddenly, the men were to escape the mine as soon as possible. My father's family originally migrated from the valleys of south Wales in the mid 1920's when the 9 Mile Point Coal Mine closed due to a labor strike and my grandfather was out of work. He worked in the mines all of life and had to endure the unsafe work conditions as most miners did during that time. While mining accidents claimed the lives of many friends and brothers, an accident never claimed his life directly, however black lung disease caught up to him soon enough. He died shortly before the Great Depression. I never met my grandfather, but I recall the stories my father told of life in Wales in the early part of the twentieth century and the hardships they all endured. Coal dust permeated the air in and around the small Welsh village and as children he and his siblings often slept with coal dust on their pillows. In 2006, I took my father's cremated remains back to the little village by the river in the green valley and placed them atop of his grandfather's resting place in the Babel Chapel cemetery. This small community was home to 19th century preacher/poet William Thomas (Islwyn), whose verse extolled the working man and inspired social reform during the industrial revolution. Today as I ponder that collective of ordinary people I call Gasland America, I think about that peaceful little valley as it may have been a hundred years ago, layered black with coal dust and the Sirhowy river flowing dark with runoff from the mine; it's water unsafe to drink. Those days seem unimaginable, but history often repeats itself. The one difference is benzene, xylene and other toxic and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) won't wash off your pillow. The parallel I draw between a small village in Wales a hundred years ago and a little town in Texas today is too familiar. My father's childhood experience tells me that there is a lesson to be learned about allowing industry to mandate the lives of ordinary men. Some individuals may profit, but most will not. Who will be the ones to remain on the tainted land? It's a terrible legacy we leave our children to allow an industry to take control of unwilling and lay waste to the land and all beneath it. Please support the Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals Act of 2009 . Read More

A mixture of frowns and smiles on the faces of child miners. The soot on their faces makes the viewer wonder what's gotten into their lungs. (Photo by Lewis W. Hine via Wikimedia).

Old trees can be seen as a rarity, they are accounted for and protected as a natural monument. But why do they say all the forest, even in Siberia, are not older than 200 years? WHERE ARE THE GIANTS? I want to approach this issue from the other side – beginning from the Earth’s poles. Soviet … Continued

In 1908 Lewis Hine picked up his camera and became the photographer for the National Child Labor Committee. It was a start of a long decade, as Lewis traveled across the country, documenting child labor, getting constant threats from factory owners as the immorality of employment laws was supposed to be kept away from the public's eye. However, Hine persisted, adopting many different disguises (such as a fire inspector or a bible salesman) to snap these old photos of the labor laws violations and interview the children working at factories or in the streets.

Lewis Hine (1874-1940) a Nemzetközi Gyermekmunka Bizottság munkatársa a századelőn feltáró fotósoro...

Original Caption: Some of the doffers and the Supt. Ten small boys and girls about this size out of a force of 40 employees. Catawba Cotton Mill. Newton, N.C., December 1908 U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 102-LH-440 Photographer: Hine, Lewis Subjects: Child Labor National Child Labor Committee Working Conditions Factory Persistent URL: research.archives.gov/description/523141 Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001. For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html Access Restrictions: Unrestricted Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

One example of unimaginable, inhuman behavior is that of child labor. Today, some of us think of putting children to work as a subplot of Dicken’s

In 1908, photographer Lewis Hine traveled across the U.S. to document child laborers and their workplaces. His portraits were used by reformers to drive legislation that would protect young workers or prohibit their employment.

This is my final set of Lewis Hine's photos of newsies. It still only a small fraction of the ones he took. Newsies at Skeeter's Branch. They were all smoking. St. Louis, Missouri, 1910 Newsies in cellar-room of a paper office in alley back of Main Street, waiting for evening papers, 4 PM. Conditions here vile. Rochester, New York, 1910 [Note the obscene graffiti on the wall.] Richard Green (with hat), 5 year old newsie. Many of these little newsboys here. Richmond, Virginia, 1911 Six year old Tony gets up at 5 AM daily to sell newspapers. He is a regular beggar. "P-l-e-a-s-e buy me papers." Beaumont, Texas, 1913 Small Hartford newsboys. Some are 7 and 8 years old. Many more as small. Hartford, Connecticut, 1909 Some of Newark's small newsboys. Newark, New Jersey, 1909 [Love the little mobster, short kid 4th from right in the front.] Two 7 year old Nashville newsies, profane and smart, selling Sunday. Nashville, Tennessee, 1910 Two news girls, Wilmington, Delaware, 1910 Two six-year old newsboys, Odell McDuffy and Sam Stillman. There are many other of six and seven years selling here. Dallas, Texas, 1913 Waiting For The Signal. Newsboys, starting out with baseball extra. 5 PM, Times Star Office. Cincinnati, Ohio, 1908 Waiting for the "Forwards" - Jewish paper - at 1 am. New York, New York, 1913

Original Caption: Salvin Nocito, 5 years old, carries 2 pecks of cranberries for long distance to the bushel man. Whites Bog. Brown Mills, N.J., September 1910 U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 102-LH-1137 Photographer: Hine, Lewis Subjects: Child Labor National Child Labor Committee Working Conditions Factory Persistent URL: research.archives.gov/description/523267 Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001. For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html Access Restrictions: Unrestricted Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

During the Industrial Revolution, children often worked some of the most hazardous jobs in America.

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It's hard to imagine it, but in the early 1900s, child labor was still extremely common in the United States. All across the nation children would spend

Life was hard—but Kentuckians were tougher.

Original Caption: Some of the sweepers in a cotton mill. North Carolina, November 1908 U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 102-LH-307 Photographer: Hine, Lewis Subjects: Child Labor National Child Labor Committee Working Conditions Factory Persistent URL: research.archives.gov/description/523115 Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001. For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html Access Restrictions: Unrestricted Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

The human race has long had a love affair with coal. Coal is a fossil fuel that started forming in the Carboniferous Period 359 million to 299 million years ago during the Paleozoic Era.

You'll be amazed at these old photos of Kentucky! These historic snapshots showcase a bygone era and decades of nostalgia.

Giclee fine art print reproduction from antique photograph of women dancing in a circle, circa 1920. 4x4 or 5x5 or 8x8 or 10x10 or 11x11 or 12x12 or 14x14 paper size. ***1/4 inch white borders are used for prints 5 inches and larger unless requested otherwise -- this means the image will be set 1/4 inch within the exact paper size listed above. Smaller prints (3.5x5, 4x4, 4x5, 4x6) will be sent without borders unless requested otherwise. See the last paragraph of this description for more available border options.*** Printed with a professional Giclee printer on Somerset Velvet 100% cotton rag fine art paper with archival pigment inks. ***Also available on stretched canvas in 8x8, 10x10, 11x11, and 12x12 sizes. Canvas Giclee prints are on 5/8" wooden stretcher bars with white edges (image is stretched slightly around the front edge of the canvas frame, but not fully wrapped, so that approximately 1/8 inch of the image is folded over the edges and the rest is white). Stretched canvasses do not include added hanging hardware, but can be hung directly on a wall by resting the top of the wood stretcher frame on nails. These are fine art prints, not cheap posters -- produced with the highest quality inks, thick matte paper, and Giclee (museum quality) printing method. The image scans used are high resolution and printed at full quality. Although custom requests are welcome, please note that the print sizes are listed to the largest possible size for each image. Processing time before shipment is 1-3 business days. Shipping is USPS First-Class with tracking. Shipping upgrades available in cart. Prints may be shipped either flat or rolled, depending on size. Rolled prints are packaged around the outside of a tube and then bubble-wrapped and placed inside a long box -- this is because the thick fine art paper cannot be rolled tightly enough to go inside the tubes without causing damage to the paper. To flatten rolled prints, they can be laid out under a stack of heavy books. Please note that since these are vintage images, they do not always conform exactly to the standard paper sizes -- this means some images will have a slightly larger white border on two sides to allow the image to fit with no cropping (the paper size stays the same, but if an image is more narrow or short than the closest standard paper size, the borders will be slightly larger on two sides). If you would like a particular image size, no border, or a larger border (1/2 inch or 1 inch), please send a request and most adjustments can be accommodated at no extra charge. If you would like a 1 inch external border, that can be done for no extra charge and increases the paper size by 2 inches each way (for example, an 8x10 image with 1 inch external borders will be printed on 10x12 paper). Please note the external border (making the paper larger) is only available as 1 inch, while the internal border (making the image smaller) is available as 1/4, 1/2, or 1 inch.

Parkersburg West Virginia , 1899, T.M. FowlerWe print high quality reproductions of historical maps, photographs, prints, etc. Because of their historical nature, some of these images may show signs of wear and tear - small rips, stains, creases

Newsboy. Little Fattie. Less than 40 inches high, 6 years old. Been at it one year. Location: St. Louis, Missouri.

Wow. I had no idea what life was like for these workers.

Original Caption: Johnnie Yellow, a young Polish berry picker on Bottomley Farm. Says he is 10 years old and has gone to Biloxi, Miss. for 9 years with family and has worked there in winter and here in summer for three years. He is stunted, being only 39 inches high. Many of these children are stunted. Rock Creek, Md, June 1909 U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 102-LH-834 Photographer: Hine, Lewis Subjects: Child Labor National Child Labor Committee Working Conditions Factory Persistent URL: research.archives.gov/description/523208 Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001. For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html Access Restrictions: Unrestricted Use Restrictions: Unrestricted