Streptococcus pneumoniae / GPC in pairs and chains These gram positive cocci mixed among polymorphonucleocytes (aka PMNs) appear to be either a Streptococcus or Enterococcus species such as S. pneumoniae, E. faecium, or E. faecalis. A culture will tell! I titled this one "Streptococcus pneumoniae" because that's what I had in mind when painting it! FINE ART PRINT • Museum quality fine art paper • Acid-free, 100% cotton rag, lightly textured • Archival pigment inks • Signed by artist • Unframed All artwork is original, created and owned by Sandra Black. ©Sandra Black http://www.SandraBlackArt.com
Bacteria can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Go through this BiologyWise article for a brief overview about the same.
Pneumonia Overview Pneumonia is infection of the lung parenchyma, which causes inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli. Infection occurs when impaired local or systemic defenses allow the infiltration and proliferation of bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens. – In some patients, multiple pathogens are present, and bacterial pneumonia secondary to viral infection is common.Pneumonia is the number one infectious cause of death; it can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and/or sepsis.Pneumonia is significant cause of childhood illness: – In children under 5 years old, Respiratory Syncytial Virus is the most common cause. – In children older than 5, bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae.Signs and Symptoms Pneumonia symptoms are often classified as "typical" vs "atypical," and are sometimes associated with specific pathogen types; however, overlap and inconsistencies make clear-cut categories difficult."Typical" pneumonia is characterized by acute onset of fever, malaise, productive or non-productive cough, dyspnea, and chest pain."Atypical" pneumonia is sometimes referred to as "walking" pneumonia because symptoms are milder and onset is gradual; for example, fever is absent and respiratory symptoms are less severe.Pulmonary crackles, egophony ("EEE" sounds like "AAA" during auscultation), bronchial breath sounds; Tachycardia and tachypnea are also common.Be aware that pneumonia may present differently by age; for example, elderly patients with pneumonia may experience confusion, whereas gastrointestinal symptoms are more likely in children. On chest x-rays we'll see consolidations from edema.We can test for the presence of microbial pathogens (however, be aware that causative pathogens are often not identified in pneumonia patients). Pathophysiology 1st Step: Failure of local or systemic defense mechanisms. – Examples: • Inhibition of microbial phagocytosis by resident alveolar macrophages, which allows invasive pathogens to proliferate. Macrophage inhibition can be caused by both alcohol and cigarette smoke, among other things. • Systemic immune deficiencies associated with HIV, cancer, immunosuppressant drugs, etc. are also vulnerable to pneumonia. • Local mechanical failures allow accumulation of pathogens and fluids. For example, repressed cough reflex, which can be due to neuromuscular disorders, coma, drugs, etc. • Another example of mechanical failure is mucociliary impairment in the tracheobronchial tree, which can be caused by cigarette smoking, genetic defects, viral infection, etc. 2nd Step: Defense system failures allow pathogens to infiltrate the lungs and proliferate.3rd Step: This triggers the immune system.4th Step: Infiltration of neutrophils and other pro-inflammatory mediators produces alveolar and interstitial inflammation.5th Step: If inflammation goes unchecked, damage produces leaky alveolar walls and pulmonary capillaries.6th Step: As a result, the alveoli fill with fluid, pro-inflammatory molecules, blood cells, and pathogens, and gas exchange is impaired (notice that we see a similar pathophysiologic process in acute respiratory distress syndrome). 7th Step: Gas exchange is impaired. Pneumonia types can be described and categorized by histopathological patterns, acquired settings, and pathogenic causes. Pneumonia Histopathology Patterns Lobar pneumonia is characterized by continuous inflammation in a lobe, lobes, or the entire lung.Four key stages of bacterial lobar pneumonia: 1. Congestion: the lungs are heavy, red, and "baggy" from engorged vessels and edema, with blood and bacteria in the alveoli. 2. Red hepatization: lungs are pink with red blood cells, neutrophils, and fibrin – they are dry and firm, like the liver (hence, "hepatization"). 3. Gray hepatization: Results from lysed red blood cells and fibrinopurulent exudate. 4. Resolution phase occurs when cellular debris and fibrin are removed from the lung tissue; alveolar macrophages predominate.Bronchopneumonia is characterized by infection that begins in the bronchi and spreads as patchy, bilateral inflammation. Interstitial pneumonia Settings and Key Pathogens Next, let's learn about pneumonia types based on pathogen acquisition: Community Acquired, Hospital Acquired, and Ventilator Acquired. We'll list the pathogens most commonly associated with settings, which can be helpful in determining treatment course (see the links in our notes for pathogen details). Be aware that the category "Health Care Associated Pneumonia" was previously used to describe non-hospitalized patients who had significant exposure to health care settings and were therefore believed to be at increased risk of pneumonia from multi-drug-resistant organisms; however, we now know that these patients are not at higher risk of MDR pathogens, and this category is no longer used. Community-acquired pneumonia is pneumonia acquired in any non-hospital setting, including assisted living and rehabilitation centers. Typical bacterial pneumonia pathogens: Streptococcal pneumoniae, which accounts for approximately 15% of pneumonia cases in the U.S. and 30% worldwide; indicate that the pneumococcal vaccine protects against this form of pneumonia. Haemophilus influenzae is another common bacterial culprit. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an uncommon source of community acquired pneumonia, but produces severe infection.Atypical bacterial pneumonia pathogens: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella, and Chlamydia pneumoniae; indicate that these pathogens are often associated with interstitial pneumonia. "Atypical" bacteria are difficult to identify using standard bacterial identification methods (unlike the Gram positive/Gram negative typical bacteria). Fungal causes of pneumonia include: Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioides immitis.Viral pneumonia is increasingly common, even in immunocompetent individuals. Influenza A and B, Rhinoviruses, Parainfluenza viruses, Adenoviruses, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Recall that RSV is a common cause of pneumonia in children under 5 years old. Hospital-acquired pneumonia is defined as pneumonia acquired 48 hours or more after in-patient admission, and includes post-operative infection.Common causes: Methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and several enteric bacteria, including Klebsiella species, E. coli, and Enterobacter species. Recall that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is difficult to treat due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is defined as pneumonia acquired 48 hours or more after endotracheal intubation; common culprits include Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Aspiration pneumonia is the result of aspirated gastric secretions or fluids from the upper respiratory tract. Common culprits include those associated with community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia; oral anaerobes can also cause pneumonia.Immunocompromised patients with pneumonia often have the "atypical" presentation. Common pathogens include community-acquired pathogens and the following opportunistic pathogens: Pneumocystis jirovecii Cytomegalovirus Aspergillus Candida Cryptococcus.For references, please see our full tutorial on Pneumonia.
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma acquired outside of the hospital or less than 48 hours after hospital admission.
Ok, so it’s not quite in line with the aforementioned quest as it is not embroidered, but I figured any crafted organism counts! These little guys are more in line with my cute little crochet…
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The symptoms are shockingly similar, and pneumonia can become serious fast.
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Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. It causes cough, fever and problems with breathing. Most children make a complete recovery from pneumonia.
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Pneumonia lungs disease, vector illustration. Respiratory organ illness, medical diagnosis, treatment by professional doctor. Virus prevention, characters care patient lungs, injections, fluorography.
Some signs of lung cancer are easy to spot, but these more subtle warnings can be easy to miss.
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