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EDIT: In October, 2015, this drawing was STOLEN and published without permission or attribution by the Czech magazine "I. světová" belonging t... FNG Fortified Line - Cover
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Description EDIT, 17.04.15: added layer texture to the concrete. This is the second of nine drawings made for the book "The Fortified Region Focsani-Namoloasa-Galati" about the eponymous Fortified Line (also known in English as the "Sereth Line" and by it's abbreviation "FNG") built by Romania for defence against a presumptive Russian invasion during 1888-90. Making full use of the natural barriers of the Carpathian Mountains to the west and the River Danube to the east in order to protect its flanks, the line was constructed along the bank of the Siret (Sereth) River in southern Moldova and consisted of three distinct fortified areas, each protecting the main river crossings. Around the town of Focsani in the west, in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains; in the middle around the village of Namoloasa and finally around the port town of Galati, on the bank of the Danube. The drawing shows the 3.7cm Schumann-Gruson Fahrpanzer (a shortening of "fahrbaren Panzerlafette", "mobile armour"), a type of late 19th century mobile gun turret whose role was to combat enemy infantry attacks. They were the brainchild of Prussian tactician and fortification engineer Maximilian Schumann who, critical of the "mainstream" school of fortification of the time which favoured large, heavily armed forts set far apart, instead envisaged a style of fortification made out of small forts set close together in successive lines to give a fortified position "defence in depth" and better control the intervals. Since this was before the advent of the machine gun, he decided small calibre quick firing guns were the the best way to combat infantry, and he designed a system of small turrets who could be deployed quickly to the needed position either by narrow gauge railway or horse drawn cart and installed into prepared concrete positions or hastily dug pits according to what the tactical situation requires. The turrets themselves were manufactured by the weapons factory belonging to German industrialist Hermann August Jacques Gruson and exist in three successive types, all of which were used on the Focsani-Namoloasa-Galati line. This is the smallest, the 3.7cm Md.1887 turret which was the first to be manufactured and was only used in the forts of the Focsani. 225 of them were imported and were deployed to the first line batteries in batches of five as well as to guard the flanks of the second line batteries in batches of fourteen. The whole turret is 1.42 meters tall, 1.21m in diameter and weighed just over a metric ton - 1,022kg. Out of these, 344kg are in the cupola itself, which is hemispherical and made out of 25mm thick steel. The turret body is made out of 3mm thick wrought iron strengthened around the upper part with a 25mm ring also of wrought iron. The cupola could be manually traversed 360° and the gun had an elevation of -5° and +10°. Ammunition provision was five ammo lockers with 20 rounds each (completely insufficient for any sort of prolonged action), while the gun crew consisted of two - one captain/gunner and an assistant, who's duty was to keep the turret supplied with ammunition by going outside to the masonry ammunition stores set between the cupola emplacements. Needless to say, that would have been a most likely suicidal proposition during actual combat. For transport, the fort used the pictured horse drawn carriage, one for each three turrets and with a crew of four to manhandle the turret into it's waiting emplacement (note that visible in the background on the left is the 5.3cm disappearing cupola position). Said emplacement consisted of a horseshoe shaped casemate made out of unreinforced concrete and further protected by a glacis of packed earth in the direction of the enemy. Unfortunately, since in the 19th century the use of concrete was still pretty much hit and miss, the concrete (with the mix ratio of 1:2:4 per volume, or 1 mark of cement, 2 of sand and 4 of aggregate) used during the construction of the FNG fortifications proved to be of very poor quality and would probably have fared badly in combat, due partly to improper pouring techniques as well as an inconsistent mix ratio of aggregates between batches which created highly distinct layers into the concrete mass instead of a single monolithic block. EDIT: the only known surviving example of a 3.7cm Fahrpanzer can be found at the military museum in Copenhagen. The other drawing in this series can be found here: Cover, showing cutaway through 5.3cm mobile gun turret Plate I, the 3.7cm mobile gun turret and transport carriage. Plate II, the 3.7cm gun and ammunition. Plate III, the 5.3cm mobile gun turret in its concrete emplacement. Plate IV, the 5.3cm mobile gun turret in transport configuration. Plate V, the 5.3cm disappearing cupola. Plate VI, the 5.3cm gun and ammunition. Plate VII, the 12cm gun and mortar armoured battery. Plate VIII, the 12cm gun and mortar and their ammunition.
Description This is part of a series of nine drawings made for the non-fiction book "The Fortified Region Focsani-Namoloasa-Galati" published by the Romanian Military Museum about the eponymous Fortified Line (also known in English as the "Sereth Line" and by it's abbreviation "FNG") built by Romania for defence against a presumptive Russian invasion during 1888-90. This is the eight drawing, showing the main artillery installations for the fortified position, the mixed 12cm battery of one gun in an armoured cupola and two spherical mortars. Unlike the Fahrpanzer mobile turrets that were deployed in the first line and the disappearing cupolas which were located in the second line, the third line was dedicated to long range artillery support, and consisted of a mixed gun 12cm battery. I've drawn the standard battery of the Focsani position, a design that was changed for the Namoloasa and Galati positions, which instead replaced it with a battery of two 12cm Gruson QF howitzers under cupolas, a much simpler and more flexible arrangement. The armament of the third line position was an 12cm Krupp L/25 gun Md.1887 in a disappearing cupola and two 12cm Gruson "spherical mortars", so called because they were fitted with a spherical armoured shield that protruded through a horizontal armor plate and protected the crew no matter which way the mortar was pointing. The 12cm disappearing cupola was simply a larger version of the 5.3cm disappearing one and made with the same methods and materials - the cupola proper was 12cm thick made out of laminated steel and recessed into a cast iron "voussoir" made out of segments placed in a steel circular rail and secured by concrete. The top of the cupola also had a hole through which the gunner could pop his head out and look around, or even aim his guns directly through the use of a sliding rear sight and a fixed front sight mounted on the cupola (note: visible in the background are the second line positions for the 5.3cm disappearing cupolas). The cupola shaft was made out of 3mm steel plate embedded into concrete and formed two levels - the upper one for the loading and firing of the gun and turret traverse, while the lower one for the counterweight mechanism which, in the drawing, is rotated counter-clockwise in the horizontal plane by 100°, in order to bring it into view - normally it would have been located just behind the door on the right as you entered the barbette from the ventilator room. The lower level was also protected by additional semicircular cast iron segments 12cm thick, also embedded in the concrete. On both levels the walls held shelves for either shells or powder, 76 in total, which meant that the maximum ammunition capacity was 1204 rounds. The two spherical mortars were arranged just behind the cupola shaft and were protected by a 12cm thick plate of rolled armour secured on both sides into concrete. The walls and the door were also made out of 3mm plate and the former held 46 shelves for 576 rounds of ammunition. The floor of the mortar emplacement also held two recesses in which a spare 12cm gun and various accessories could be found. Since firing the guns produced an ungodly amount of powder smoke, the emplacement was ventilated using a manual Roots centrifugal ventilator serviced by four men an located on the lower lever underneath the mortars. This was supposed to suck in fresh air from outside through an opening located under the stair and pump it, through cast iron pipes, into the fighting compartments, forcing the existing stale air along with the smoke out through holes in the cupola. Needless to say, when tested in the first world war, this arrangement of manual ventilators, although popular, was found to be completely inadequate, and, indeed, some of the forts of Liege surrendered after their defenders almost suffocated inside the forts on a mixture of firing gasses and dust from bombardment. Also, please note that none of the fortified positions had indoor sanitation facilities - in fact the IInd and IIIrd lines were provided with a single pit latrine located in the middle of the IInd line position just in front of the 12cm battery and accessible by walking over ground, a risky proposition if the position was under attack... The soldiers in the Fahrpanzers had to make do without, I'm afraid. When it comes to construction techniques, the emplacement is made out of the same poor quality concrete with a mix ratio of 1:2:4 by volume (one measure of Portland cement, two of sand and four of aggregate) while the voussoir and armoured plate over the mortars are secured in place with pourings of the theoretically tougher 1:1:2 mix ratio concrete. In practice however, both formulations proved to be pretty weak and crumbled easily, and the main mass of concrete formed into layers as soon as poured due to differences between the concrete batches, something which further weakened the structure. Since unreinforced concrete is also notoriously weak under tension, the ceilings of the lower levels are vaults made out of "special" fortification brick. The other drawing in this series can be found here: Cover, showing cutaway through 5.3cm mobile gun turret Plate I, the 3.7cm mobile gun turret and transport carriage. Plate II, the 3.7cm gun and ammunition. Plate III, the 5.3cm mobile gun turret in its concrete emplacement. Plate IV, the 5.3cm mobile gun turret in transport configuration. Plate V, the 5.3cm disappearing cupola. Plate VI, the 5.3cm gun and ammunition. Plate VII, the 12cm gun and mortar armoured battery. Plate VIII, the 12cm gun and mortar and their ammunition.
Description This is part of a series of nine drawings made for the non-fiction book "The Fortified Region Focsani-Namoloasa-Galati" published by the Romanian Military Museum about the eponymous Fortified Line (also known in English as the "Sereth Line" and by it's abbreviation "FNG") built by Romania for defence against a presumptive Russian invasion during 1888-90. Fifth drawing, showing the 5.3cm Schumann-Gruson Fahrpanzer in transport configuration, mounted on its horse drawn carriage. This is the first type of the 5.3cm mobile turret, designated Md.1888 in Romanian usage and I've decided to draw it because there are no extant examples and only a few pictures, since this turret was almost instantly replaced by an updated type, referred in some sources as Md.1890. EDIT- it appears a Md.1888 turret survived and is currently being restored in Bulgaria - this can only be a Romanian turret captured at Tutrakan/Turtucaia, since although the Bulgarians also purchased the Fahrpanzer, they did so only in 1892 so all the turrets they had were of the third type, not the second. The transport carriage is pretty straightforward - a platform made out of steel girders with two wooden wheels 1.4m in diameter. The axles are set up at a 5° downward angle and the whole weight of the contraption was 800kg. The turret itself weighed an additional 2,000kg and the whole thing was drawn by a single horse or ox harnessed between two 3,4m shafts, with the option to add two more on both sides in difficult terrain. On this version of the cupola/carriage combo, the driver sat on the extension at the back of the turret, and, when that was deleted on the M.1890 version, the carriage was modified by adding an articulated front end with two extra wheels and a separate seat for the driver. The other drawing in this series can be found here: Cover, showing cutaway through 5.3cm mobile gun turret Plate I, the 3.7cm mobile gun turret and transport carriage. Plate II, the 3.7cm gun and ammunition. Plate III, the 5.3cm mobile gun turret in its concrete emplacement. Plate IV, the 5.3cm mobile gun turret in transport configuration. Plate V, the 5.3cm disappearing cupola. Plate VI, the 5.3cm gun and ammunition. Plate VII, the 12cm gun and mortar armoured battery. Plate VIII, the 12cm gun and mortar and their ammunition.
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