The steps of instinctively shooting a bow and arrow. With time and practice, your archery will hopefully hit a state of effortless action.

[caption id="attachment_156713" align="aligncenter" width="1944"] Credit: Point Grondine Park[/caption]Summer is in full swing in Ontario, with places across the province offering a unique environment, history, and distinct character for visitors and locals to truly discover the province. Try new activities or go for the tried and true. No matter what you choose to do in Ontario, there are hundreds of fun things you’ll want to add to your bucket list.Attend an Event or a Festival: Summer Festivals in Ontario Summer Music Festivals in Ontario Summer Activities in Ontario Cities & Towns1. Visit Canada's Only Officially Recognized Unceded Territory[adinserter block="4"][adinserter block="15"]Located in Manitoulin Island is Wiikwemkoong, Canada’s only officially recognized Unceded Reserve. Home of the Anishnaabek people of the Three Fires Confederacy (Ojibwe, Odawa, Pottawatomi), Wikwemikong offers an experience unlike any other in Canada. Point Grondine Park by Wiikwemkoong is pure bliss of 7000 hectares of scenic natural and wilderness landscape. Hike, explore Wemtagoosh Falls, paddle through traditional routes of the Anishnaabek people and more at this secret destination. There are over 22 camping sites located in this fabulous wilderness park.2. Walk on a suspension bridge[caption id="attachment_160876" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: North Ontario Travel[/caption]Suspension bridges are a fantastic man-made asset to complement nature, a place where you can look out at incredible views, whether lush greenery, great rocky heights, or other aspects of nature’s beauty. Ranney Gorge Suspension Bridge, Trent Dr, Campbellford Scenic Caves Adventures Bridge, Collingwood White River Suspension Bridge, Thunder Bay Eagle Canyon Adventures Suspension Bridge, Dorion Roy Wilson Suspension Bridge, Dryden3. Explore a Cave[caption id="attachment_157586" align="aligncenter" width="959"] Credit: Bonnechere Caves[/caption]Explore the hidden nooks and crannies of Ontario’s caves, some popular destinations include the famous Tyendinaga Cavern and Caves – the province’s oldest natural cavern, and the incredible Bonnechere Caves. Bonnechere Caves, 1247 Fourth Chute Rd, Eganville Greig’s Caves, 407 Scenic Caves Rd, Lion’s Head Warsaw Caves. 289 Caves Rd, Warsaw Tyendinaga Cavern and Caves, 2623 Harmony Rd, Belleville4. Check off some Provincial Park or National Park adventures from your bucket list[adinserter block="1"][adinserter block="15"]Ontario’s provincial parks are truly yours to discover as the size of parklands to explore compares with the area of Nova Scotia. From climbing on a “sleeping giant” to walking the world’s longest freshwater beach and howling with the wolves, there are so many unique activities in Ontario's Parks. Enhance your trip with camping. With warm weather in the day to explore and enjoy the outdoors, temperatures cool down at night, making it ideal for a summer camping trip at a provincial or national park. Having so many to choose from, each campground has its own charm and will cater to campers looking for specific features.National Parks in Ontario Point Pelee National Park 1000 Islands National Park Rouge Urban National Park Georgian Bay Islands National Park Pukaskwa National Park Bruce Peninsula National Park Fathom Five Marine Park5. Visit Ontario's North[caption id="attachment_146267" align="aligncenter" width="958"] Credit: Sault Ste. Marie Canal National Historic Site[/caption]Go and explore Ontario's North. With unspoiled wilderness and pure nature bliss, you can spend days hiking, canoeing, exploring local history and not seen it all. Pick any county, city or town and start exploring! Northeastern Ontario (north of Lake Huron and east of Lake Superior.) Parry Sound, Sudbury, Manitoulin Island Timmins and Cochrane French River and Lake Nipissing Area Sunset Country Thunder Bay, Kenora and Lake of the Woods, Dryden | Superior Country Sault Ste. Marie | Algoma CountryFor the rest of Ontario:From Windsor to Ottawa, see Things to Do This Summer in Ontario.6. Drive the Long Sault Parkway[caption id="attachment_161500" align="aligncenter" width="800"] Credit: St Lawrence Parks[/caption]Between the major cities of Kingston and Montreal is the Long Sault Parkway, a parkway that connects a collection of eleven islands on the St. Lawrence River. The parkway is visually beautiful and has significant history surrounding it, and a drive around the area can allow you to explore the wonders and stories of the attractions along the way.7. Visit a Lavender Farm[caption id="attachment_159906" align="alignnone" width="960"] Credit: Terra Bleu Lavender Farm[/caption]Opt for a calming, meditative activity out in nature this summer, with lavender farms offering up the opportunity to roam around beautiful fields of purple flowers and a place to shop for fresh lavender goodies. Weir’s Lane Lavender and Apiary, 223 Weir’s Lane, Dundas Terre Bleu Lavender Farm, 2501 25th Sideroad, Milton Bonnieheath Estate Lavender and Winery, 410 Concession 12 Townsend, Waterford Christel Lake Lavender, 1381 Scugog Line 12, Greenbank - Scugog Laveanne Lavender Fields, 8667 Gilmour Road, Campbellcroft – Port Hope8. Go Whitewater canoeing or Rafting[caption id="attachment_162076" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: OWL Rafting[/caption]The wonderful Canadian waters are ideally exhilarating for whitewater canoeing or rafting past adrenaline-fueled routes or historical routes, or perhaps a mixture of both. Paddling is a popular Canadian summer activity that is integral to exploration on the water. From historic routes of French River to Petawawa River and Ottawa River, there are plenty of opportunities across Ontario.If you do not want to be in the water, but rather walk by it, visit White Water Walk, Niagara Falls. Ottawa River (OWL Rafting), 40 OWL Lane, Foresters Falls Madawaska River (Madawaska Kanu Centre), 247 River Road, Barry’s Bay French River (Various Outfitters) Petawawa River (Various Outfitters) Gull River (AO Boatwerks), Highway #35, Minden9. Relax on a beach[caption id="attachment_162459" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: City of Sarnia[/caption]No summer bucket list is complete without a classic trip to a golden, sandy beach. Laying around in the hot sun, enjoying the sand between your toes, and going for a dip in the water, these little pleasures can’t be missed. Canatara Park Beach, Sarnia Grand Bend, Lambton Shores Woodbine Beach, 1675 Lake Shore Blvd E, Toronto Sandbanks Provincial Park, Picton Moonlight Beach, Sudbury10. Visit a Lighthouse[caption id="attachment_157114" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Credit: Tourism Windsor Essex[/caption]Lighthouses are a great representation of the past, a time when the seas and lakes were of great importance for many historical reasons. With over 250,000 lakes in Ontario alone and 1/5 of the world’s freshwater, these lighthouses will add to that sea shanty feel. Big Tub Lighthouse, 264 Big Tub Rd, Tobermory Gibraltar Point Island Lighthouse, Toronto Islands, Hanlan’s Point Park Point Clark Lighthouse, 529 Lighthouse Road, Point Clark Lighthouse Point Provincial Nature Reserve, Pelee Island Terrace Bay Lighthouse, Terrace Bay11. Chase waterfalls[caption id="attachment_144202" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Credit: Ontario Parks[/caption]Waterfalls are some of Mother Nature’s most eye-catching features, with the opportunity to see waterfalls in many styles in Ontario – punchbowl waterfalls, plunge waterfalls, cascading multi-step waterfalls, and more. Many of them have other valuable features and historical significance, as well as hiking trails around them. Kakabeka Falls, Oliver Paipoonge Inglis Falls, 107 Falls Rd, Owen Sound Rideau Falls, 1 Sussex Dr, Ottawa (Ottawa Area Falls) Niagara Falls Oxtongue River-Ragged Falls Provincial Park Hamilton Area Falls 12. Go Lazy River tubing[caption id="attachment_161050" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Credit: Saugeen Springs R.V. Park/ Doug Burlock Photography[/caption]Tubing is the perfect way to float the lovely Ontario waters with a drink in hand. Relax and let the water take you down the stream at several well-known slow-flowing rivers around the province. O’Kenny River Tubing, 2 International Drive, Pembroke Vermillion River (Chillin’ N Tubing), 5727 Nickel Offset Rd, Chelmsford Grand River (Tubing the Grand), 3734 King St E, Kitchener Saugeen River (Saugeen Springs RV Park), 173844 Mulock Rd, Hanover13. Go on a Train Tour[caption id="attachment_49355" align="aligncenter" width="855"] Credit: Waterloo Central Railway[/caption]A train tour will take commuters on scenic historical tours past Ontario’s most beloved sights. These rail tours are breathtaking and unforgettable, and range in length from just a few hours, to a few days. York-Durham Heritage Railway, 19 Railway Street, Uxbridge Agawa Canyon Tour Train, 129 Bay St, Sault Ste. Marie (closed for 2020) South Simcoe Railway, 28 Mill St W, Tottenham Polar Bear Express train, Cochrane and Moosonee Waterloo Central Railway, St. Jacobs Market station, 878 Weber St. N. Woolwich14. Go Diving[caption id="attachment_162913" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Credit: Dan Dive Shop[/caption]With the number of shipwreck sites and underwater activity in the plentiful bodies of water around the area, you can’t miss a diving journey in these waterways with tons of shipping history. Just in the Fathom Five National Marine Park alone, 22 historic shipwrecks can be found.[adinserter block="4"][adinserter block="15"] Kingston Shipwrecks, Bath Rd, Kingston Fathom Five National Marine Park, 121 Chi sin tib dek Rd, Tobermory Sherkston Quarry, Port Colborne Lock 21, Long Sault Parkway15. Go Camping[caption id="attachment_189086" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Ontario Parks[/caption]Within Ontario, there are many beautiful areas in which to enjoy overnight or multi-week stays in nature. Whether you want to enjoy backcountry camping, cabin camping or stay comfy in a yurt, there are plenty of options across Ontario. 25 of the Best Provincial Parks to Go Camping This Summer in Ontario 25 of the Best Parks to Go Camping Near Toronto 25 Places to Go Backcountry Camping in Ontario16. Tour Ontario from the air[caption id="attachment_160181" align="aligncenter" width="1024"] Ottawa Biplane Adventures[/caption]By bike, by foot, and by car, we’ve not yet talked about seeing the wonders of Ontario from the sky. Ride a helicopter or a unique biplane up in the air and tour the province from a birds-eye view. Toronto Heli Tours 1000 Islands Helicopter Tours, 88 County Rd 32, Gananoque Ottawa Biplane Adventures, 1495 Sir George-Etienne Cartier Pkwy, Ottawa Niagara Helicopters Tours, 3731 Victoria Ave, Niagara Falls17. Go on a Mine Tour[caption id="attachment_162917" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: Friends of Murphys Point Park[/caption]Ontario is a leader in mining and provides for more than $12 billion in Canadian GDP. You can head on a mine tour in Ontario at several sites that allow you to enjoy a hands-on experience of a demonstration mine that resembles real-life nickel and copper mining sites around the province. Dynamic Earth, 122 Big Nickel Mine Dr, Sudbury Cobalt Mining Museum, 24 Silver St, Cobalt Amethyst Mine Panorama (above ground), 500 Bass Lake Rd, Shuniah Silver Queen Mica Mine (open only during scheduled mine tours), Murphy's Point Provincial Park, Perth18. Go Treetop trekking/Ziplining[caption id="attachment_162810" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Treetop Trekking[/caption]See the forest from new heights with a ziplining or adventure treetop trekking day out at one on Ontario’s amazing unique forest adventure parks. With these outdoor aerial game parks full of obstacles, ropes, and ziplines, you’re sure to have an adrenaline-fueled time with friends and family. Long Point Eco-Adventures, 1730 Front Rd, St. Williams Treetop Eco-Adventure Park, 53 Snow Ridge Court, Oshawa Skywood Eco Adventure, 1278 Thousand Islands Parkway, Mallorytown Logos Land Resort, 15906 highway 17, ​Cobden Various Treetop Trekking Locations19. Swim in a Quarry[caption id="attachment_44781" align="aligncenter" width="1080"] Credit: St. Mary's[/caption]A great alternative to public swimming pools, quarries are a beautiful and natural way to enjoy a refreshing time in the water, all while surrounded by nature’s best work. These natural swimming holes have drawn visitors from around the province and country due to their sheer beauty. St. Marys Quarry, 425 Water St S, St. Marys Elora Quarry, 319 Wellington County Rd 18, Elora Innerkip Quarry, 51 George St, Innerkip20. Go Stargazing/View the Night Sky at a Dark Sky Viewing Area[caption id="attachment_158017" align="aligncenter" width="933"] Credit: Point Grondine Park[/caption]It is a rare feat to find a place that allows you to see the night sky in all its glory. With dark sky viewing areas and stargazing spots around Ontario, you can enjoy a pitch-black sky and marvel at the wonders of the night – stars, constellations, planets, and more. Torrance Barrens Dark Sky Preserve, Southwood Rd, Gravenhurst Lennox and Addington Dark Sky Viewing Area, 7980 County Road Rd 41, Erinsville North Frontenac Dark Sky Preserve, 5”N County Rd 1, Lombardy Gordon’s Park Dark Sky Preserve, 18777 Hwy 6, Tehkummah Point Gordine Park, Manitoulin Island21. Lookout From Some Scenic SpotsExperience a lookout point and its panoramic views at many spots around the province, including rugged natural terrain, geological formations, country terrain, and vibrant cityscapes. Trails lead you to amazing vistas, some naturally created and others man-made. Ouimet Canyon, Ouimet Canyon Provincial Park, Greenwich Lake Rd, Pass Lake Top of Mazinaw Rock, Bon Echo Provincial Park, Cloyne Devil’s Rock, Temiskaming Shores Irish Mountain Lookout, 26556 Side Road 25, Meaford Lion’s Head Lookout, 5 McCurdy Drive, Lion’s Head Eagle’s Nest, 79 Eagles Nest Park Rd, Bancroft22. See Some Giant Statues[caption id="attachment_162920" align="aligncenter" width="1080"] Credit: Allstone Quarry Products Inc[/caption]Ontario is home to many giant statues that are crafted by independent artists and displayed in many cities across the province. Find a group of elephants ranging in size in Beamsville, a huge Muskoka chair in Ancaster and many more across Ontraio. Muskoka Chair, Ancaster Elephants, Beamsville Giant Goose, Wawa The Big Nickel, Sudbury Tallest Inukshuk (Guinness Record), Schomberg23. Take a Cruise[caption id="attachment_160660" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: Whirlpool Jet Boat Tours[/caption]Cruises are another way to enjoy the cool summer nights, warm afternoons, and beautiful waters. Whether a dinner cruise, a sunset cruise, or something new altogether, cruising the waters and enjoying the scenery at a fast pace allows anyone on board to pass by an array of things to see.[adinserter block="6"][adinserter block="15"] The Tall Ship Kajama, 235 Queens Quay W, Toronto Lady Muskoka Cruises, 300 Ecclestone Dr, Bracebridge Hornblower Niagara Cruises, 5920 Niagara Pkwy, Niagara Falls 1000 Islands Cruises, 280 Main St, Gananoque Stoney Lake Cruises, 610 Mt Julian Viamede Rd, Woodview Jet boat tours at Thousand Islands or Niagara Falls.24. See How a Lock OperatesSee and learn how Canada's marvellous first in the world (some of them) engineering feats functions. Learn about historic waterways, boat lifts and locks work by visiting a site and watching these in action first-hand. These canals and waterways often have intense historical significance to the waters, so you’ll get a taste of history, too.Ride a boat, tour a museum, or paddle the canal! Rideau Canal, Ottawa to Kingston (A Guide to Planning a Summer Boating Trip on the Rideau Canal) Trent Severn Waterway National Historic Site, Trent to Port Severn and Big Chute Marine Railway (Guide to Planning a Summer Boating Trip on Trent-Severn Waterway) Sault Ste Marie Canal Lock, 1 Canal Dr, Sault Ste. Marie Welland Canal25. Go Cycling[caption id="attachment_162923" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: Fil.Al/Flickr[/caption]There is a large range of sceneries in Ontario – farm country, forests, national parks, marshes, lakes, and more, that you can experience on a bike. Groomed trails and more rugged areas can take you through some of the best places in the province. The Waterfront Trail + Greenbelt Route G2G Rail Trail Elora Cataract Trailway Prescott & Russell Recreational Trail26. Tour a Brewery[caption id="attachment_162926" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Credit: County Road Beer Co.[/caption]Ranging from independent small craft breweries to large-scale breweries, you can take a brewery tour (guided or self-tour road trip) this summer to places that showcase the best of Ontario’s beers and ciders. Afterward, shop for some product or take some time on a patio to sample some of the brewery’s best creations. Niagara Craft Brewery Tours Windsor Essex Barrels Bottles & Brews Saints & Sinners Bootleggers’ Run Trail27. Hike some of Ontario’s Most Significant Spots[caption id="attachment_77347" align="aligncenter" width="1024"] Venue: Doris McCarthy Trails[/caption]Just like cycling, hiking can take you around the most treasured natural areas in Ontario, taking the hiker past country settings, lakes, marshes, and dense varied forests. Hiking opportunities can be found far away from big cities, but also within them for a brief time away from the hustle and bustle. Coastal Trail - Lake Superior Provincial Park, 96 Broadway Avenue, Wawa Cup and Saucer Trail – Manitoulin Island Mizzy Lake Trail – Algonquin Provincial Park White Bear Forest Old Growth Trail – Finlayson Point Provincial Park28. Go Fruit Picking[caption id="attachment_162842" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: Henry[/caption]Summer is synonymous with fruit picking, the opportunity to pick mini-mountains of your own fresh strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, and plenty of others for a small fee. Spend an hour or two roaming the bushes and finding the best produce on a farm in the province.29. Go horseback Riding[caption id="attachment_162931" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Credit: Von Doeler's Ranch[/caption]Take the reins and head on an adventure on horseback. These gentle creatures will accompany you around the ranch, through forest trails, or by bodies of water. Tours can take you to some breathtaking scenic spots and provide you with the tools to learn proper riding techniques. HorsePlay Niagara, 11061 Ellsworth Rd N, Port Colborne Pathways on Pleasure Valley, 2499 Brock Rd, Uxbridge Texas Longhorn Ranch, Strathroy Von Doeler's Ranch, 1286 von Doeler Rd., Rutherglen30. Reach New Heights by Rock Climbing[caption id="attachment_162870" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Credit: Dorion Tower/Outdoor Skills & Thrills[/caption]With the opportunity to climb indoors and outdoors, on easier, beginner’s routes, or those for veteran climbers, rock climbing is a varied, active sport that is ideal for the summer months. Head into an indoor climbing zone or gear up and get outdoors for a fun and challenging activity. Outdoor Skills & Thrills - Northern Ontario Niagara's Glen Lion's Head Provincial Park One Axe Pursuits (Milton & Elora Gorge)31. Find hotspots for fishing[caption id="attachment_162932" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: Monster Fish Lodge/Eagle Lake[/caption]Ontario is home to 400,000 lakes, rivers, and streams, so it’s no wonder why many set out to go fishing year-round. In Northern Ontario in particular, the options are endless in search of freshwater fish with multiple experiences and an abundance of species. Enjoy free fishing for 10 days (2 weeks in 2020) every July.[adinserter block="4"][adinserter block="15"]32. Explore Some Ruins[caption id="attachment_157576" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Credit: St. Raphael's Ruins[/caption]The ruins found around the province include remnants from mills castles, and other historical structures that were once importance. Giving nature much of its character, these ruins are found within nature and have almost become one with it. St. Raphael’s Catholic Church Ruins, 19998 County Rd 18, Williamstown Darnley Grist Mill, Crooks Hollow Rd, Hamilton Harris Woollen Mill Ruins, 161 Fall St S, Guelph/Eramosa Merrickville Ruins, 306 Roadway St, Merrickville Guild Park & Gardens, Toronto33. Visit a Donkey Sanctuary[caption id="attachment_162933" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: Tim Mossholder /Unsplash[/caption]The Donkey Sanctuary is a home for donkeys, mules, and hinnies who have been mistreated or neglected. This site allows visitors to volunteer, donate, and learn about the work they do for these forgotten animals. Donkey Sanctuary, 6981 Conc. 4, Puslinch Primrose Donkey Sanctuary, 1296 Bowmanton Rd. RR 4 Roseneath34. Go see Some Geological Wonders[caption id="attachment_162950" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: J. Stephen Conn/Flickr[/caption]Rock formations like the Canadian Shield and Niagara Escarpment are a spectacular haven for activity, natural features, and flora and fauna. These wonders are demonstrative of an incredible nature in Ontario, and walking or viewing these structures is a breathtaking experience.[adinserter block="6"][adinserter block="15"] Flowerpot Island, Fathom Five National Park Sleeping Giant Provincial Park Ouimet Canyon, Greenwich Lake Rd, Pass Lake Cheltenham Badlands, Caledon Bon Echo Provincial Park, Bon Echo35. Climb some Towers[caption id="attachment_151497" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Credit: CN Tower / La Tour CN[/caption]Ontario is a fantastic mix of city, country, and all that’s in between. It also contains architecture from all eras and has some great examples of skyscrapers and tall buildings presenting sweeping views from high up. CN Tower, 290 Bremner Blvd, Toronto Skylon Tower, 5200 Robinson St, Niagara Falls 1000 Islands Tower, 716 Highway 137 Hill Island, Lansdowne Brock's Monument National Historic Site, 14184 Niagara River Parkway, Queenston36. Go Birding[caption id="attachment_162951" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: Ian Barker/Prince Edward Point Bird Observatory[/caption]Bird watching in the province is an incredible experience. The remarkable birdlife and many species that are found here trumps many spots in Canada, and you’ll find places to do so in provincial parks, in parks and gardens, and on tranquil islands. Ontario is also home to Point Pelee National Park, a nature sanctuary that is reknowned for its birds. Point Pelee National Park & Hillman Marsh Conservation Area, Leamington Rock Point Provincial Park, 215 Niece Rd, Dunnville Upper Canada Migratory Bird Sanctuary, 5591 Morrison Rd 2 Ingleside Prince Edward Point Bird Observatory, 6056 Long Point Rd, Milford/Presqu’ile Provincial Park, 328 Presqu’ile Pkwy, Brighton Tommy Thompson Park, 1 Leslie Street, Toronto37. Step back in time at a Pioneer Village[caption id="attachment_13283" align="aligncenter" width="800"] Lang Pioneer Village Museum[/caption]Ontario has a diverse architectural and cultural heritage with many preserved historical sites like pioneer villages, old buildings, castles, forts, and more. Step foot into one of these sites and experience the past first hand with interactive activities and well-maintained, authentic structures. Upper Canada Village, 13740 County Road 2, Morrisburg Fort William Historical Park, 1350 King Rd, Thunder Bay Sainte Marie Among the Hurons, 16164 Highway 12, Midland Fanshawe Pioneer Village, 2609 Fanshawe Park Road East, London Lang Pioneer Village, Keene38. Visit an Ostrich Farm or an Alpaca Farm[caption id="attachment_35941" align="aligncenter" width="1000"] Credit: Ostrich Land[/caption]Visit some unique farms in Ontario, like an Ostrich farm or an alpaca farm (many alpaca farms in Ontario). Ostrich Land, 8299 Concession Rd 2, Caistor Centre Serendipity Farm Alpacas & Llamas, Lanark Forget-Me-Not Alpacas, Beaverton Meadowview Alpaca Farm, Bruce Mines38. Go on a Cultural Food Tour[caption id="attachment_102890" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Credit: Oxford County[/caption]Food tours are a great half-day activity to sample some delicious eats, whether Italian fare, fresh market produce, or other cultural dishes that you’ve never tried before. A tour will combine culture, history, an immersive experience, and end with a full stomach. Butter Tart Tour, Northumberland County Cheese Trail, Oxford County Chocolate Trail, Stratford St Lawrence Market, Toronto Byward Market, Ottawa39. Surf Some Waveshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I15FtnSF4mcAlthough surfing is rare in Ontario, there are still some incredible spots to catch some waves and practice your abilities on the water. Belleview Beach is one of them, known for its picturesque sunsets and fishing opportunities, it is also a hidden gem for surfing. Belleview Beach Kincardine Or learn how to at Lake Ontario: Ashbridge’s Bay, Bond HeadLake Erie: Wyldewood Beach, Port StanleyLake Huron: Bayfield, Kincardine40. Go for a Winery Experience[caption id="attachment_162953" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: Wineries of Niagara-on-the-Lake[/caption]For a quick getaway and luxury relaxation, a winery experience can provide you with an intimate time taste testing great wines, touring the site, enjoying the sights, and perhaps indulging in farm-to-table cooking too.[adinserter block="2"][adinserter block="15"] Wineries of Niagara Falls Region Wineries of Prince Edward County Lake Erie Shore Wineries Boreal Berry Farm & Winery, North Bay41. View Some Unique Structures[caption id="attachment_107410" align="aligncenter" width="1024"] Credit: Thomas Foster Memorial[/caption]Ontario has hundreds of noteworthy architectural wonders with dazzling features like ornate ceilings, eye-catching external characteristics, and more. Head to a unique structure in the province and see for yourself the hidden gems in the nooks and crannies of each city. Notre Dame Cathedral Basilica, 385 Sussex Dr, Ottawa Murney Tower, 1421 King St W, Kingston The Stoney Creek Monument, Battlefield House Museum & Park National Historic Site, Hamilton Thomas Foster Memorial, 9499 Durham Regional Rd 1, Uxbridge Casa Loma, Ontario42. Visit a Sunflower Farm[caption id="attachment_162954" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: Pingle's Farm Market[/caption]A visit to a sunflower farm is surely a cause for smile, photo ops, and plenty of sunshine. Walk on a path through a sea of yellow flowers and purchase a specialty product from a store on-site to commemorate your summer experience. Pingle’s Farm Market, 1805 Taunton Rd, Hampton (Oshawa) Rounds Ranch, 1922 County Rd 92, Elmvale Davis Feed & Farm Supply Ltd, 15770 Mountain View Rd, Caledon East Bogle Seeds, 572 Safari Rd, Millgrove Edwards Farm Sunflower, 1574 9 Line, Innisfil43. Go Island-hopping, Visit Southern Most Point of Canada or Checkout the Smallest FerryTravel to the tip of Canada - Pelee Island.Explore St. Lawrence River, a hotbed for island hopping, with plenty of islands just dotted on the surface of the water. Each of them offers something unique, with Wolfe Island ‘s great biking opportunities and scrumptious bakery, and private “Just Room Enough Island” with one house that fits perfectly on its surface. Best Islands to Visit in Ontario This SummerBook a ride on MS Chi-Cheemaun, travel to the southernmost point of Canada, or check out the three-car ferry from Wolfe Island to Simcoe Island. (Ferries in Ontario) Wolfe Island Howe Island Ferry to Manitoulin Island - MS Chi-Cheemaun Ferry to Pelee Island/Pelee Island 1000 Islands National Park44. Explore Ontario Trails on an ATV[caption id="attachment_150682" align="aligncenter" width="960"] Credit: Voyageur Multi Use Trail System-VMUTS[/caption]Check out the backroads of Ontario on an ATV. Contact your nearest club for options near you. Renfrew County boasts a 750-kilometre network of trails for ATV-ing, that are built on a foundation of abandoned forest access roads and rail lines. The rural countryside views pass by as you ride through the area and get to appreciate the natural beauty of lush forests, glittering lakes, and wetlands. Located around Mattawa, the Voyageur Multi-Use Trail System boasts a network of over 300km of trails. These trails also serve as a gateway for trails beyond. It’s easy to see why people come from all over the country to experience the majesty and challenge that these trails offer. Enjoy a guided tour in Haliburton.45. Explore a Battleship[caption id="attachment_162959" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: WabbitWanderer [/caption]Go on a tour of a submarine, explore a warship and see historic ships at Discovery Harbour. HMCS Ojibwa, 3 Pitt St., Port Burwell HMCS Haida National Historic Site, 658 Catharine St N, Hamilton Discovery Harbour, Penetanguishene46. Stay in a Cottage or an Ontario Resort[caption id="attachment_72701" align="aligncenter" width="855"] Credit: Rocky Crest Golf Resort, 20 Barnwood Dr, MacTier[/caption]Dotted across Ontario's cottage country from Kenora to Prince Edward County, there are cottages and resorts to suit almost every budget. Getaway this summer.[adinserter block="1"][adinserter block="15"] Resorts of Ontario Member List Listings on Booking.com47. Visit a Jail or Stay in One[caption id="attachment_162960" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: Kingston Penitentiary[/caption]Explore Ontario's historical jails with unique tours, offering overnight stays, walks, and day trips. Delve into the history of punishment and reform, including the renowned Kingston Pen Tours. Discover the intriguing stories behind these structures, offering an educational and distinctive adventure for curious visitors. Creemore Jail, 141-151 Library St, Creemore Kingston Penitentiary, 560 King St W, Kingston Burwash Correctional Prison - Burwash Trail, Sudbury48. See some Fossils or some Petroglyphs[caption id="attachment_162961" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: Danielle Griscti/Flickr[/caption]Ontario parks and conservation areas preserve not just natural wonders but also ancient secrets. Visit some or all this summer. Petroglyphs Provincial Park, 2249 Northeys Bay Rd, Woodview Bon Echo Provincial Park, 16151 ON-41, Cloyne (pictographs) Sioux Narrows Provincial Park, ON-71, Sioux Narrows (pictographs) Craigleith Provincial Park, 209403 ON-26, The Blue Mountains (fossils) Rock Point Provincial Park, 215 Niece Rd, Dunnville (fossils) Rock Glen Conservation Area, 8680 Rock Glen Rd, Arkona (fossils) Agawa Rock Pictographs, Lake Superior Provincial Park49. Visit a Sculpture GardenExplore a garden of art this summer. From artworks by famous Canadian artists to whimsical pieces from across the world, you will find both quirky and thought-provoking works of art across Ontario.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FNZkfFC_Ro Windsor Sculpture Park, Assumption Park, Windsor Screaming Heads Midlothian Castle & Gallery, Midlothian Road, Burk’s Falls Sculpture Garden - McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Vaughan Cambridge Sculpture Garden, 53 Grand Ave S, Cambridge Toronto Sculpture Garden, 115 King St E, Toronto ZimArt's Rice Lake Gallery, 855 Second Line Rd, Bailieboro Haliburton Sculpture Forest50. Check out a Water Park (Amusement & Inflatable)Cool off with friends and family while slipping and sliding through various fun water structures for an adventurous excursion. Whether you are planning a family trip to an outdoor resort or curious to explore the many, expanding inflatable parks across the province, make visiting one of Ontario’s twenty water parks a must-do, this season. Bingeman’s Big Splash, 425 Bingemans Centre Drive, Kitchener Splash Town, 69 Lake Rd, Port Colborne Wild Water Park, 680 Van Wagners Beach Road, Hamilton Canada’s Wonderland Splash Works, 1 Canada’s Wonderland Drive, Maple Calypso Water Park, 2015 Calypso St, Limoges51. Go on a Road TripThe best way to explore Ontario? Go on a road trip.Circumnavigate Rice Lake, Simcoe Lake, Georgian Bay, drive from Peterborough to Ottawa on Highway 7, drive along Rideau Canal or St. Lawrence River (Highway 2), chart a path to follow Lake Erie shores from Windsor to Niagara Falls or Lake Huron from Sarnia to Tobermory. Niagara Falls to Ottawa Georgian Bay Road Trip Discover attractions along 401 from Toronto to Ottawa Road Trip From Ottawa to Kingston: Drive the Rideau Canal National Historic Site Drive the Trent-Severn Waterway Highway 7 Road Trip52. Visit Some Small Towns[caption id="attachment_191833" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] MDV/Flickr[/caption]Ontario is dotted with lakes and full of charming little towns, each with its own personalities and unique attractions. If you’re looking for an excuse for a road trip, get out and see what each of these gems offers to brighten up your day. Small Towns in Eastern Ontario Small Towns in Central Ontario 53. Watch a Movie at a Drive-in Theatre[caption id="attachment_162916" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Credit: 5 Drive-In Oakville[/caption]Experience a rare yet classic experience at a drive-in theatre. With 16 still in operation, don’t miss the opportunity to enjoy snacks and a great flick from the comfort of your own car. 5 Drive-In, 2332 Ninth Line, Oakville Mustang Drive-In Theatre, 5012 Jones Baseline, Guelph Muskoka Drive-In, 1001 Theatre Rd, Gravenhurst Hanover Drive-In Theatre, 033277 County Road 28, Hanover54. North America’s Largest Trampoline Park[caption id="attachment_290106" align="aligncenter" width="1200"] Uplå Ontario[/caption]Head to Uplå, the largest outdoor trampoline in North America. Uplå boasts a sprawling network of net structures suspended between trees. These nets link various modules, including trampolines, footbridges, tunnels, slides, and rope ladders. The remarkable tree canopy setting allows adventurers to explore nature while bounding on a massive outdoor trampoline, navigating slides and passages. Bruce’s Mill Conservation Area, 3291 Stouffville Rd, Whitchurch-StouffvilleExplore Ontario

th Goals-Healthy People 2020 b. reducing world hunger in the United States and Asia c. improving Medicare reimbursement claims d. providing access to child care services for children ANS: A Healthy People 2020 has a wide influence and is the focus of the nations main objective to promote health and prevent disease. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 3-Feb TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. A patient requires a nutrition assessment. The most appropriate professional to perform the assessment is a a. physician. b. nurse. c. public health nutritionist. d. registered dietitian. ANS: D The registered dietitian is the nutrition expert registered with the Commission of Dietetic Registration (CDR), the certifying agency of Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Registered dietitians are the only professionals who have met strict educational and professional prerequisites and passed a national registration examination, which would properly prepare them to conduct a nutrition assessment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 1 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 3. The sum of all body processes inside living cells that sustain life and health is a. science. b. digestion. c. metabolism. d. nutrition. ANS: C Metabolism is the sum of all chemical changes that take place in the body. Metabolism provides energy, builds tissue, and regulates metabolic processes in the body. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 4-Mar TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 4. The nutrients that provide the body with its primary source of fuel for energy are a. vitamins. b. minerals. c. fiber. d. carbohydrates. ANS: D Carbohydrates (e.g., starches and sugars) are the bodys primary fuel to carry out necessary processes; fat is the secondary source of energy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 4 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 5. Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the functions of protein? a. Proteins can be a primary fuel source even if there is adequate carbohydrate intake. b. Proteins are a necessary nutrient to provide energy for the body in times of stress. c. Proteins can be used as coenzyme factors during cell metabolism. d. Proteins are essential to tissue building and repair within the body. ANS: D The primary function of proteins is to provide amino acids, which are the building units necessary to build and repair tissues within the body. This is a constant process that ensures adequate growth and maintenance of tissues for a strong body. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: 4 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 6. A 65-year-old man requires 2000 kcal/day without any specific fat or carbohydrate requirements. The approximate number of kilocalories per day from fat his diet should provide is kcal/day. a. 400 to 700 b. 100 to 300 c. 500 to 800 d. 900 to 1200 ANS: A Fat should provide no more than 20% to 35% of the total kilocalories per day, so for a 2000-kcal diet 400 to 700 kcal should be provided. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 4 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. The bodys main storage form of carbohydrate is a. glycogen. b. glycerol. c. glucagon. d. glucose. ANS: A Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the main storage form of carbohydrate in the human body. It is mainly stored in the liver and to a lesser extent in muscle tissue. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 4 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 8. The number of kilocalories provided by one slice of bread that contains 30 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, and 1 g fat is kcal. a. 34 b. 136 c. 141 d. 306 ANS: C Calculate as follows: Carbohydrate provides 4 kcal/g, protein provides 4 kcal/g, and fat provides 9 kcal/g. Therefore: 30 g carbohydrate 4 kcal/g 120 kcal 3 g protein 4 kcal/g 12 kcal 1 g fat 9 kcal/g 9 kcal 141 total kcal (120 kcal + 12 kcal + 9 kcal) DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 4 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 9. The number of kilocalories from fat in a sandwich that contains 22 g fat is kcal. a. 88 b. 132 c. 154 d. 198 ANS: C Fat provides 9 kcal/g. Thus, 22 g fat 9 kcal/g 198 kcal. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 4 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 10. The number of kilocalories from protein in a sandwich that contains 15 g protein is kcal. a. 45 b. 60 c. 75 d. 135 ANS: B Protein provides 4 kcal/g. Thus, 15 g protein 4 kcal/g 60 kcal. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 4 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 11. The basic building units of protein are called acids. a. fatty b. amino c. nucleic d. carboxyl ANS: B The basic building units of protein are amino acids, which are necessary for building, repairing, and maintaining body tissues. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 4 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 12. The main nutrients involved in metabolic regulation and control are a. water and vitamins. b. vitamins and minerals. c. vitamins and fatty acids. d. minerals and carbohydrates. ANS: B Vitamins and minerals are the key nutrients in regulating and controlling the many chemical processes in the body. Vitamins and minerals function as coenzyme factors, which are components of cell enzymes that govern cell chemical reactions in cell metabolism. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 5 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 13. The dietary regimen that would provide optimal nutrition for a person who is recovering from an extended illness is a diet a. low in protein, fat, and carbohydrates; high in minerals and vitamins; and very low in fiber. b. providing adequate amounts of carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, and vitamins along with adequate water and fiber. c. high in protein, fiber, and fluid; low in carbohydrates; and adequate in vitamins and minerals. d. with essential amounts of vitamins and minerals; high in protein; and low in fat, carbohydrates, and fiber. ANS: B Optimal nutrition incorporates a varied diet supplying adequate amounts of all nutrients, including carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and fluid. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 5 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 14. A young woman is 5 months pregnant. She currently lives in a condition of poverty and often runs out of money to buy food. She is most at risk for a. liver damage. b. osteopenia. c. undernutrition. d. overnutrition. ANS: C A person with undernutrition, or an intake less than the desired amounts of nutrients a person needs to sustain and maintain health, carries a greater risk for physical illness than a person receiving adequate nutrition. In this case, a young pregnant woman living in poverty who cannot obtain the necessary nutrition for her and her baby is in a state of undernutrition, placing both at nutritional risk. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 5 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care 15. Which factors place a person at the greatest risk for malnutrition? a. poor appetite, insufficient nutrient intake, poor hygiene, and depleted nutrition reserves b. poor hygiene, insufficient exercise, and excess carbohydrate intake c. depleted carbohydrate intake, poor hygiene, and excess calorie intake d. poor appetite, insufficient nutrient intake, depleted nutrition reserves, and a form of metabolic stress ANS: D Malnutrition appears when nutritional reserves are depleted and nutrient and energy intake is not sufficient to meet day-to-day needs or added metabolic stress. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 5 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 16. Mr. Katz, who is 48 years old, is admitted to the hospital with a fracture to his left hip. He weighs 248 lb (54 lb above his desired weight). He is considered to be in a state of overnutrition. The statement most true regarding his state of overnutrition is a. desired nutrients are consumed in excess amounts without the risk of malnutrition. b. because excess body fat is evident and excess calories are consumed, there is no risk of nutrient deficiency leading to malnutrition. c. even though excess body fat and excess nutrient intake are evident, there still may be a risk for some type of nutrient deficiency leading to malnutrition. d. excess body weight may or may not be present along with excess consumption of carbohydrates and fat, which results in inadequate vitamin and mineral intake. ANS: C Overnutrition results from excess nutrient and energy intake over time, resulting in excess weight and a state of obesity. Malnutrition can result from excess body weight and the lack of vitamin- and mineral-rich food consumption (e.g., consumption of fatty and carbohydrate-rich foods only). DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 5 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 17. Which is least likely to be a primary cause of malnutrition? a. conditions of poverty b. prolonged hospitalization c. homelessness d. exercise ANS: D Malnutrition appears when nutritional reserves are depleted and nutrient and energy intake is not sufficient to meet day-to-day needs or the additional requirements necessary during periods of stress. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 6-May TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 18. Overnutrition is characterized by a. overeating at a meal. b. excess nutrient and energy intake over time. c. eating a diet with too much variety. d. using dietary supplements. ANS: B Overnutrition results from excess nutrient and energy intake over time or occurs when excessive amounts of nutrient supplements are consumed, resulting in tissue-damaging effects. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: 6 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 19. The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) address the nutrient needs of a. all adults. b. most healthy population groups. c. minority ethnic groups. d. pregnant women, infants, and children. ANS: B The DRIs refer to a system of reference values that can be used for assessing and planning diets for healthy population groups and other purposes. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 7-Jun TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 20. The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are developed by the a. U.S. Public Health Service. b. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). c. National Academy of Sciences, Food and Nutrition Board. d. National Institutes of Health (NIH). ANS: C DRIs are developed by the National Academy of Sciences, Food and Nutrition Board. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 7-Jun TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 21. When not enough scientific evidence is available to establish a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), the value used to guide intake is called the a. Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). b. tolerable upper intake level (UL). c. estimated average requirement (EAR). d. adequate intake (AI). ANS: D AI is used as a guide when not enough scientific data are available to establish the RDA figure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 7 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 22. You are asked to help plan meals for a local monthly community dinner meeting for the elderly. The tool that would be most helpful for planning healthy meals is the a. Dietary Reference Intakes. b. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. c. MyPlate food guidance system. d. basic four food groups. ANS: C MyPlate, provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, provides a valuable tool for meal planning, providing serving sizes for each food group and the ability to create a balanced meal from each group listed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 8-Jul TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 23. You are asked to explain the Dietary Guidelines for Americans to an adult community evening class at the local college. The most appropriate areas to cover in teaching this topic include a. appropriate amounts of sodium, saturated fat, cholesterol, transfatty acids, whole grains, and alcohol. b. adequate calories and protein for weight maintenance, smoking cessation, herbal supplements, and food fads. c. importance of low-carbohydrate diets, smoking cessation, herbal supplements, appropriate food groups, and sodium and potassium. d. food security, weight maintenance, glucose monitoring, and blood pressure monitoring technique. ANS: A The Dietary Guidelines outline key recommendations to balance calories and maintain weight along with foods and food components to reduce including sodium, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, transfatty acids, added fats and sugars, refined grains, along with recommendations for limiting alcohol. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 10 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 24. A patient asks you what he should eat to maintain an optimal diet. An appropriate response would be to a. eat a variety of foods and eat in moderation. b. avoid all fast food and processed foods. c. eat only natural, organic foods. d. use vitamin and mineral supplements to ensure adequate nutrients. ANS: A An optimal diet contains a variety of foods and in appropriate quantities to maintain proper weight and health. All foods can fit into a healthy diet in moderation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 5 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 25. The goal of the MyPlate food guide is to promote a. variety, proportion moderation, gradual improvements, and physical activity. b. physical activity, portion control, daily blood pressure monitoring, and gradual improvements in health. c. portion control, daily physical activity, daily glucose monitoring, moderation, and variety. d. variety, moderation, weighing food portions, daily blood pressure monitoring, and glucose monitoring. ANS: A The goal of MyPyramid is to promote variety, proportion moderation, gradual improvements, and physical activity. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 7 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance 26. A patient is to receive 2400 kcal/day while recovering from a motor vehicle accident. He is to receive 50% of calories from carbohydrates, 25% of calories from fat, and 25% of calories from protein. Which of the following represents the appropriate calories for each substrate? a. 1500 kcal from carbohydrates, 500 kcal from fat, and 400 kcal from protein b. 1400 kcal from carbohydrates, 600 kcal from fat, and 400 kcal from protein c. 1200 kcal from carbohydrates, 600 kcal from fat, and 600 kcal from protein d. 1600 kcal from carbohydrates, 400 kcal from fat, and 400 kcal from protein ANS: C 2400 kcal 0.50 1200 kcal from carbohydrates; 2400 kcal 0.25 600 kcal from fat; and 2400 kcal 0.25 600 kcal from protein. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 4 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Physiological Integrity, Physiological Adaptation 27. A patient is placed on a 2300-kcal diet. The health care provider is asked to calculate the grams of carbohydrates he is receiving from the diet. The number of grams of carbohydrates is a. 50 g. b. 35 g. c. 250 g. d. impossible to calculate from this data. ANS: D The percentage of carbohydrate in the diet typically ranges from 45% to 65% of total calories depending on individual needs, tastes, habits, living situations, and energy demands. However, the health care provider would need to know the specific foods the patient is eating to calculate carbohydrate intake. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 4 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Physiological Integrity, Physiological Adaptation 28. A 52-year-old single woman comes to the health professional for advice on maintaining optimal nutritional health. Her food intake records indicate that she likes to eat at fast food restaurants at least twice a week, and relies on processed foods for the majority of her dietary intake. She maintains an active lifestyle and works part time at the local bank. The next step to assist this woman would be to a. assess meal plan options along with the ability to prepare nutritious foods. b. obtain laboratory values to further assess her nutrition status and recommend supplementing her diet with vitamins and minerals. c. find ways to decrease eating at fast food restaurants and incorporate physical exercise into her daily routine. d. recommend that she use the MyPlate food guide to change her eating style and attend cooking classes at the local community center. ANS: A The American food environment has been constantly changing over the past several years, with more people eating out and consuming more processed foods. Educating people to follow the MyPlate food guide and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: 8-Jul TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Physiological Integrity, Physiological Adaptation 29. The person most at risk for malnutrition would be a(n) a. active young adult who eats 3 to 5 servings of fruits and vegetables along with lean meats and fish and complex carbohydrates and exercises 3 times a week. b. young child who refuses to eat peas, green beans, and broccoli but loves fruits and other vegetables. c. middle-aged man undergoing chemotherapy for leukemia and who is having difficulty eating solid food. d. young weight lifter who has recently undergone surgery for a compound fracture of his left femur. ANS: C Malnutrition appears when nutrition reserves are depleted or nutrient and energy intake is not sufficient to meet the day-to-day needs along with the added metabolic stress. In this case, cancer and chemotherapy place an increased metabolic stress on the body and the patient is unable to consume enough food to meet his nutrient requirements, placing him at risk for malnutrition. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 6-May TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 30. C.G. is a 45-year-old man who has a history of diabetes, and the dietary history reveals that he enjoys a good breakfast with whole grain cereal and fruit. For lunch he usually eats soup or an entre consisting of a salad and meat along with 2% milk and a sugared soda. He usually has an afternoon snack of chips and sugared soda and dinner is eaten at a restaurant most days of the week where he chooses steaks, hamburgers, and fries or onion rings along with a salad and a beer or other high- calorie beverage. One of the most important recommendations for C.G. would be a. not to eat at restaurants on a regular basis unless he chooses salads only along with water. b. to continue with whole grains, lean proteins, and vegetables and replace sugary sodas with sugar-free beverages. c. to drink skim milk and eliminate soups, replacing them with fatty fish five meals a week. d. to enjoy his diet as is but encourage adequate amounts of exercise throughout the week. ANS: B The Choose MyPlate approach encourages making food choices for a healthy lifestyle including balancing calories; enjoying food but in a portion-controlled approach; encouraging whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low fat dairy; decreasing high fat and sugary foods; and monitoring sodium. In this case where diabetes is a concern as well, a meal plan emphasizing portion control, whole grains, vegetables, and drinks without sugar would be appropriate. Chapter 2. Carbohydrates MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Carbohydrates are nutrients that are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and a. oxygen. b. nitrogen. c. water. d. glucose. ANS: A The chemical nature of carbohydrates is carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 14 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 2. Carbohydrates play a major role in nutrition because they a. provide a long-term energy store. b. are digested in the stomach. c. help regulate body functions. d. provide the bodys major source of energy. ANS: D Rationale: Carbohydrates are the major source of energy for the body, comprising approximately 50% of total caloric intake. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 13 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 3. Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the a. central nervous system and muscles. b. heart and liver. c. small intestine. d. liver and muscles. ANS: D Rationale: Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 17 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 4. An example of a food that contains a fructose sugar is a. milk. b. honey. c. molasses. d. corn. ANS: B Fructose is a monosaccharide and is the sweetest of the simple sugars. It is primarily found in fruits and honey. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 14 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 5. Examples of the simple carbohydrates include a. glucose and galactose. b. sucrose and starch. c. lactose and lignin. d. fructose and glycogen. ANS: A Monosaccharides are the simple sugar units used to build more-complex carbohydrates. The monosaccharides are glucose, galactose, and fructose. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 15-16 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 6. The sugar to which all other sugars are converted and the one that circulates in the blood to provide major fuel for the bodys cells is a. sucrose. b. fructose. c. glucose. d. maltose. ANS: C Glucose is a monosaccharide considered the basic single sugar in the bodys metabolism. Glucose is the form of sugar circulating in the blood and is the primary fuel for the cells. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 14 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 7. Carbohydrates are called quick energy foods because a. they do not take long to prepare and are readily available. b. the human body can rapidly break them down to yield energy. c. they are abundant in fast foods and can be readily absorbed. d. they can yield more energy than other nutrients. ANS: B Carbohydrates are considered quick energy foods because they can readily be metabolized in the body to yield glucose, the main fuel source for the body. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: 14 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 8. The carbohydrate form in which glucose is stored in the body is a. starch. b. polysaccharide. c. glycogen. d. fructose. ANS: C Glucose is stored in the body as glycogen. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 17 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 9. Of the following, the best food choices for dietary fiber include a. fruit and fruit juice. b. rice and crackers. c. iceberg lettuce and tomato juice. d. lentils and corn. ANS: D Dietary fiber is found in unrefined and whole plant foods. Of the choices listed, lentils and corn provide the highest amount of dietary fiber. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 17 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 10. Types of dietary fiber include a. lactose, galactose, and maltose. b. polysaccharides and polyols. c. starch, ptyalin and glucose d. cellulose, lignin, and noncellulose. ANS: D Dietary fiber is found in plant foods. Plants contain several types of dietary fiber, including cellulose, lignin, and noncellulose polysaccharides. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 17-19 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 11. The recommended daily intake of dietary fiber for an adult woman is g/day. a. 15 b. 21 c. 25 d. 30 ANS: C The recommended intake of fiber for men and women aged 50 years and younger is 38 g/day and 25 g/day, respectively. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 19 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 12. The health professional is determining the caloric intake for a patient. Her caloric intake from fiber would be a. 3.4 kcal/g. b. 0 kcal/g. c. 4 kcal/g. d. 9 kcal/g. ANS: B Human beings lack the necessary enzymes to digest dietary fiber and so, unlike other carbohydrates, dietary fiber does not provide energy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 17 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 13. Wavelike contractions of the muscle fibers of the stomach and intestinal walls are called a. segmentation. b. peristalsis. c. metabolism. d. digestion. ANS: B The mechanical digestive process in the stomach entailing wavelike contractions of the muscle fibers of the stomach wall that mix food particles with gastric secretions is called peristalsis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 24-25 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 14. A basket of fruit contains ripe grapes, apples, and oranges as well as pears and peaches that are not quite ripe. The fruits with the highest amount of simple sugar are the a. pears and apples. b. peaches and oranges. c. grapes and apples. d. peaches and pears. ANS: C Fructose is a simple sugar; ripe fruit contains more fructose than less-ripe fruit. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 14 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 15. An apple contains a type of soluble dietary fiber called a. lignin. b. starch. c. cellulose. d. pectin. ANS: D Pectin is a water-soluble fiber found in many fruits. Cellulose and lignin are insoluble fibers. Starch is another polysaccharide found in grains, legumes, and other vegetables and in small amounts in fruit. Starch does not necessarily contain dietary fiber. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 17-18 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 16. Of the following, the food with the lowest carbohydrate content (as a percentage of weight) would be a. orange juice. b. raisins. c. whole milk. d. dried beans. ANS: C Milk contains the least carbohydrate content (as a percentage of weight); it contains lactose, but the amount is diluted by all the liquid in the milk. Carbohydrates are more concentrated in dried fruits, juices, and starchy vegetables. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: 15-16 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 17. Digestion of the starch component of a peanut butter sandwich begins in the a. mouth. b. stomach. c. small intestine. d. liver. ANS: A The digestion of carbohydrate-rich foods such as starches and sugars begins in the mouth, where the enzyme ptyalin begins to break the starch down into smaller particles. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 24 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 18. A negative effect of sugar alcohols is that they a. contain more kilocalories than sugar. b. can cause intoxication. c. promote bacterial disease in the colon. d. may cause diarrhea. ANS: D Excessive amounts of sugar alcohols in food products can cause diarrhea because of the slow digestion of the product. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: 20 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 19. Once monosaccharides are absorbed into the intestinal bloodstream, they are transported to the a. cells. b. liver. c. heart. d. brain. ANS: B The monosaccharides glucose, galactose, and fructose are absorbed directly into the portal blood circulation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 26-27 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 20. A client has a goal of increasing fiber intake to 30 grams per day. Current intake reveals the following information: Breakfast intake- 3/4 cup sugary corn popped cereal, 1 cup skim milk, 1 slice white toast, and 1/2 cup orange juice. Lunch- 2 ounces sliced turkey, 1 slice wheat bread, 1 tablespoon mayonnaise, 2 chocolate chip cookies, and 1 cup water. Dinner- 4 ounces beef, 1/2 cup green beans, 3/4 cup instant mashed potatoes with butter, 1 biscuit, and 1 cup skim milk. As the nutrition expert counseling this patient, one appropriate recommendation might be: a. Encourage whole grain breads and cereals in place of white breads and cereals. b. Double the amount of proteins such as turkey and beef and eliminate sugar intake. c. Add 2 tablespoons of omega-3 fatty acid enriched margarine to breads and potatoes. d. No changes are required since adequate fiber intake is present. ANS: A Rationale: The recommended daily fiber intake is 38 grams per day for men. This intake requires consistent use of whole grains, legumes, vegetables and fruits, along with seeds and nuts. Meats and fats such as butter and margarine do not contain fiber. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: 19|27-28 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation, Health Promotion and Maintenance 21. An example of a food low in carbohydrates is a. low-fat yogurt. b. steak. c. beans. d. potatoes. ANS: B Meats such as beef, poultry, and fish do not contain carbohydrates. Yogurt contains some carbohydrates from the milk and is often sweetened. Starchy vegetables such as beans and potatoes are high in carbohydrates. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 22-24 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation, Health Promotion and Maintenance 22. The major site or organ in the body for metabolic processing of carbohydrates is the a. intestine. b. heart. c. brain. d. liver. ANS: D The liver is the major site for metabolic processing of carbohydrates. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: 22|26-27 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation 23. The digestion of milk yields the monosaccharides a. fructose and glucose. b. galactose and glucose. c. galactose and sucrose. d. glucose and maltose. ANS: B The digestion of milk yields the monosaccharides galactose and glucose from the disaccharide

“FFG(X)” è la designazione di una classe di fregate multimissione lanciamissili guidati per la Marina Militare degli Stati Uniti, da appaltare a partire dal 2020, da costruire dopo le unità da combattimento modulare litorale (LCS).  Il 2020 si prospetta come un anno cruciale per il programma FFG della US Navy. Il 2020 sarà un grande anno per la Marina degli Stati Uniti e la sua ricerca di una Fregata del futuro (FFG[X]) per fornire alla forza un’unità combattente di superficie armata e interoperabile per integrare la flotta di superficie esistente e le capacità navali alleate. Le crescenti preoccupazioni sulla capacità di combattimento e sulla capacità di sopravvivenza delle navi da combattimento litoranee classe Freedom e Independence (Littoral Combat Ships - LCS) hanno spinto la Marina degli Stati Uniti a perseguire un a nuova classe di unità combattenti di superficie, multi-missione, altamente capaci di integrarsi con la Marina degli Stati Uniti e con i gruppi di combattimento di superficie alleati.  Come parte della richiesta di informazioni (RFI), la Marina degli Stati Uniti si aspetta che l'FFG(X) fornisca una piattaforma capace, robusta incassatrice ed economica, con un prezzo unitario previsto di 950 milioni di dollari (1,32 miliardi di dollari) e in grado di "aggregarsi in gruppi di attacco e gruppi di azione di superficie guidati da Large Surface Combatant, ma anche di possedere la capacità di difendersi in modo robusto durante la conduzione di operazioni indipendenti mentre è connesso e contribuisce alla rete tattica della flotta". La Marina degli Stati Uniti prevede che il programma FFG(X) fornirà 20 navi capaci di molteplici parametri di missione, tra cui:   Distruggere navi di superficie all'orizzonte;  Rilevare sottomarini nemici; Navi scorta convogli; Impiegare sistemi di guerra elettronica attiva e passiva; Difendersi dagli attacchi delle piccole imbarcazioni (barchini).  L’US NAVY è interessata a che l'FFG(X) fornisca ai Comandanti della Flotta una risorsa unica nel suo genere per raggiungere determinati obiettivi di controllo del mare ed eseguire operazioni di sicurezza marittima, facilitando al tempo stesso l'accesso in tutti i settori a sostegno delle operazioni di gruppo d'attacco e delle operazioni della flotta aggregata.  Nell'ambito della fornitura di queste capacità richieste, la Marina degli Stati Uniti ha richiesto che l'imbarcazione sia in grado di supportare e/o incorporare capacità chiave, tra cui:  Un radar fisso, a ripetizione di fase; un sistema di combattimento "derivato dall’ Aegis" (COMBATSS-21); Capacità di ospitare un singolo elicottero Seahawk MH-60R;  Cannoni Mk.110 da 57mm; Integrazione del sistema dei cannoni principali Mk 110 57mm;  sistemi di difesa missilistica SeaRAM anti nave;  Predisposizioni per un sistema aereo senza equipaggio MQ-8C Firescout.  Per evitare l'aumento dei prezzi, della ricerca e dei costi di sviluppo, la Marina degli Stati Uniti ha cercato di ottenere offerte da un gruppo di cinque costruttori navali affermati, fornendo varianti evolute di progetti di fregate collaudate attualmente in funzione con le forze statunitensi o alleate in tutto il mondo.  L'interoperabilità con gli alleati, tra cui Australia, Canada, Regno Unito e Italia è un obiettivo fondamentale per la realizzazione del programma FFG(X) con l'obiettivo di integrare un "sistema di combattimento comune" o un sistema di combattimento interoperabile.  I contendenti per il progetto includono: Austal USA - Fregata di Classe Indipendence: Una variante modificata della Independence Class LCS, che incorpora sistemi missilistici anti nave aggiuntivi, un ponte di volo accorciato e sistemi di lancio verticale Mk 41 opzionale (VLS) per superare il minimo richiesto dalla richiesta della Marina degli Stati Uniti.  Lockheed Martin - Fregata classe Liberty: Basata sulla Freedom Class LCS in servizio, la variante Freedom Class incorpora un'architettura comune al combattente di superficie multi-missione della Royal Saudi Navy, che include otto Mk 41 VLS, radar avanzati per la ricerca aerea e capacità di combattimento potenziate.  Industrie Huntington Ingalls - Fregata di pattuglia (PF4501 e PF4921): Due varianti aggiornate basate sul design del National Security Cutter (NSC) attualmente in funzione con la Guardia Costiera degli Stati Uniti. La variante evoluta comprende un Mk 56 VLS a 12 celle Mk 56 VLS, due sistemi di lancio a quadriciclo e l'incorporazione del radar di difesa aerea SPY-1F. La variante PF4921 è stata esposta incorporando il sistema radar CEAFAR progettato e prodotto in Australia.  Fincantieri Marine Group - FREMM Multipurpose Frigate: Basato sul programma congiunto fregata polivalente italo/francese, incorpora capacità specifiche per gli Stati Uniti, tra cui il sistema di cannoni Mk 41 VLS e Mk 110 con il sistema derivato Aegis COMBATSS-21.  General Dynamics/Navantia - F-100 Frigate: La base per i cacciatorpediniere della Royal Australian Navy Hobart Class Air Warfare Destroyers, il design dell'F-100 offre un design comune attualmente in servizio con la Spagna e l'Australia e incorpora il sistema di combattimento completo SPY-1D Aegis Aegis, combinato con un cannone navale Mk 45 Mod 4 da cinque pollici e VLS a 48 celle.        L'attenzione su una piattaforma collaudata rivela il desiderio della Marina degli Stati Uniti di evitare lo "sticker shock" ottenendo il design corretto nelle prime fasi del programma e fornisce anche opportunità per l'industria australiana e italiana. L'esperienza australiana sviluppata durante tutta la fase di progettazione, costruzione e integrazione dei cacciatorpediniere australiani della classe Hobart, combinata con l'esperienza tecnica nei sistemi radar phased-array sotto forma di CEA Technologies e i sistemi radar CEAFAR che serviranno come base per il futuro sistema radar delle fregate della Royal Australian Navy, si basa sull'attenzione della Marina statunitense nel fornire tecnologie e sistemi collaudati per ridurre al minimo l'introduzione di unità, il superamento dei costi e la fornitura di capacità.    Le tecnologie phased array di CEA forniscono prodotti phased array modulari e scalabili adatti all'uso in ambienti marittimi e terrestri. Il radar phased array attivo CEAFAR fornisce una capacità di formazione del fascio digitale multifunzionale in grado di eseguire la ricerca di volumi 3D, la ricerca di superficie, il supporto per il controllo del fuoco, la classificazione dei bersagli in ambienti esigenti, ingombri e jamming. L'Australia ha recentemente utilizzato la valutazione del sistema di combattimento e le operazioni di test missilistico per l'HMAS Hobart con la Marina degli Stati Uniti per dimostrare la capacità della piattaforma evoluta F-100 Frigate, i componenti e le capacità chiave specifiche australiane e la capacità della nave di operare senza soluzione di continuità come parte di un gruppo tattico della Marina degli Stati Uniti attraverso la capacità di ingaggio cooperativo. La Marina statunitense prevede di acquistare la prima FFG(X) nel 2020 con la prima nave che dovrà essere in servizio dal 2024, e la richiesta di proposta (RFP) che sarà fatta nel 2020 a seguito della definizione finale delle specifiche per il programma FFG(X). L’FFG DI FINCANTIERI MARINETTE MARINE PRESENTATA  ALL’US NAVY Di recente il cacciatorpediniere statunitense USS Gonzalez (DDG 66) e la fregata italiana ITS Alpino (F 594) hanno navigano congiuntamente: la fregata FREMM della Marina Militare Italiana ITS Alpino (F594) è arrivata a Norfolk, in Virginia, per il suo tour nordamericano che ha aiutato Fincantieri, e l'industria italiana, a presentare il design della fregata FREMM che Fincantieri sta offrendo per la prossima fregata della US Navy, chiamata FFG(X). L’Alpino è arrivata a Norfolk Station Norfolk e prima di effettuare il primo scalo portuale del suo tour in Nord America, la fregata si è incontrata in mare con il cacciatorpediniere della Us navy USS Gonzalez (DDG 66) per effettuare operazioni combinate. Lo scambio di vedute è stato molto vantaggioso sia per l'equipaggio del Gonzalez che per l’Alpino, dando una rara visione della reciproca routine quotidiana. L’esercitazione congiunta è stata un'opportunità inestimabile per i due partner della NATO. Oltre all'esercizio di passaggio, il Gonzalez e l’Alpino hanno svolto una visita, a bordo, esercitazioni di ricerca al largo della costa della Virginia, permettendo ad entrambi gli equipaggi di acquisire familiarità e competenza nelle manovre tattiche e nelle comunicazioni. La tecnologia di nave Alpino e l'SH-90, sono stati fantastici da ammirare da vicino, ha detto Caitlin N. Cannon, specialista delle operazioni di prima classe Caitlin N. Cannon. Dopo il suo soggiorno a Norfolk, nave Alpino visiterà Baltimora, New York City e Boston. Il viaggio è stato progettato sia per migliorare la cooperazione tra la marina statunitense e quella italiana, sia per sottolineare i potenziali benefici delle nuove fregate di Fincantieri-Marinette-Marine per la marina statunitense. L'ITS Alpino dispone di 16 celle del Vertical Launch System (VLS) che possono essere aggiornate a 32, possono ospitare due elicotteri e possono combattere le minacce sottomarine, di superficie e aeree. Commentando l'arrivo della fregata a Norfolk, il vice ammiraglio in pensione Richard Hunt e il chief strategy officer di Fincantieri Marinette Marine ha detto: "L'ITS Alpino dimostra la comprovata versatilità e capacità delle fregata classe FREMM. Fornisce una piattaforma superiore per la competizione FFG(X) della Marina degli Stati Uniti e può fornire grandi capacità di combattimento per la nostra Marina nel breve termine e oltre. Contribuirà alla difesa dell'America e dei nostri alleati". "La tecnologia all'avanguardia dell'ITS Alpino fornisce le capacità necessarie affinché l'FFG(X) sia altamente letale e allo stesso tempo affidabile e confortevole per i marinai che la gestiscono", ha aggiunto Charles Goddard, ex PEO Ships della US Navy Navy e attuale vicepresidente senior del Fincantieri Marine Group. "Il design del FREMM gli permetterà di crescere nel corso della sua durata di servizio con la Marina Militare degli Stati Uniti con costi di aggiornamento limitati. Questa nave è una meraviglia tecnica". Fincantieri è una delle cinque società selezionate dalla US Navy per sviluppare progetti concettuali per la fregata FFG(X). Il progetto delle nuove FFG(X) fu resa nota dal Dipartimento della difesa degli Stati Uniti (RFI) il 10 luglio 2017. La Marina Militare degli Stati Uniti selezionò inizialmente cinque costruttori navali per trasformare i loro progetti in un progetto prospettico per proporre le future venti fregate FFG(X). Il design L'intenzione della Marina degli Stati Uniti di ordinare la primo FFG(X) nel 2020 non lascia abbastanza tempo per sviluppare un design completamente nuovo. Di conseguenza, la Us Navy intende che il progetto della FFG(X) sia una versione modificata di un progetto di nave "madre" esistente.  La RFI afferma: "È previsto un concorso per la FFG(X) per prendere in considerazione i progetti madre esistenti per un piccolo combattente di superficie che può essere modificato per soddisfare i requisiti specifici di capacità prescritti dalla Marina degli Stati Uniti". La Marina degli Stati Uniti vorrebbe una fregata in grado di tenere il passo con la velocità di crociera delle portaerei e di avere sensori collegati in rete con il resto della flotta per ampliare il quadro tattico complessivo a disposizione dei gruppi navali.  La FFG(X) normalmente dovrà aggregarsi in gruppi di attacco e gruppi d'azione di superficie guidati da Large Surface Combatant, ma dovrà possedere anche la capacità di difendersi autonomamente durante lo svolgimento di operazioni indipendenti mentre è collegata e contribuisce alla griglia tattica della flotta. Nel gennaio 2019 la US Navy ha annunciato che la nuova fregata avrà un minimo di 32 celle del Vertical Launch System Mark 41 a bordo della nave per missioni di autodifesa o di scorta. La marina americana vorrebbe che la nave fosse in grado di farlo: Distruggere le navi di superficie sopra l'orizzonte, Rilevare i sottomarini nemici, Difendere le navi in convoglio, Impiegare sistemi di guerra elettronica attiva e passiva, Difendersi dagli attacchi di piccole imbarcazioni. Sviluppo La Marina vuole procurarsi la prima FFG(X) nel FY2020, 18 al ritmo di due all'anno nel FY2021-FY2029, e l’ultima nel FY2030. Il bilancio proposto dalla Us Navy per l'anno FY202020 richiede 1.281,2 milioni di dollari per l'acquisto della prima FFG(X). La presentazione del bilancio FY2020 della Marina Militare statunitense mostra che le navi successive della classe sono stimate costare circa 900 milioni di dollari cadauna. Contendenti Inizialmente sei costruttori navali da tutto il mondo occidentale hanno presentato proposte concettuali al programma FFG(X). Il 16 febbraio 2018 la Marina degli Stati Uniti ha annunciato di aver selezionato da queste proposte cinque costruttori navali, ai quali sono stati erogati 15 milioni di dollari cadauno per la produzione dei progetti concettuali. Questi costruttori navali erano:  Austal USA,  Fincantieri Marine Group,  General Dynamics,  Huntington Ingalls Industries, Lockheed Martin.  Atlas North America ha presentato la MEKO A-200 ma non è stata selezionata. I progetti delle navi di questi cinque costruttori navali saranno valutati dalla US NAVY e forniranno le specifiche finali che saranno utilizzate per la richiesta di proposta FFG(X) nel 2019 e per l'aggiudicazione di un contratto nel 2020. Il 28 maggio 2019, Lockheed Martin si è ritirato dal concorso ma è stata selezionata per il sistema radar principale e per il sistema operativo di combattimento che sarà installato sulle unità che si aggiudicheranno il contratto. Per soddisfare gli elevati standard di sopravvivenza prerogativa della Marina Militare degli Stati Uniti, il progetto della fregata FREMM è stato fortemente irrobustito con oltre 300 tonnellate di acciaio e altri materiali compositi. Le navi della Marina degli Stati Uniti sono costruite per restare a galla nonostante eventuali “colpi a segno”: ciò è possibile al costo di acciaio extra. Nel caso delle FREMM di Fincantieri, significava aggiungere centinaia di tonnellate di acciaio, ha detto l'ammiraglio in pensione Rick Hunt, ex capo della Naval Surface Force Pacific che ora lavora per l'azienda italiana. "Abbiamo fatto, come tutti i concorrenti, incontri mensili di scambio tecnico con il governo per assicurarci di essere il più possibile conformi alla progettazione dettagliata e alla costruzione", ha detto. "Una delle cose su cui la Marina non si sarebbe dovuta muovere, e noi eravamo d'accordo, era la robustezza della nave. Così abbiamo aggiunto circa 300 tonnellate di acciaio al progetto della FREMM". Portare la nave all'altezza degli elevati standard di robustezza del Naval Sea Systems Command è sempre stata una conclusione scontata per questa competizione, ma fare tesoro di tutto ciò che l'acciaio spinge le scelte di progettazione, specialmente quando la Marina sta facendo del suo meglio per ottenere una fregata altamente performante per meno di 1 miliardo di dollari. La FREMM di Fincantieri è in concorrenza con altre tre offerte:  La variante F-100 di General Dynamics Bath Iron Works e Navantia, che equivale grosso modo a un piccolo cacciatorpediniere di classe Burke di Arleigh;  una versione modificata e armata del National Security Cutter di Huntington Ingalls Industries;  la versione per fregata di Austal USA della sua nave da combattimento LCS classe Independence con scafo in alluminio. La versione di Lockheed Martin della FFG(X), una variante a doppia vite della sua LCS di classe Freedom, è uscita dalla competizione a maggio.  Per quanto riguarda il progetto FREMM, il peso in più erode in parte dello spazio extra sulla nave e la sua spaziosità, che è una delle caratteristiche distintive della piattaforma. L'acciaio in più sta entrando nella protezione balistica e nel modo in cui sono disposti gli spazi, quasi come un DDG; la compartimentazione, la robustezza della nave ed i requisiti degli Stati Uniti sono diversi dagli standard europei. Ciò che non è stato compromesso è stata la modularità della nave, che crea rotte per l'ingresso e l'uscita delle principali attrezzature dallo scafo in modo che la sostituzione dei principali componenti del motore o dei computer non richieda l'apertura di un varco nelle strutture della nave. Anche i vani di attracco sono gli stessi: cabine da quattro a sei persone con docce private per ogni stanza. Nel complesso, il progetto della variante delle FREMM su cui si sta lavorando è forse meno spaziosa della sua controparte europea, ma mantiene molto spazio e capacità extra per gli aggiornamenti del sistema di potenza e propulsione nei futuri aggiornamenti o retrofit. Il progetto FREMM ha l'ulteriore capacità di supportare l’importante ruolo di dirigere la guerra aerea e potrebbe, con una potenza elettrica extra, supportare un più grande radar AESA completo di 37 moduli array, invece dei nove attuali che è nei requisiti iniziali delle FFG(X). Relazione al Congresso sul programma della US Navy Frigate FFG(X), 18 ottobre 2019.
 “””””””Il seguente è il rapporto del Servizio di ricerca del Congresso del 10 ottobre 2019, Programma Fregate Navy (FFG-X): Contesto e questioni per il Congresso. Il programma FFG(X) è un programma della Marina per costruire una classe di 20 fregate a missili guidati (FFG). La Marina vuole procurarsi il primo FFG(X) nel FY2020, il prossimo 18 al ritmo di due all'anno nel FY2021-FY2029, e il 20 nel FY2030. Il bilancio proposto dalla Marina Militare per l'anno FY2020 richiede 1.281,2 milioni di dollari per l'acquisto del primo FFG(X). La presentazione del bilancio FY20202020 della Marina Militare mostra che le navi successive della classe sono stimate dalla Marina militare a costare circa 900 milioni di dollari l'anno successivo. La Marina Militare intende costruire la FFG(X) in una versione modificata di un approccio di progettazione navale esistente, un approccio chiamato "parent-design approach". Il progetto madre potrebbe essere un progetto di nave statunitense o un progetto di nave straniera. Almeno quattro gruppi industriali sarebbero in competizione per il programma FFG(X). Due di questi team propongono di costruire i loro progetti FFG(X) presso i due cantieri che hanno costruito le Littoral Combat Ships (LCS) per la Marina-Austal USA di Mobile, AL, e Fincantieri/Marinette Marine (F/MMM) di Marinette, WI. Gli altri due gruppi propongono di costruire i loro progetti FFG(X) presso General Dynamics/Bath Iron Works, di Bath, ME, e Huntington Ingalls Industries/Ingalls Shipbuilding di Pascagoula, MS. Il 28 maggio 2019, è stato riferito che un quinto gruppo industriale interessato al programma FFG(X) aveva informato la Marina il 23 maggio 2019, che aveva deciso di non presentare un'offerta per il programma. Questo quinto team del settore, come uno degli altri quattro, avrebbe proposto di costruire il suo progetto FFG(X) a F/MM. Il 20 giugno 2019, la Marina ha pubblicato la sua richiesta di proposte (RFP) per il contratto di Detail Design and Construction (DD&C) per un massimo di 10 navi del programma FFG(X) (la nave principale più 9 navi opzionali). Le risposte alla RFP devono pervenire entro il 22 agosto 2019. La Marina prevede di aggiudicare il contratto nel luglio 2020”””””””””. Il programma FFG(X) presenta diverse potenziali questioni di supervisione per il Congresso, tra cui le seguenti: se approvare, respingere o modificare la richiesta di finanziamento FY2020 della Marina Militare per il programma; se la Marina ha definito in modo appropriato il costo, le capacità e il margine di crescita del FFG(X); l'intenzione della Marina Militare di utilizzare un approccio di parent-design per il programma FFG(X) piuttosto che sviluppare un design completamente nuovo (cioè, clean-sheet) per la nave; costi, tempi e rischi tecnici nel programma FFG(X); l'opportunità di procurarsi ulteriori LCS nell'anno fiscale 2020 come copertura contro potenziali ritardi nel programma FFG(X); i potenziali impatti industriali dell'FFG(X) per i cantieri navali e le imprese fornitrici; se costruire FFG(X) in un unico cantiere, come previsto dal piano di base della Marina, o in due o tre cantieri; l'impatto potenziale sul numero richiesto di FFG(X) di un possibile cambiamento nell'architettura delle forze di superficie della Marina; e l'impatto potenziale sul programma FFG(X) di utilizzare una o più risoluzioni continue (CR) per finanziare le operazioni del Dipartimento della Difesa (DOD) per almeno una parte dell'anno fiscale 2020. La cordata guidata dalla nostra Fincantieri, secondo le ultime rilevazioni ed umori in ambito US NAVY, godrebbe di ottime possibilità per vincere questa importantissima gara. Attualmente 10 fregate FREMM sono in allestimento o sono in servizio presso la Marina Militare italiana e hanno completato con successo missioni multiruolo in tutto il mondo. Le unità della classe FREMM furono anche state selezionate in Australia per la fase finale della gara SEA5000, che prevedeva l'acquisizione di 9 fregate nella ASW per la Marina australiana. Come già evidenziato in precedenza, per adeguare e rendere la versione FREMM conforme agli standard progettuali statunitensi, Fincantieri Marinette Marine collabora con Gibbs & Cox e Trident Maritime Systems; le due società hanno sviluppato una unità navale che, in caso di aggiudicazione della gara, sarà costruita presso i cantieri statunitensi di Fincantieri, dove negli ultimi nove anni l'azienda ha formato una forza lavoro altamente specializzata, avvalendosi di una solida catena di fornitori e competenze nella costruzione di navi secondo i requisiti della US Navy. È un onore per noi vedere il modello FREMM selezionato dalla US Navy in quanto progetto moderno, tecnologicamente avanzato, una nave già in servizio e well-proven, a elevate prestazioni, che più si avvicina ai requisiti del nuovo programma statunitense. Questo contratto, che segue la selezione del progetto FREMM per la fase finale della gara in Australia, conferma la nostra leadership globale nella progettazione e costruzione delle navi più tecnologicamente avanzate, nonché la nostra capacità di innovarci continuamente. SISTEMA DI COMBATTIMENTO E RADAR AESA LOCKHEED MARTIN PER LE FFG Lockheed Martin si è aggiudicata un contratto, del valore di 7 milioni di dollari, per l'integrazione di sistemi di combattimento navale e test sulle nuove fregate lancia missili FFG(X) della US NAVY. Lockheed Martin si è aggiudicata l'appalto per l'integrazione di sistemi di combattimento sulle fregate FFGX dalla US Navy Designs of the FFG(X) dai quattro contendenti alla RFP emessa dalla US Navy. Questo contratto comprende opzioni che, se esercitate, porterebbero il valore cumulativo di questo contratto a circa 125 milioni di dollari USA. I lavori appaltati nell'ambito di questo contratto comprendono:  il supporto ingegneristico per l'integrazione di sistemi di combattimento (CS); la pianificazione dei test,  l'esecuzione di un programma di test e integrazione di navi CS in mare,  il supporto ingegneristico post-consegna ai team di test governativi, i servizi di ingegneria per l'integrazione sulle navi, lo sviluppo di documenti del programma di test per navi FFG(X). FFG (X) è la designazione tecnica di una classe di fregate missilistiche guidate multimissione per la Marina Militare degli Stati Uniti, da immettere nella flotta a far data dal 2020, come integrazione delle fregate modulari “LITTORAL”.  Per le FFG (X) fu annunciata una Richiesta di informazioni del Dipartimento della Difesa degli Stati Uniti il 10 luglio 2017.  La US Navy ha selezionato cinque costruttori navali per far evolvere i loro progetti in un design prospettico per l’acquisto di venti fregate missilistiche guidate FFG (X).  Panoramica della classe: Nome: FFG (X) operatori: US NAVY Precedute da: fregate LIBERTY e INDIPENDENCE (attualmente in fase di rimodernamento; Classe Oliver Hazard Perry (ultima classe FFG); Unità previste: 20. Caratteristiche generali: Genere: Fregata missilistica anti aerea e antisom; Imbarcazioni trasportate: 2x Gommoni con scafo rigido Sensori e sistemi di elaborazione dati: COMBATSS-21 Combat Management System (derivato); Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar (EASR); AN / SPS-73 (V) 18 - Radar di ricerca superficie di prossima generazione; Sonar di array rimorchiato leggero AN / SLQ-61; AN / SQS-62 Sonar; AN / SQQ-89F sistema di combattimento sottomarino / anti-sottomarino; Capacità di coinvolgimento cooperativo. Armamento: VLS Mk 41 con missili STANDARD  Block 2 e / o; Planned SM-2 Block 3C ; Cannone Leonardo 76/62 Sovraponte (?) o Bae Systems 57/70;  Missili anti nave e contro costa stealth NSM Kongsberg); Lanciamissili Mk 49; Varie mitragliatrici; M2 Aeromobili Imbarcati: 1x elicottero SEAHAWK e RUAV MQ-8C Firescout. L'intenzione della US Navy di acquistare la prima FFG (X) nel 2020 non consente tempo sufficiente per sviluppare un design completamente nuovo; di conseguenza, la US NAVY intende che il progetto di FFG (X) sia una versione modificata di un progetto di nave già esistente e messa a punto.  L'RFI afferma: "Una competizione per FFG (X) è prevista per considerare i progetti di navi già esistenti per una nave combattente di superficie che può essere modificata per soddisfare i requisiti di capacità specifici prescritti dalla Marina USA."  La US Navy vuole una fregata che possa tenere il passo con le portaerei e avere sensori collegati in rete con il resto della flotta per espandere il quadro tattico complessivo a disposizione del gruppo. "L'FFG (X) normalmente si aggrega in gruppi di battaglia e gruppi di superficie, ma possiede anche la capacità di difendersi efficacemente durante lo svolgimento di operazioni indipendenti mentre è connesso e contribuisce alla griglia tattica della flotta."  Nel gennaio 2019 la US Navy annunciò che la nuova fregata avrebbe dovuto avere un minimo di 32 celle Mark 41 Vertical Launch System imbarcate per la guerra anti-aerea per le missioni di autodifesa o di scorta.  La US Navy intende aggiudicare il contratto per il primo FFG (X) entro il 2020.  Ne acquisterà una nel 2020 e una nel 2021, seguito da due ogni anno dopo, per una classe complessiva di 20 unità.  La US Navy desidera che la nuove fregate abbiano un costo medio di approvvigionamento unitario non superiore a $ 950 milioni ciascuna (valori del 2018.  ENGLISH FFG(X) is the notional designation of a class of multimission guided-missile frigates for the United States Navy, to be contracted from 2020, as a follow-on to the modular littoral combat ship. The FFG(X) was announced in a United States Department of Defense Request For Information (RFI) on 10 July 2017. The U.S. Navy has selected five shipbuilders to evolve their designs into a prospective design for the proposed twenty FFG(X) guided-missile frigates. ENGLISH 2020 shaping up as a big year for US Navy Future Frigate program 2020 will be a big year for the US Navy and its pursuit of a Future Frigate (FFG[X]) to provide the force with an up-armed, interoperable surface combatant to complement the existing surface fleet and allied naval capabilities. Growing concerns about the combat capability and survivability of the Freedom and Independence Class Littoral Combat Ships (LCS) has prompted the US Navy to pursue a new, multi-mission, highly capable surface combatant capable of integrating with US Navy and allied surface battlegroups.  As part of the request for information (RFI), the US Navy expects the FFG(X) will provide a capable, survivable and cost-effective platform, with an expected unit price of US$950 million ($1.32 billion) and capable of "aggregating into strike groups and Large Surface Combatant led surface action groups but also possess the ability to robustly defend itself during conduct of independent operations while connected and contributing to the fleet tactical grid". The US Navy expects the FFG(X) program will deliver 20 vessels capable of multiple mission parameters, including:   Destroy surface ships over the horizon;  Detect enemy submarines; Defence convoy ships; Employ active and passive electronic warfare systems; and Defend against swarming small boat attacks.  "The Navy is interested in the FFG(X) to provide Combatant and Fleet Commanders a uniquely suitable asset to achieve select sea control objectives and perform maritime security operations while facilitating access in all domains in support of strike group and aggregated fleet operations," the RFI explains.  As part of delivering these requested capabilities, the US Navy has mandated that the successful vessel be capable of supporting and/or incorporating key capabilities, including:  A fixed, phased-array radar; An 'Aegis derivative' combat system (COMBATSS-21); Capacity to accommodate a single MH-60R Seahawk helicopter;  Four cannister-launched over-the-horizon weapons; Integration of the Mk 110 57mm main gun system;  SeaRAM anti-ship missile defence systems; Accommodation for an MQ-8C Firescout unmanned aerial system.  In order to avoid price, research and development cost increases, the US Navy has sought tenders from a group of five established shipbuilders delivering evolved variants of proven frigate designs currently in operation with US or allied forces around the world.  Interoperability with allies including Australia, Canada and the UK is a core focus for delivering the FFG(X) program with a focus on integrating either a 'common combat system' or an interoperable combat system.  The design contenders include: Austal USA - Independence Class Frigate: A modified variant of the Independence Class LCS, incorporating additional anti-ship missile systems, a shortened flight deck and optional Mk 41 vertical launch systems (VLS) to exceed the minimum required by the US Navy's request.  Lockheed Martin - Freedom Class Frigate: Based on the in-service Freedom Class LCS, the Freedom Class variant incorporates a common architecture to the Royal Saudi Navy's multi-mission surface combatant, which includes eight Mk 41 VLS, advanced air search radars and enhanced combat capabilities.  Huntington Ingalls Industries - Patrol Frigate (PF4501 and PF4921): Two upgraded variants based on the National Security Cutter (NSC) design currently in operation with the US Coast Guard. The evolved variant includes a 12-cell Mk 56 VLS, two quad launch systems and incorporation of the SPY-1F air-defence radar. The PF4921 variant has been displayed incorporating the Australian designed and manufactured CEAFAR radar system.  Fincantieri Marine Group - FREMM Multipurpose Frigate: Based on the joint Italian/French multipurpose frigate program, it incorporates US-specific capabilities including the Mk 41 VLS and Mk 110 gun system with Aegis derivative COMBATSS-21 system.  General Dynamics/Navantia - F-100 Frigate: The basis for the Royal Australian Navy's Hobart Class Air Warfare Destroyers, the F-100 design delivers a common design currently in service with Spain and Australia and incorporates the full SPY-1D Aegis combat system, combined with a five-inch Mk 45 Mod 4 naval gun and 48-cell VLS.        The focus on a proven platform reveals the US Navy's desire to avoid "sticker shock" by getting the design correct in the early-stages of the program and also provides opportunities for Australian and Italian industry. Australian expertise developed throughout the design, build and integration phase of Australia's Hobart Class destroyers, combined with technical expertise in phased-array radar systems in the form of CEA Technologies and the CEAFAR radar systems that will serve as the basis of the Royal Australian Navy's future Hunter Class frigates' radar system, build on the US Navy's focus on delivering proven technologies and systems to minimise unit introduction, cost overruns and capability delivery.    CEA’s phased array technologies provide modular and scalable phased array products suitable for use in the maritime and land environments. The CEAFAR active phased array radar provides a multi function digital beam forming radar capability able to perform 3D volume search, surface search, fire control support, target classification in demanding, cluttered and jamming environments. Australia recently used combat system evaluation and missile testing operations for the HMAS Hobart with the US Navy to demonstrate the capability of the evolved F-100 Frigate platform, key Australian-specific components and capabilities and the capability of the vessel to operate seamlessly as part of a US Navy battlegroup through the co-operative engagement capability. The US Navy expects to purchase the first FFG(X) in 2020 with the first vessel expected to be in service from 2024, and the request for proposal (RFP) to be made in 2020 following the final definition of specifications for the FFG(X) program. FINCANTIERI MARINETTE MARINE FFG FOR US NAVY Recently the US destroyer USS Gonzalez (DDG 66) and the Italian frigate ITS Alpino (F 594) sailed together: the Italian Navy ITS Alpine frigate FREMM (F594) has arrived in Norfolk, Virginia, for its North American tour which helped Fincantieri, and Italian industry, to present the design of the FREMM frigate that Fincantieri is offering for the next US Navy frigate, called FFG(X). The Alpino arrived at Norfolk Station Norfolk and before making the first port call on its North American tour, the frigate met at sea with the US Navy USS Gonzalez (DDG 66) destroyer to carry out combined operations. The exchange of views was very beneficial for both the Gonzalez crew and the Alpino, giving a rare insight into each other's daily routine. The joint exercise was an invaluable opportunity for the two NATO partners. In addition to the passage exercise, the Gonzalez and the Alpino visited on board research exercises off the Virginia coast, allowing both crews to become familiar and competent in tactical maneuvers and communications. The Alpino ship technology and the SH-90 were fantastic to watch up close, said Caitlin N. Cannon, first class operations specialist Caitlin N. Cannon. After her stay in Norfolk, Alpine ship will visit Baltimore, New York City and Boston. The trip is designed both to improve cooperation between the U.S. and Italian navies and to highlight the potential benefits of Fincantieri-Marinette-Marine's new frigates for the U.S. Navy. The ITS Alpino has 16 Vertical Launch System (VLS) cells that can be upgraded to 32, can accommodate two helicopters and can combat underwater, surface and airborne threats. Commenting on the frigate's arrival in Norfolk, retired Vice Admiral Richard Hunt and Fincantieri Marinette Marine's chief strategy officer said: "The Alpine ITS demonstrates the proven versatility and capability of the FREMM class frigate. It provides a superior platform for the US Navy's FFG(X) competition and can provide great combat capabilities for our Navy in the short term and beyond. It will contribute to the defense of America and our allies. "The cutting-edge technology of the Alpine ITS provides the capabilities necessary for the FFG(X) to be highly lethal yet reliable and comfortable for the sailors who operate it," added Charles Goddard, former PEO Ships of the U.S. Navy and current Senior Vice President of Fincantieri Marine Group. "The FREMM's design will allow it to grow during its lifetime of service with the U.S. Navy with limited upgrade costs. This ship is a technical marvel". Fincantieri is one of five companies selected by the US Navy to develop conceptual designs for the FFG(X) frigate. Design The U.S. Navy’s intention to buy the first FFG(X) in 2020 does not allow enough time to develop a completely new design for the FFG(X). Consequently, the Navy intends for the design of the FFG(X) to be a modified version of an existing "parent" ship design.[3]:8 The RFI says, "A competition for FFG(X) is envisioned to consider existing parent designs for a Small Surface Combatant that can be modified to accommodate the specific capability requirements prescribed by the U.S. Navy." The U.S. Navy wants a frigate that can keep up with the aircraft carriers and have sensors networked in with the rest of the fleet to expand the overall tactical picture available to the group. “The FFG(X) will normally aggregate into strike groups and Large Surface Combatant led surface action groups but also possess the ability to robustly defend itself during conduct of independent operations while connected and contributing to the fleet tactical grid.” In January 2019 the U.S. Navy announced that the new frigate will have a minimum of 32 Mark 41 Vertical Launch System cells aboard the ship for primarily anti-air warfare for self defense or escort missions. The U.S. Navy would like for the ship to be able to: Destroy surface ships over the horizon, Detect enemy submarines, Defend convoy ships, Employ active and passive electronic warfare systems, Defend against swarming small boat attacks. Development The Navy wants to procure the first FFG(X) in FY2020, the next 18 at a rate of two per year in FY2021-FY2029, and the 20th in FY2030. The Navy’s proposed FY2020 budget requests $1,281.2 million for the procurement of the first FFG(X). The Navy’s FY2020 budget submission shows that subsequent ships in the class are estimated by the Navy to cost roughly $900 million each in then-year dollars. Contenders Six shipbuilders submitted proposals for conceptual designs to the U.S. Navy FFG(X) Frigate program. On 16 February 2018 the U.S. Navy announced that from these proposals they had selected five shipbuilders and awarded them each $15 million contracts to produce conceptual designs for the FFG(X). These shipbuilders were Austal USA, Fincantieri Marine Group, General Dynamics, Huntington Ingalls Industries, and Lockheed Martin. Atlas North America submitted the MEKO A-200 but was not selected for a conceptual design contract. Ship designs from these five shipbuilders will be evaluated by the U.S. Navy and inform the final specifications that will be used for the FFG(X) request for proposal in 2019 and a contract award in 2020. On May 28, 2019, Lockheed Martin withdrew from the competition. FFG(X) contenders: Austal U.s.a. (Austal frigate); Fincantieri Marine Group USA (FREMM); General Dynamics (Navantia F100 Frigate); Huntington Ingalls Industries (Patrol frigate - National Security Cutter). Fincantieri’s FREMM frigate design bulks up for the US FFG(X) competition WASHINGTON — To meet the U.S. Navy’s famously high survivability standards, the FREMM frigate design has had to hit the gym and pack on hundreds of thousands of pounds of muscle in pursuit of wining the Navy’s FFG(X) competition. U.S. Navy ships are built like linebackers: able to take hit upon hit and stay in the game. But that comes at the cost of extra steel. And in the case of Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri’s FREMM, it meant adding hundreds of tons of steel, said retired Adm. Rick Hunt, a former head of Naval Surface Force Pacific who now works for the Italian company. “We did, like all the competitors, monthly technical exchange meetings with the government to make sure we were as compliant as possible going into detailed design and construction,” he said. “One of the things that the Navy wasn’t going to budge on, and we agreed, was the toughness of the ship. So we added about 300 tons of steel on the design for the FREMM.” Bringing the ship up to Naval Sea Systems Command’s high standards for toughness was always a foregone conclusion for this competition, but packing on all that steel drives choices into the design, especially when the Navy is trying its best to get a highly capable frigate for less than $1 billion. Fincantieri’s FREMM is competing alongside three other offerings: General Dynamics Bath Iron Works and Navantia’s F-100 variant, which is roughly equivalent to a small Arleigh Burke-class destroyer; a modified, up-gunned version of the National Security Cutter from Huntington Ingalls Industries; and Austal USA’s frigate version of its aluminum-hulled Independence-class littoral combat ship. Lockheed Martin’s version of the FFG(X), an up-gunned, twin-screw variant of its Freedom-class LCS, was pulled from the competition in May. As for the FREMM, the extra weight eats into some of the extra space on the ship — its spaciousness is one of the defining characteristics of the platform. “[The extra steel is] going into scantling, ballistic and frag protection, the way the spaces are laid out: We’re as compliant as a DDG. That’s a lot of steel. The compartmentation, the toughness of the ship, the U.S. requirements that are different from the European ships — we moved around some of that extra space; it gets classified very quickly.” What hasn’t been compromised has been the modularity of the ship that creates routes for major equipment to be brought in and out of the hull so that replacing, for example, major engine or computer components doesn’t require cutting a hole in the ship, Hunt said. The berthing compartments are also the same: four- to six-person staterooms with private showers for each room. “The most you’ll see in normal steaming is four, it’s officer quality," Hunt said. "And that was a fight: That was a back-and-forth with big Navy and again an area that we came to an agreement on, and we’re holding do that.” Overall, the design they are working on is perhaps less roomy than its European counterpart, but it does maintain a lot of extra space and capacity for upgrades to the power and propulsion system in future FFG(X) blocks or with retrofit upgrades, Hunt said. For example, FREMM has the additional capacity to support an air warfare commander role, Hunt said, and could, with extra electrical power, support a larger 37-radar module assembly phased array instead of the nine-RMA array that’s in the FFG(X) requirements. “Be flexible in what you do right now, surge to more capacity as soon as we get that [requirement] and be able to grow the ship in lot changes should you need something even greater in the future,” Hunt said. Report to Congress on U.S. Navy Frigate FFG(X) Program, 18 october 2019
 The following is the Oct. 10, 2019 Congressional Research Service report, Navy Frigate (FFG-X) Program: Background and Issues for Congress. The FFG(X) program is a Navy program to build a class of 20 guided-missile frigates (FFGs). The Navy wants to procure the first FFG(X) in FY2020, the next 18 at a rate of two per year in FY2021-FY2029, and the 20th in FY2030. The Navy’s proposed FY2020 budget requests $1,281.2 million for the procurement of the first FFG(X). The Navy’s FY2020 budget submission shows that subsequent ships in the class are estimated by the Navy to cost roughly $900 million each in then-year dollars. The Navy intends to build the FFG(X) to a modified version of an existing ship design—an approach called the parent-design approach. The parent design could be a U.S. ship design or a foreign ship design. At least four industry teams are reportedly competing for the FFG(X) program. Two of the teams are reportedly proposing to build their FFG(X) designs at the two shipyards that have been building Littoral Combat Ships (LCSs) for the Navy—Austal USA of Mobile, AL, and Fincantieri/Marinette Marine (F/MM) of Marinette, WI. The other two teams are reportedly proposing to build their FFG(X) designs at General Dynamics/Bath Iron Works, of Bath, ME, and Huntington Ingalls Industries/Ingalls Shipbuilding of Pascagoula, MS. On May 28, 2019, it was reported that a fifth industry team that had been interested in the FFG(X) program had informed the Navy on May 23, 2019, that it had decided to not submit a bid for the program. This fifth industry team, like one of the other four, reportedly had proposed building its FFG(X) design at F/MM. On June 20, 2019, the Navy released its Request for Proposals (RFP) for the Detail Design and Construction (DD&C) contract for up to 10 ships in FFG(X) program (the lead ship plus 9 option ships). Responses to the RFP are due by August 22, 2019. The Navy plans to award the contract in July 2020. The FFG(X) program presents several potential oversight issues for Congress, including the following: whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy’s FY2020 funding request for the program; whether the Navy has appropriately defined the cost, capabilities, and growth margin of the FFG(X); the Navy’s intent to use a parent-design approach for the FFG(X) program rather than develop an entirely new (i.e., clean-sheet) design for the ship; cost, schedule, and technical risk in the FFG(X) program; whether any additional LCSs should be procured in FY2020 as a hedge against potential delays in the FFG(X) program; the potential industrial-base impacts of the FFG(X) for shipyards and supplier firms; whether to build FFG(X)s at a single shipyard, as the Navy’s baseline plan calls for, or at two or three shipyards; the potential impact on required numbers of FFG(X)s of a possible change in the Navy’s surface force architecture; and the potential impact on the FFG(X) program of using one or more continuing resolutions (CRs) to fund Department of Defense (DOD) operations for at least some portion of FY2020. (Web, Google, defenceconnect, Wikipedia, You Tube)