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Agora mesmo) Querido eu acho q o n caso e planos,ta muito dificil viu.. licança bjs
Sachi yr.. e hi hunda🥀💔 🙃 Baar aala toh ta koi frk hi ni penda ..pr jdo aapde hi parents e krde ne na odo dil te sat lgdi aa 😥 bala bura lgda yr...mrn da jee krda kde kde ta!! #sadiesink #alone #punjabiquotes
HOE ALLES INMEKAAR PAS IN AFRIKAANS. KLANKLEER: 1.1 VOKALE / KLINKERS a, aa, e, ee, i, ie, o, oo, u, uu 1.2 KONSONANTE / MEDE-KLINKERS b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, z 1.3 TWEEKLANKE / DIFTONGE Slideshow 1860475 by bayle
Shots of single letters of the alphabetical variety. Roman alphabet only. No words. No other letters, numbers or typographic symbols in the photo. However, Scrabble Tiles (Letters) are OK. No "interpreted letters". No photoshop type. No computer generated type. This is a companion site to One Digit and Punctuation, with a goal of making a "Flickr Font" that you can use to build sentences (manually, or through code). Letters to date. Please tag your photo with "oneletter" and the letter (use aa for A or a and use ii for I or i): A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Por Cecilio Bartolome para Desarrollo y Defensa Les presento una síntesis -según encuesta realizada- de los equipamientos necesarios para recuperar e incrementar las capacidades de las Fuerzas Armadas Argentina. Como podemos ver, lo presentado es un catalogo de productos. Esperemos que alguno de ellos puedan llegar a estas tierras. 1) Para la Fuerza Aérea a) Aviones cazas ligeros JF-17/FC-1. b) Aviones de transporte lígero Harbin Y-12F. c) Helicópteros medianos Z-9/H425 (incluye versión Naval). d) Helicóptero liviano Harbin Z-19 de Exploración y Reconocimiento (Derivación del Z-9) e) Helicópteros livianos multipropósito Z-11 (en pre-producción en FADEASA). f) Avión Xian Ma-60 g) Avión multipropósito supersónico FTC-2000 Mountain Eagle 2) Para la Armada: a) Destructores Tipo 052C/B. b) Fragatas Tipo 054A. c) Buques de operaciones anfibias LPD Type 071. d) Sistema de defensa aérea de largo alcance HHQ-9 (Equipa a los destructores Clase Tipo 052). e) Lancha San Je 1280 f) Buque Clase Houbei Tipo 022 Misilístico g) Guardacostas Guangzhou Huangpu g) Corbeta Tipo 056 i) Cañón Naval Gatling Tipo 730 CIWS de 30 mm (Clon del Goalkeeper) 3) Para el Ejército: a) Vehículos blindados Norinco Tipo VN-1 (8x8) -Multipropósito-. Torreta para defensa antiaérea CAS-SA5 b) Sistemas de defensa aérea de largo alcance HQ-9 c) Misiles antitanque HJ-9 (En sus diversas versiones). Misil antitanque HJ-12 Flecha Roja d) Sistema de defensa aérea (Tierra - Aire, con contramedidas electrónicas) FT-2000 e) Sistema MANPADS HY-6 de corto alcance. Sistema SAM Leibao-6C Sistema FB-10 de defensa aérea movil de corto alcance f) Sistemas de defensa aérea de mediano alcance HQ-12 (KS-1). g) Cañón antiaéreo doble Norinco Tipo 90 (35 mm) h) Lanzacohetes Norinco Tipo 69 (Multipropósito) i) Subfusil Norinco NR08 (9 mm Parabellum) Clon de la H&K MP5. Útil para las FFSS. j) Lanzagranadas automático Norinco LG3 k) Lanzagranadas Norinco LG4 (semiautomático de 40 mm) y LG5 Lanzagranadas LG5 (40mm) l) Ametralladora Gatling CS/LM12 (7,62mm) ll) Ametralladora Norinco Gatling 12,7 x 107 mm m) Escopeta Norinco 12 Gauge (Clon de la Saiga rusa) n) Fusil de asalto Norinco CQ M4A - 5,56 mm (Clon chino del AR 15) ñ) Vehículo VN3 - 4x4 o) Fusil de precisión Norinco CS/LR4 -7.62x51mm p) Fusil de precisión Norinco NDM-86 Semiautomático - Calibre 7,62 x 51mm (Clon del Dragunov ruso). q) Escopeta NH1 (Clon de la Remington 870) r) Fusil Norinco Antimaterial M-99 (Calibre 12,7mm) s) Vehículo Dongfeng EQ2050 t) Camión EQ2070FQJ Dongfeng v-Tiger u) Ametralladora CS/LM8 Mini me v) Vehiculo de asalto aéreo CSK002 w) Jeep Beijing Benz Warrior 2020 x) Vehiculo de asalto Poly P15 y) Cañón Norinco autopropulsado SH2 de 122mm Z) Camión Xiaolong XL 2080 Xiaolong XL 2060 Vehiculo Xiaplong P01 ZA) Fusil QBU-88 para francotirador (5,56x45mm) ZB) Fusil QBZ-95 bullpup ZC) Lanzagranadas WJ/FBQ-08 ZD) Vehículo MRAP VP-11 (Clon del Marauder) ZE) Vehículo Wolf 4x4 (Clon del Otokar) ZF) Lanzacohetes FHJ 01 /02 (62 mm) ZG) Cazatanques WZ-91 con sistema ATGM Hong Jian 9 ZH) Fusil antimaterial AMR-2 (12,7mm) ZI) Vehículo China Tiger APC
Il sistema periodico o tavola periodica si ottiene disponendo in ordine i diversi elementi in base al loro numero atomico, cioè al numero di protoni presenti nel nucleo. Il sistema periodico può essere letto sia in senso orizzontale che in senso verticale. Le linee orizzontali sono i periodi, le linee verticali sono i gruppi. Si possono individuare tre regioni principali: i primi due gruppi a sinistra, la fascia centrale dei cosiddetti metalli di transizione, gli ultimi sei gruppi a destra. Due sezioni particolari del sistema periodico, quella dei lantanidi, o terre rare, e quella degli attinidi, o elementi transuranici, sono disposte a parte, per una questione di spazio. I Lantanidi hanno lo stesso numero di elettroni del Lantanio nel guscio più esterno. Molti degli Attinidi sono artificiali. IIA GRUPPI IA PERIODI H Li Be Na Mg K Ca Rb Sr Cs Ba Fr Ra VIIIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He B C N O F Ne Al Si P S Cl Ar Ga Ge As Se Br Kr In Sn Sb Te I Xe Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Metalli di transizione Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir P Au Hg Ac Lantanidi Attinidi Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Como faço para chegar em Parintins? Primeiro você deve chegar em Manaus. Parintins fica a 369 km de Manaus. De lá você pode ir de avião (asa dura) em voos exclusivos da Gol, custando um fígado em uma distância Rio x São Paulo. Ou optar por ir de barco. Pelo rio você pode ir por barco de linha (bubuia). Você pode conferir os preços no site do Porto de Manaus , ou entrar em contato pelos telefones Porto de Manaus(92) 3233-7061 / (92) 3088-5764 / (92) 3088-5769 Se você preferir pode ir de lancha ( à Jato ). As melhores lanchas são a Cristal e a Mission Passione que são da mesma empresa ( conto aqui como foi a viagem EM BREVE). Terminal à Jatotel: (92) 3622-6041 / 99982-8170 / 99984-9091e-mail: [email protected] . Entrando em contato com eles você pode comprar por transferência bancária. Lembrando que é SUPER concorrido, um mês antes já fica complicado achar vaga. um dos diversos modelos de barco de linha Qual a diferença entre barco de linha e lancha? Os barcos de linha são enormes, com uma capacidade absurda de passageiros, onde você pode escolher em ir de camarote ou rede. Sim você leu certo. Rede. Você pendura a sua rede no barco e seja feliz (sem ar condicionado) por muitas horas. Esses barcos são mais baratos porém bem mais lentos levando quase 2 dias para chegar em Parintins e quase 3 para voltar. As lanchas ou à jato são meio que como um ônibus executivo, mais caras que os barcos de linha, tem cadeiras confortáveis, ar condicionado, e dois potentes motores. Fazem a viagem de ida em aproximadamente 8 horas e a de volta em 10 horas. lancha O festival de Parintins acontece sempre na mesma data? Até 2005 o festival sempre acontecia nos dias 28,29 e 30 de junho. Dias esses que até já serviram de letras para as toadas do boi Caprichoso, “é 28, 29 e 30, é 30, 29 e 28, é Caprichoso”. Porém nem sempre esses dias caiam no fim de semana. Por isso em 2005 através de uma lei municipal foi alterada para o último fim de semana do mês de junho. Assim mais pessoas podem aproveitar o festival por cair num fim de semana. São quantos dias de festival? De festival, apresentação MESMO são 3 dias ( sexta, sábado e domingo ). Mas muitas pessoas chegam no início da semana para curtir a cidade e o clima do festival. Primeira noite Boi Caprichosoprimeira noite Boi Garantido Onde me hospedar? Parintins não tem nenhuma rede grande de hotéis para você se basear. É uma cidade simples e pequena. Então muitas pessoas alugam casas inteiras ou suítes em Parintins. Escolhemos a nossa suíte no Instagram aluguel Parintins, tem lugar para todos os gostos. Agora tenha em mente NADA relacionado a hospedagem na cidade é barato nesse período.Você também pode conferir as indicações de hospedagem no Amazon Best Como faço para comprar ingressos para o festival de Parintins? O site oficial de compras é o Amazon Best . Lá você pode comprar e parcelar o valor em até 6 vezes no cartão. Você pode comprar passaporte para as 3 noites ou ingressos para uma noite só. arquibancada do lado do Caprichoso, e os camarotes ( maioria dos patrocinadores ) lá em cima Quando abrem as vendas dos ingressos? Normalmente em novembro / dezembro do ano anterior as vendas já estão abertas. Os ingressos têm preços diferenciados? Sim! São 4 tipos de ingressos e os camarotes. Você pode escolher entre:Arquibancada centralArquibancada EspecialCadeira tipo 1 Cadeira tipo 2 As cadeiras tipo 2 são as mais baratas e ficam bem na entrada dos carros no nível do chão. As cadeiras tipo 1 também estão no nível do chão e mais centralizadas na arena. Já escutei de muita gente que o melhor lugar para assistir o festival são os lugares da Arquibancada especial. Por que as cadeiras são legais que você fica mais perto do espetáculo, mas não consegue ver o todo de cima, já nas arquibancadas você consegue ver melhor o conjunto. Marquei no mapa os melhores lugares de acordo com o que já escutei. Muito pra cima na arquibancada não é bom porque a estrutura metálica do bumbórdromo fica na frente, ou até mesmo as caixas de som. Já os camarotes da Amazon Best tem capacidade para até 100 pessoas por noite e inclui, buffet, open bar e brindes exclusivos, já o precinho do passaporte de 3 noites fica em R$4.900,00 ( valor 2019) e também pode ser parcelado em 6x. em amarelo os melhores lugares da arquibancada de acordo com o que me foi relatado por várias pessoas, claro que quanto mais frontal melhor | imagem: site Amazon Best Resolvi em cima da hora ir pro festival onde compro ingresso? Você pode comprar direto na loja da Amazon Best que fica pertinho do desembarque do porto em Parintins, ou se ainda estiver em Manaus na loja de lá. Se os ingresso ainda não tiverem esgotados. Os ingressos esgotaram! Como faço para assistir o festival? Tv, vários bares e restaurantes transmitem o festival. Você pode batalhar por um lugar na galera, que é grátis, mas você tem que chegar cedo para tentar uma vaga na fila, os lugares são mega concorridos, e as pessoas acampam de véspera. Uma coisa que fiquei impressionada é o mercado de compra e venda de ingressos por cambistas. Além de totalmente descarado é espalhado pela cidade inteira. Impossível você não ver pessoas com placas de isopor com os dizeres compro/ vendo ingressos. Como sempre vale ressaltar que não se deve adquirir ingressos de cambistas, mas é um mercado real e bem forte durante o festival. fila para a galera do Caprichoso Tem ar condicionado no Bumbódromo? Então...não...pelo que fui informada só no camarote dos patrocinadores os que ficam lááá em cima. De resto é calorzinho gostoso, leve leque e se mantenha hidratada, com sorte um ventinho bate para aliviar a temperatura. Tem banheiro no Bumbódromo? Sim! Pode ficar tranquila. Mas sempre lembre que tem muita gente, então filas acontecem. Tem onde comprar bebida e comida no Bumbódromo? Sim e não. Lá não tem uma lanchonete ou restaurante para comprar as coisas. No bumbódromo, ambulantes cadastrados passam pelas arquibancadas vendendo de um tudo. Cerveja, água, refrigerante, chips de banana, batata frita, churros… sempre com um preço pra lá de salgado. Em 2019 a latinha de Brahama estava 6 reais. Lembrando que tem que pagar tudo em dinheiro. bumbódromo todo iluminado Posso entrar com comida e bebida no Bumbódromo? Sim. Se você não quiser ser extorquido por 6 / 7 reais uma água, ou 10 reais um potinho mini de batata frita. Se equipe antes de ir. Sempre com bom senso, não vai fazer farofa lá dentro. Pode levar pau de selfie para o Bumbódromo? Não. Tenha dó dos coleguinhas que estão em volta, afinal todos estão ali para ver o festival. Se levar, muito provavelmente vai ficar preso na entrada. Qual a temperatura média na época do festival? O problema de Parintins não é a temperatura em si, é a sensação térmica devido a umidade. Da uma olhadinha no gráfico. super confortável | Gráfico reprodução Weather Spark Que roupa devo levar / usar? Como me falaram, a mais leve possível. Se você acha que Manaus é quente, Parintins é mais. Basicamente todo mundo anda lá de short, chinelo e blusa ( de preferência do boi escolhido hahaha ). Minha única sugestão é trocar a sandália por um tênis confortável, tem muita poça pela cidade, além de começar a chover do absoluto nada, aí as chances do seu pé fica limpo mais tempo é maior.Já para o festival tem de um tudo, vestidos, shorts com camisa do boi ( modelo mais comum ) até pessoas com bodys de corpo inteiro eu vi, inclusive de veludo molhado. Não sei como esse pessoal não passa mal. lembrando que além de quente, Parintins fica LO - TA - DA Tem caixa eletrônico / banco em Parintins? Sim. Tem caixa de vários bancos como Bradesco, Itaú e Banco do Brasil. Além disso você ainda pode encontrar caixas 24h nos postos de gasolina. Sempre bom lembrar que devido ao grande fluxo de pessoas durante o festival pode ocorrer falta de dinheiro nos caixas. Bradesco bi-color Tem sinal de celular e 4g em Parintins? Então… esse quesito depende da sua operadora e da boa vontade do universo. Ter tem. Mas não funciona as mil maravilhas. Devido ao grande fluxo de turista a instabilidade no sinal é constante. Os lugares aceitam cartão? Sim, vários estabelecimentos aceitam cartão. Mas como comentei acima a instabilidade do sinal de telefone é um problema que muitas vezes afeta a opção do cartão de crédito nessa época em algumas lojas. Então sempre bom ter algum dinheiro vivo em mãos. Tem táxi, Uber em Parintins? Sim. Tanto táxi quanto Uber mas o principal meio de transporte da cidade são os triciclos, mais de 700 circulam pela cidade levando de 2 a 3 pessoas por viagem. Alguns com bancos duplos levam até 4. É super tranquilo. triciclos de Parintins Onde comprar camisas e acessórios dos bois? Te garanto que lugares e opções não faltam. Além das lojas, incontáveis barraquinhas estão espalhadas por toda Parintins. Os preços variam muito, então vale dar uma rodada rápida antes de decidir onde comprar. Algumas lojas tem modelos mais exclusivos de camisas como a Q- Boi ou a Lua Moça . Além das lojas genéricas, ambos bois tem suas lojas oficiais com todos os tipos de produtos. Loja Caprichoso Oficial -Blvd. Quatorze de Maio, 1652 - Centro, Parintins ( ao lado da Vara de Trabalho )Loja Garantido Oficial - Av. Amazonas - Centro, Parintins Vitrine Azul | Loja oficial CaprichosoShopping Perreché | Loja oficial Garantido tem incontáveis barraquinhas para você escolher algum acessóriofamosa e concorrida Q-boi Posso visitar os currais dos bois? Sim, sem dúvida. Os endereços dos currais são esses aqui Curral Zeca Xibelão - Boi Caprichoso120 Brasil, R. Gomes de Castro, 62 - Centro, Parintins Cidade Garantido - Boi GarantidoSão José, Parintins - AM curral do Caprichoso Certamente quando você passar por lá, verá pessoas buscando suas fantasias para o show da noite. E tenha bom senso, não vá com a cor do boi contrário aos currais, ou instalações oficiais hehe. o lance das cores é sério... Mais dicas!! E você? Já foi a Parintins? Conhece muito o festival?Conta pra gente que dica você acrescentaria no nosso super guia!Se você está indo agora, nos conte depois se o guia ajudou.Então é isso, não deixem de conhecer e experimentar essa festa tão única que é o Festival de Parintins!!
KU-BABA / BAU/BABA.. 1 SEVILHA.. 5 Sausga.. 9 DEA SYRIA / DEASURA.. 12 CIBELE. 18 O TRONO DE CIBELE. 24 CASTIDADE, CASTRADOS E PECADO NEFANDO. 25 KU-BABA / BAU/BABA Figura 1: Bau/Baba seated on a throne which seems to resting on water and is supported by water birds, perhaps geese. (…). Diorite. Dated around 2060-1955 BCE. Drawing © Stephane Beaulieu, after Pritchard 1969b:173 #507. Figura 2: Possibly the goddess Bau/Baba, seated on a throne flanked by palm trees and with two creatures, possibly water birds, at her feet. Terracotta. 2017-1595 BCE. From Ur. Drawing © S. Beaulieu, after Leick 1998. Bau/Baba, whose name sounds onomatopoeic (bow-wow), was principal goddess of the Lagash area, with its three cities, Girsu, Lagash, and Nimen. As "Lady of Abundance," Bau/Baba controlled the fertility of animals and human beings (Leick 1998: 23). [A very old deity, she is attested in documents dating from the period 2900 -2350 BCE] By the time of the famed Lagash governor Gudea (twenty-second century BCE), who called himself Bau's son (Frankfort 1978: 300), the goddess had become the daughter of An (Semitic Anu), the head of the pantheon. In Lagash, she was consort of the warrior Nin-Girsu, "Lord of Girsu"; he had charge of irrigation and the land's fecundity. In other places, her spouse was Za-baba, a northern warrior. (…) The four-day Festival of Bau/Baba at Lagash took place in the autumn, when pilgrims from other towns came bearing offerings. During the Festival, common folk and royalty made sacrifices to their ancestors, thus feasting the dead. Afterwards, they dined on the leftovers (Cohen 1993: 53-54, 470-471). Since mediating between angry gods/ demons and their human prey was a task that often fell to healing goddesses, they needed to have close connections with the Underworld (Cohen 1993: 149). (…) At the New Year, there was also a festival of Bau/Baba at Girsu, when a "Sacred Marriage" rite involving Nin-Girsu and Bau took place (Cohen 1993: 67, 75). According to Frankfort, Bau was dominant in the ceremony (1978: 297). -- "Going to the Dogs": Healing Goddesses of Mesopotamia, by Johanna Stuckey. Bau / Baba seria possivelmente o nome carinhoso da deusa mãe que enquanto deusa curandeira seguiria o exemplo das cadelas que lambiam os filhos para os manterem lavados e dos cães que lambiam as próprias feridas curando-as com a sua baba ou saliva. O certo e que o nome desta arcaica deusa ficou na linguagem popular tanto como «baba» / «saliva» / «escuma» como com o significado de «babá», a ama protectora da criança. Como esta deusa seria uma variante de Ki, Ninhursag, terá acabado como Ki-Baba ou Kubaba. Figura 3: Kububa, segurando uma romã na mão direita e um espelho na esquerda, aparece assim simultaneamente como deusa infernal e do amor, ou seja uma mistura de Istar e Ereshkigal. Museu das Civilizações da Anatólia, Ankara, Turquia. Kou-baba est la déesse reine de la ville antique de Karkemish, parèdre du dieu de l'orage. C'est une divinité de la fertilité. Elle joue un rôle dans les textes louvites et un rôle mineur dans les textes hittites, principalement dans les rites religieux hourrites. Plus tard, son culte se répandit et elle devint la déesse principale des royaumes anatoliens postérieurs aux Hittites, puis d'Hattousa. Elle est probablement à l'origine de la divinité phrygienne Cybèle. Depois, o seu culto espalhou-se, e o seu nome foi adaptado para a deusa principal dos reinos que sucederam aos Hititas na Anatólia, e depois evoluiu para a Frígia Cibel, como o demonstrou detalhadamente Mark Munn (Munn 2004). Inscrições Frígias com a sua imagem em esculturas cortadas na rocha identificam-na como matar (“a mãe ") e, numa das instâncias, Ku-bil-eja. Por outro lado, a deusa dos frígios parece ter pouca semelhança com Kubaba que era a deusa soberana de Sardis e foi conhecida pelos gregos como Kubebe (Herodotus] 5.102.1, como notou Munn em 2004). No período Arameu que se seguiu, Heba tornou-se Hawah, a Deusa síria das cobras e mãe de todos os viventes, que emergiu na Bíblia como Eva. [1] -- From Wikipedia. The Phrygian Mother is an Anatolian puzzle. She is the knot that joins Kybele, the Phrygian Mother of the Gods of Greco-Roman sources, to Kubaba, the divine Queen of Carchemish of Bronze and Early Iron Age cuneiform and hieroglyphic sources. Laroche's landmark study of 1960 argued that the former was the direct descendent of the latter, even though the development of her name, Kubaba > ? > Kybele, could not be readily explained. Since then this link has been questioned. Brixhe's work (1979) on Old Phrygian clarified the earliest form of the name of Kybele as the adjective, kubeleya, modifying matar. Taking his lead from the Greek epithet, oreia, Brixhe suggested that matar kubeleya was Phrygian for "Mountain Mother," and therefore that kubeleya (also attested as kubileya) came from a Phrygian word for "mountain." The corollary of this argument was its most significant outcome: the name of Kybele could have nothing to do with Kubaba. Most recently, Roller's study of the Phrygian Mother (1999) has reinforced this conclusion by emphasizing the iconographic distinctions between the archaic images of the Phrygian Mother and Syro-Anatolian Kubaba. It is time to unravel the knot and show that the thread from Kubaba does, in fact, lead to Kybele. The clue to this tangle is the recognition that the monuments to the Phrygian Mother all belong after the rise of the Mermnad Lydians, when Kubaba was a sovereign deity at Sardis, known to Greeks as Kybebe (Herodotus 5.102.1; Charon of Lampsacus FGrHist 262 F 5; Kuvav- in Lydian). Lydian, like Carian, and Lycian, forms adjectives by the suffix, -(e/a)li-. So from the name of Artemis (Lydian Artimus, Lycian Ertemi) come Lydian Artimalis, Lycian Erttimeli, meaning "The One of Artemis". A similar formation from Kubebe, *Kubeb(e)li-, with the addition of the Phrygian adjectival suffix, -eya, gives *Kubeb(e)leya, "The person/place of Kybebe". Contracting this, and simplifying the cluster -bl- (not attested in Old Phrygian) to -ll-, yields *Kubelleya. Kybeleia is attested in Hecataeus of Miletus (FGrHist 1 F 230) as the name of an Ionian polis (i.e., a "place of Kybebe"). The descriptive placename Kybeleia could become nominalized as the deity Kybele in Greek, just as basileia ("kingly person/place") became nominalized as the deity Basile. The corollary of this argument is its most significant outcome. The Phrygian Matar Kubeleya received her name from the Luwian family of Anatolian languages, the ancient home of Kubaba's cult. During the period when the monuments to the Phrygian Mother were being created, Kubaba' most important home was at Sardis, in Lydia, where Greek sources say she was called Kybebe "by the Lydians and Phrygians" (Charon). The "places of Kybebe" known in Phrygian as kubeleya were the natural or man-made cult places of this goddess who had become an expression of Lydian sovereignty. -- Mark Munn, "Kybele as Kubaba in a Lydo-Phrygian Context". Bel: “Senhor” Título de vários deuses cabeças de panteões locais. O termo recorre a Marduk da Babilônia, Assur da Assíria, e Ninurta na epopéia de Anzu. Belet Ili: "Senhora dos deuses", um nome para a grande deusa de mãe, Ninhursag. Era a deusa de Suméria do útero, figuras e formas. Os deuses pediram-lhe que lhes criasse os homens para que eles lhes cultivassem a terra e cavassem canais, e as mulheres de forma que eles pudessem continuar a procriar dos homens. Ela criou sete de cada raça o que deu como o resultado que, depois de 600 anos, as pessoas já muito numerosas. A terra ficou tão ruidosa quanto um curral de gado e o deus supremo Ellil não popia dormir. As pessoas também eram pecadoras, porque chegavam a comer os próprias filhos, pelo que Ellil decidiu acabar com a raça humana com uma grande inundação. "Afinal de contas, as pessoas também ficaram muito preguiçosas e deixaram de trabalhar para os deuses ". Ellil pretendeu manter este plano secreto desconhecido dos humanos mas o deus Ea (Enki) contou-o para o seu protegido Atrahasis o que aconteceria e como ele poderia se salvar por meio de um barco. => Belili: Um nome da deusa Geshtin-anna, irmã de Dumuzi, esposa de Nin-gishzida. Epíteto: "ela a que se lamenta sempre". => Belet-seri: "Senhora das terras abertas" (onde residiram os fantasmas), deusa que tomava conta do que acontecia no Mundo dos infernos. Epíteto: " Escriturária da Terra ". Baba - An alternate form of the goddess Inanna. Ki + Baba = Ki-baba > Kubaba. Se, em acádico, Bel era o título do senhor dos deuses Belet seria também em caldeu o nome de senhora! Então, Ki-Baba ou Kubaba terá sido também chamada alternativamente Ki / Ku-Belet, possivelmente com formas ainda mais arcaicas como *Ki-Wer-Ish de que terá derivado a egípcia Ta-Ver-et e a forma micénica Kubeleja, todas com o significado óbvio e comum de Senhora da Terra Mãe. O resumo pode ser o seguinte: Kubaba > Kubebe + (e)li = *Kubeb(e)li ( = The One of Kubaba) + -eya = *Kubeb(e)leya = "The person/place (= One) of Kybebe" > *Kubelleya > Kubeleya > Kybele. O conteúdo da informação dos estudos de Mark Munn não é passível de contestação mas os argumentos e respectivas conclusões são obviamente questionáveis. Mesmo assim, ficou por esclarecer se a aparente originalidade do nome de Cibele seria mesmo uma invenção linguística frígia! De resto, muitas das dúvidas levantadas contornam outras porque afinal a variante sibilina do nome de Cibele pode ter sido cretense e não anatólica porque não aparece na cultura hitita e aparece na Sicília. Na literatura e poesia clássicas, Hyblea é usado como um adjectivo relativo a mel. Uma das cidades antigas da Sicília conhecido como Hybla era famosa pelo seu mel; muitos associam este Hybla com as Montanhas Hyblaeas (figurativo do Monte Hybla) na moderna província de Ragusa. Le complexe montagneux des monts Hybléens est constitué de calcaire. Leur nom vient d'un roi sicule Hyblon qui régna sur ces lieux et concéda une portion de territoire aux Grecs pour bâtir Megara Hyblaea. A razão porque havia tantas cidades chamada Hybla na Sicília surgiu provavelmente do fato, mencionado por Pausanias, de que havia uma divindade local com este nome. (Paus. v. 23. § 6.). Um deus Hibla (ou deusa Hiblaea), a partir de cujo nome várias cidades sicilianas foram nomeadas, teve um santuário em Hybla Gereatis. Autóctone ou importada da Anatólia com a chegada dos sícules à Sicília, assim como os antepassados dos romanos e dos etruscos que chegaram às costas italianas, o que é duvidoso é que os sículos fossem indo europeus de origem continental porque fazem parte das listas egípcias dos povos do mar. Hybla or Hyblaea - Sicillian Earth Goddess. Ibla - Sicillian Godess of beauty, love and fertility . < Ki-| Wel < Ki-pher, a que transporta a terra (e a cidade) na cabeça. Cybele > Kubile > Hybla (d)ea = Hyblaea > Ibla. Se Hibla era uma deusa indígena siciliana à época de Pausânias poderia ser de origem sículo até porque os montes do mesmo nome aparecem na porção que se supõe ter sido colonizada por estes guerreiros da Terra Mãe! «Sículos» < Lat. Siculi < Grec. Σικελοί < Ki-kauroi «Sicanos» < Grec. Sikanoi < Kiki-na. «Sicília» (= Lat. Trinacria) < Grec. Sikelia, terra dos sículos ou apenas Ilha de Ki, a terra mãe telúrica e vulcânica do monte Etna. O Etna era conhecido na Roma Antiga como Ætna, um nome derivado provavelmente do grego antigo aitho ("incendiar") ou do fenício Attano. Os árabes chamavam-lhe Gibel Utlamat ("a montanha de fogo"), que mais tarde teria gerado a corruptela Mons Gibel. Literalmente ambos os elementos, árabe e romano, significariam "monte montanha", repetição que se não for mera redundância de culturas que se ignoram seria uma mania de grandeza siciliana com mistura de linguagens. Hasta inicios de s XX, por lo menos, era frecuente que la población siciliana llamara Gibellu a este célebre volcán; tal denominación local deriva de la presencia árabe en el lugar durante la edad media. En efecto, Gibellu o Gibello deriva de la palabra árabe ŷébel (monte, montaña). Aún en 2005, se llama en Sicilia Gibello o Mongibelo a la montaña; quedando la denominación Etna para el cono volcánico. Obviamente que Gibelo é que seria uma típica mania de grandeza italiana porque se reportaria a um monte tão grande quanto belo! Na verdade, o mito indo-europeu teria feito pouco sentido desde a origem se tivesse sido inventado por alguém que além de saber línguas clássicas soubesse também aramaico ou outras línguas semitas. É óbvio que o simples facto de existir um genérico árabe ŷébel para montanha deixa sem grandes dúvidas de que Ki-Bel-et teria sido o nome arcaico da Senhora do Monte que os árabes vieram a reencontrar na Cicília com o nome local de Gibellu onde já tinha sido também Hibeleia como foi na Frígia kubeleya. Na verdade, é bem possível que, tal como barbaru era um genérico para povos estrangeiros e desconhecidos, Ki-bel-ya fosse o nome genérico de terras desconhecidas e selvagens que começou por ser a Ibéria do Cáucaso a oriente e, muito mais ainda, a ocidente a península ibérica tal como pelo meio as Montanhas sicilianas Hiblaeas, porque à medida que iam fazendo parte do campo geográfico conhecido ia ficando cada vez mais distante como parece ter acontecido à Sibéria e ao vulcão Ki-lauea do Hawai.[2] SEVILHA Ora, pelo menos a ocidente, culto da “deusa Mãe” na forma mais arcaica da Virgem de Macarena foi perpetuada até hoje na profusão floral das “festas da semana santa de Sevilha” e nas “romarias do Rocio”. Sevilha teria sido mesmo o porto de difusão desta cultura arcaica de Cibele por todo o mundo. El nombre de la ciudad procede del nombre indígena tartesio Spal, que significa "tierra baja". Tras la conquista, los romanos latinizaron el nombre a Hispalis, que en época andalusí varió a Isbilia, debido a la sustitución de la "p" (fonema inexistente en árabe) por "b" y de la "a" tónica por "i" (fenómeno característico del árabe hispánico conocido por imela), de donde procede la actual forma 'Sevilla'. «Sapal» = • s. m. terra alagadiça > Tartéssico / Turdetano spal > • «paul». Sevilha teria sido um pântano e um «sapal» na sua origem como os locais de Romário das festas do Rocio? Seria esta a terra das garças de onde partiram os astecas? Este topónimo aparece em Portugal em transposições do nome da cidade andaluza, mas também existe uma Sevilha, em Tábua, que me parece uma designação de origem. Para deslindar a etimologia de Sevilha há que remontar a épocas anteriores ao domínio de Roma. Gregos e romanos adaptaram o vocábulo de língua desconhecida, ao qual deram a forma Hispalis. os árabes, adaptando por sua vez o topónimo já latinizado, chamaram-lhe Ixbília - de onde descende em linha directa o actual nome Sevilha. Onde não existe uma luz que nos abra caminho, há quem enxergue neste topónimo um vocábulo semita, pois que sefelah significa "chão, lugar plano", em hebraico, e safal significa "fundo, baixo", em árabe. a primeira acepção convém à Sevilha andaluza, a segunda acepção encaixa melhor na Sevilha de Tábua. (…) Resaltar a semelhança com das raízes Isp- e Esp- presentes em nomes como Espinho, Esposende e Espasante (Ortegal, Galiza), todos portos de mar. Há debates inconclusos acerca da até onde chegaram os fenícios cara ao Norte pela fachada atlântica peninsular. – jose cunha-oliveira. Blog: toponímia galego-portuguesa e brasileira. Na evolução do nome latino de Sevilha apenas nos falta o elo visigótico que teria sido Spalis. Seville was called Spalis by the Visigoths, Hispalis by the Romans who preceded them. The word, whose meaning is unknown, is almost certainly of Semitic origin, for the site upon which Seville is built was occupied by the Carthaginians from at least the seventh century BC. Isidore of Seville, whose Etymologies were written in the sixth century of our era, says Hispalis means "built upon posts," because his palis in Latin means "these posts." This is folk etymology, but curiously, a number of pine posts were found earlier this century beneath a building on Seville's Calle Sierpes, deeply embedded in the earth and probably dating from the birth of the city. They must have been used to consolidate the foundations, for Seville is built on marshy ground and used to be frequently flooded by its two rivers. (…) Spalis - or Ishbiliyah, as it now came to be called - was the richest city in Andalusia. – Ishbiliyah, Islamic Seville, Written by Paul Lunde. Tenha lá sido o que foi a verdade é que é mais fácil ir a Espanha a partir do latinismo Hispalis do que a Sevilha, mesmo seguindo caminhos árabes por Isbília! Na verdade, se os berberes que fizeram de Sevilha a primeira capital da Andaluzia árabe tivessem derivado o nome do visigótico Spalis nem com o fenómeno linguístico «imela» la chegariam! O mais provável que a cidade fosse sobejamente conhecida do lado de lá do estreito de Gibraltar e tivesse nome assim já do tempo dos fenícios. De facto, a constância fonética que encontramos nos nomes que esta cidade tem em diversas línguas do mundo não pode ser um mero resultado da época dos descobrimentos. Hispalis (Latin), Išbīliya (Arabic), Seviļa (Latvian), Sevila (Slovene), Sevilha (Portuguese), Sevíli - Σεβίλλη (Greek), Sevilia (former Romanian), Sevilija (Lithuanian), Sevilja (Serbian), Sevilla (Catalan, Finnish, German, Hungarian, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish), Séville (French), Sevilya (Turkish, Azeri), Seviya (Ladino)*, Sewilla (Polish), Siviglia (Italian), Sivilja (Maltese). Particularmente o nome maltês e sérvio parecem confirmar uma remota origem do nome desta cidade que teria sido sempre derivado do diminutivo carinhoso do nome da Deusa Mãe Cebelisha / Kubeleja ou da filha desta, Coré, a rainha dos infernos também conhecida nas baleares como Ibiza e que na cidade de Sevilha têm o grande nome da virgem de Macarena. Ver: MACARENA (***) O mais provável é que os romanos tenham latinizado o nome da cidade que já era localmente *Sevilija mas seria também conhecida entre os helenista como por *Hispolis, esta então uma deturpação do nome indígena de «sapal» que os fenícios teriam idêntico em sefelah e que seria o nome comum para pantanal, paul, sapal ou “terra de sapos”, dando em parte razão a uma tradição romana de que a cidade teria sido construída sobre estacas! Quanto ao “fenómeno característico del árabe hispánico conocido por imela” ele pode ser apenas o reflexo de uma realidade muito mais banal: Com a perda do cordão umbilical enxertado da romanização os nomes autóctones acabaram por se sobrepor aos nomes eruditos impostos pelas civilizações clássicas. Ki-Sa-| palu > «paul» | Hi-sapol > Grec. Hispolis > Lat. Hispalis > Visig. Spal ó *Hispália. ó Isbília < ? *Hispalia Sevilha < Cewil-ya < Kubeleja > Ki-| *Wilia < *Kilia | > «Cecília», a santa padroeira da música! > Sicília. Figura 4: Cila. Cila (em grego: Σκύλλα, transl. Skylla) é o nome de duas heroínas distintas da mitologia grega, que são às vezes confundidas. Uma delas, citada por Homero e por Ovídio, era uma bela ninfa que se transformou em um monstro marinho. A outra é uma princesa, filha de Niso, rei de Mégara. Virgílio é um dos autores que identificam as duas: ele menciona a filha de Niso como sendo idêntica à mulher que tem monstros saindo dos quadris. «Cila» < Skylla < Ki-kur-la > Sikilia > Sicília. > Cibila > Cibele. Ver: GALAUCO & POLUIDO (***) El Ki-lauea es uno de los volcanes más grandes del planeta y uno de los cinco volcanes que forman la isla de Hawái, junto con los volcanes Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Huala-lai y Kohala. Los nativos consideran a este volcán el hogar de la diosa Pelé, diosa del Fuego. Bom, importa pouco agora e aqui dar conta que a distante língua dos polinésios é uma variante arcaica duma proto linguagem aparentada com o grego antigo e que Pelé, Pheret, seria uma arcaica forma de Afrodite negra, uma Core, filha nocturna e infernal da Deusa Mãe Terra que daria nome ao vulcão principal do Hawai, Ma-una Kea, literalmente “senhora mãe terra”. Mauna Loa poderia ser “mãe leoa”, ou apenas senhora mãe feroz e felina e Kohala / Huala algo como a “montanha viva”! De qualquer forma, depois de sugerida a comparação é impossível não encontrar semelhanças etimológicas entre Ki-lauea e Kubeleja. Ki-lauea < Ki-La-Wea , literalmente “a terra de lava” < Ki-We-la(i)a > Kybeleja > Cibale. Porém, o étimo comum da equação Kubaba > Ki-Wer > Kybele é patente na mitologia de ambas as entidades como adiante se verá. No entanto esta equação semântica revela algumas redundâncias inexplicadas e passagens regressivas desnecessárias. Obviamente que não é necessário encontrar elos étmicos comuns para que divindades de nomes foneticamente desencontrados possam corresponder à mesma entidade divina porque muitos foram os teónimos divinos e ainda mais terão sido os da Deusa Mãe primordial. Onde a maioria dos teóricos tropeça é na forma como levantam o nome da Deusa Mãe em vão! Evidentemente que o nome da Deusa Mãe dos frígios, não poderia ser um mero adjectivo duma arcaica e sobejamente conhecida deusa mãe anatólica pela simples razão de que tal blasfémia nem sequer seria necessária porque ela era senhora de todas a graças e qualidades entre elas a de ser senhora duma miríade de nomes e funções, entre eles, Inana / Nin-Shubur! Ver: INANA (***) De resto, se aceitarmos que a própria deusa mãe Deméter era um sincretismo da egeia Gaia descendente de Ki e da cretense Reia, esposa de Uraz, teríamos que Kubelia seria o mesmo sincretismo fonético aparecido ocasionalmente na Anatólia. Obviamente que a devoção da deusa curandeira Ku-baba pode ter tomado uma forma particular no culto anatólico de Cibele pós hitita. Mas pouco sentido faz separar o que nasceu originalmente comum a partir do mesmo étimo telúrico da terra mãe Ki, e que só na exuberância aparente dos cultos posteriores parece diferente. Baba e Cibele são deusas infernais e da abundância e seriam curandeiras também. Em conclusão: Belet = Bel-et seria apenas o feminino de Bel e Belet-Ili seria apenas um epíteto de Ninhursag com o significado de “divina soberana”! Como Ninhursag era já um epíteto da Deusa Mãe, Ki, com o significado de Nin-kur-sag = “Sr.ª do cabeço do monte”, o divino Zigurate primordial, então podemos inferir, sem grande risco de errar, que a Deusa Mãe teve o epíteto de Ki-Bel-et / Kubaba-at possivelmente durante todo o neolítico desde logo também na civilização cretense e no mar egeu. Ki-Bel-et => Ki-Bel > Cibele. < Ki-pher, lit. «a *Kiphura que transporta a terra e o Ka da vida»? «A que dá à luz o sol»? < Ku-war, lit. «a barca de que transporta (a aurora)»? < Ki-Kur, a Deusa Mãe da montanha primordial que serve de suporte à cidade»! => Civil, o étimo e princípio semântico da civilidade. Esta conotação primitiva terá ficado sempre subjacente ao nome da divina Deusa Mãe razão pela qual o nome de Cibele é tido como significando, na língua frígia, de que pouco se conhece, “aquela que habita as caverna”. Seguramente que sendo Cibele a equivalente de Ki / Ninhursag, esta deusa seria a mesma que Nut / Taweret, a deusa que devorava o sol ao pôr-do-sol para, como Aurora, o parir pela manhã. Ora, não apenas os ritos da deusa mãe Cibele como os de Reia cretense tinham sempre lugar em cavernas junto a montanhas sagradas. Como se viu, Cibele teria sido também: Ki-Bel-et < Ki-Kur-At > Ka-wer-et > Taweret. «Zigurate» < Ki-Kur-At ó Ha-Phor-Kiki > Afrodite. Cibele < Kubile < Kubala / Kubaba > Kuba-bat => «cuba e cova». > Kibila > Hibila > Hybla. «caveira» ó Kau-Wer > Kawer + An = «caverna». Porém, antes de ser Cibele, Kubaba deve ter tido equivalência no mundo hitita. Kubaba (in the Weidner "Chronicle"), or Kug-Baba, or elsewhere as Kubau, is the name of the only queen in the Sumerian king list. (…) In the Hurrian area she may be identified with Kebat, or Hepat, one title of the Hurrian Mother Goddess Hannahannah (from Hurrian hannah, "mother"). Obviamente que Hannahannah < Hurrian hannah < Ki-an-Ki-an, se reportam a redundâncias litúrgicas arcaicas relativas ao monte Sião primordial e que teria acabado por significar mãe porque *Kian seria literalmente a Senhora do Monte que teria sido sempre a Terra Mãe. Do uso e abuso deste nome primevo teria aparecido o nome da suméria Inana. Hebat, esposa do deus omnipotente das fecundas tempestades, Techuva, seria formalmente uma espécie de Hera hitita, esposa do deus soberano e uma mera variante linguística de Kubaba ou Ku-Kaka, numa das muitas possíveis variantes fonéticas arcaicas, a mais arcaica das quais teria sido Ki-Kiki. No entanto, a forma de culto da deusa mãe sibilina hitita teria Sausga, o nome secreto e misterioso de Hebat. SAUSGA Figura 5: Shaushka, a deusa hitita da sexualidade aparece nesta figura como uma típica esfinge alada ou seja, como Ishtar com os atributos leoninos da Deusa Mãe! Shaushka, Shawushka, or Sausga (Hurrian) - “She Who is Armed”. Hittite-Hurrian love and fertility goddess of Hurrian origin. She was also a goddess of war and healing. She is depicted with wings and stands or sits on a lion. She also holds a golden cup symbolizing her role as fertility goddess. She was a central figure of the Hurrian pantheon identified with Ishtar. She was also known as the ‘Mother Goddess of Nineveh’. Sausga < Chavuska < Chuv-uska, esposa de Te-Chuve. < Shau-iska < Shaus Kika ó Kika Kaus. Sha-ushka < Kau(r)-isca < Ish-Kaur > Ishtar. Sabemos o quanto o leão era símbolo do calor escaldante dos trópicos próprio do seu habitat natural. Kika era naturalmente a arcaica deusa do fogo e Kaus o seu animal totémico, que neste caso era o leão, mas foi quase sempre a cobra. Não é clara a origem do nome da deusa Hurrita Shaushka aparentemente limitada ao mundo anatólico e à região síria subjacente. Os nomes divinos mais próximos foneticamente serão as deusas egípcias Seshatu e Sati. Seshatu, Sheshat = Deusa egípcia do destino, "Senhora da casa dos livros", secretária dos deuses, deusa da escrita e matemática e da arquitectura. Shait = destino Humano, que nasce e persegue a pessoa e fala por ela no julgamento final da alma no tribunal de Osíris. Sati = Deusa archeira que personifica as cachoeiras do Nilo. Também Satet, Satis, Saits. Sha = conceito egípcio relativo à protecção contra a corrupção da morte! < Ash-Ish-KiKa > Sha-Ush-Kiha > Sha-ush-ka. > Ash-Sha-tu > Seshatu, Sheshat. Ash > Sha + tu > Shatu > Shait. > Sati > Satis, Saits. Ishat seria uma deusa de origem étmica idêntica à deusa Shait e logo também à deusa Shausca, meras variante de Istar! Shaushka, Shawushka, or Sausga was originally a goddess of the Hurrians, "an ethnic group" which made its presence felt in the Ancient Near East during the third to the first millennium BCE. For a time in the fifteenth century BCE, the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni was a force to be reckoned with throughout the region. Eventually the Hurrians were subdued by the Hittites and the Assyrians (Bienkowski and Millard 2000: 150), but not before their religion had had an enormous influence in northern Syria and northern Mesopotamia. Indeed, texts regularly describe Shaushka as "of Nineveh," and we know that she was worshiped at that important Mesopotamian city for around 1,500 years (Beckman 1988: 8). Figura 6: Ishtar. Figura 7: Shaushka. The goddess Shaushka on a stela from the storm-god temple at Aleppo, Syria. Stela of the warrior goddess Ishtar standing on and controlling a lion. She bears weapons and wears a cylindrical crown topped with one of her symbols, a rosette. From Tel Barsib northeast of 'Ain Dara. Dated to the eighth century BCE. Drawing © S. Beaulieu, after Monson 2000: 28. She wears a long skirt, a cylindrical crown, and a multi-stringed necklace. She carries an axe in her right hand and, in the left, an object which has variously been explained as a weapon, a mirror, or a spindle/distaff. On her shoulders are what might be quivers. Dated to early in the first millennium BCE. Drawing © S. Beaulieu, after Gonnella, Khayyata, and Kohlmeyer 2005: 102. Her cult was also celebrated at northern sites such as Nuzi, Alalakh, and Ugarit. Her cult center was a place called Samukha, possibly in the northern Euphrates area. Her name, from a Hurrian root, probably started as a title, "The Great One" (Beckman 1998: 2, note 14). -- Shaushka and 'Ain Dara: A Goddess and Her Temple, by Johanna Stuckey. A egípcia Sati, enquanto deusa archeira, manifesta ainda relações funcionais com estas arcaicas deusas mães guerreiras e leoninas. A Egípcia Seshatu especializou-se na escrita do destino por ter ficado com as tábuas do destino e da lei como Istar, que as roubou a Enki. Por fim, há que concluir que o nome de Sausga entre os hurritas seria apenas a confirmação da relação desta deusa de mãe, irmã e esposa de Teshuve. Figura 8: Shaushka and her musician attendants Ninatta and Kulitta. From the famous open-air Hittite site of Yazilikaya. It is not clear whether the protrusions from her shoulders are quivers or possibly wings. Shaushka appears twice at the site, once in the procession of the goddesses (#56) and again in the procession of the gods (#38). Her ambiguous sex is the obvious explanation. The carvings have been dated to between about 1227 and 1209 BCE. Drawing © S. Beaulieu, after illustration on http://www.uned.es. Na verdade, as aias de Sausga mais não fazem do que revelar variantes do seu nome. Ninatta, significaria literalmente Senhora Atta, ou seja, Ishat. Kulita seria um elo étmico antigo que a ligaria a Istar. Kulita < Kur-ita < Kur-ish > Ishtaur > Istar. Texts describe Shaushka as similar to Ishtar, as an ambiguous goddess who supervised married love and harmonious relationships but, unpredictably, could turn love into a dangerous endeavor. According to Hittite texts she was of ambiguous sex also and given to wearing the clothes of both sexes. In addition, she could alter a person's sex. One ritual credited her with the ability to deprive men of "manliness and vitality," to replace their bows and arrows with distaffs and spindles, and to dress them in women's clothes. From women she could take away motherhood and love (Hutter in van der Toorn et al. 1999: 758-759). Nonetheless, one of her areas of competence was healing, especially in sexual matters. In magical incantations she was asked to remove curses and fight the plague (Beckman 1998: 6). Like most healing deities, she could both cure and cause disease or death. -- Shaushka and 'Ain Dara: A Goddess and Her Temple, by Johanna Stuckey. A origem cretense destas deusas acaba descoberta na figura seguinte onde Sauska / Istar aparece vestida como cretense. Figura 9: Damaged stela of the goddess Shaushka/Ishtar. She takes to pose of a warrior deity and carries a staff or spear in her left hand and, possibly, an axe in her right. There seems to be a quiver on her shoulder. She wears a split or diaphanous robe, and her pubic triangle is very prominent. Her shoes, turned up at the toe, are typical of the mountain areas of Anatolia and north Syria. Basalt. Drawing © S. Beaulieu, after Monson 2000: 32. Se era verdade que Shaushka tinha rituais em que se acreditava que esta deusa tinha podres para privar os homens da sua “masculinidade e virilidade”, substituindo os arcos e as setas da masculinidade pela roca e os fusos, vestindo os homens com roupas de mulheres então estamos perante o ritual de castração típico de Cibele. DEA SYRIA / DEASURA Figura 10: Goddess wearing an impressive mural crown and flanked by doves, probably Artargatis identified with Aphrodite/Venus. Relief from the temple of Adonis at Duro-Europos. Dated to around the 1st century BCE. (Bilde attributes it to Khirbet Et-Tannur.) Drawing © S. Beaulieu, after Bilde 1990: 175. Esta representação de Dea Syria confirma a razão de ser deste epíteto da Deusa Mãe oriental de indefinida correlação com outras congéneres Egeias e Anatólicas. No entanto, é evidente que os pombos aparecem em cima ao lado de Baba e o castelo na cabeça da deusa não deixam dúvidas quanto à sua semelhança com Cibele. Figura 11: Badly damaged sculpture showing Atargatis and her bearded consort Hadad. (…). He holds a staff in his right hand and something unidentifiable in his left. She sits enthroned between her signature lions, holds what might be a spindle in her right hand, and probably originally had a scepter or staff in her left. A veil floats down from her layered hat, which is topped with a crescent. Roman. Drawing © S. Beaulieu, after a photograph, source unknown. Figura 12: Limestone carving found in the courtyard of the temple of Atargatis at Duro-Europos, still showing traces of paint. Dated 50- 250 CE. (…). The goddess is flanked by lions, holds up her right hand in the blessing gesture, and likely held a scepter or staff in her left. She wears a high hat on wavy hair. What appears to be another bull peers over her left shoulder. Drawing © S. Beaulieu, after Binst 2000: 126. See also Bilde 1990: 167, fig. 2. Figura 13: Atarga-tis Atarga-tis' fish-bodied appearance was worshipped at the ancient middle eastern city of Ascalon (or Ashkelon) in southwest Palestine on the Mediterranean Sea. Inhabited as early as the third millennium B.C., the city was also a seat of worship for the goddess Astarte. Her consort is usually Hadad. Atarga-tis, in Aramaic ‘Atar‘atah, was a Syrian deity, "the great mistress of the North Syrian lands" Rostovtseff called her, commonly known to the ancient Greeks by a shortened form of the name, Derceto or Derketo and as Dea Syria, "Goddess of Syria", occasionally rendered in one word Deasura. She is often now popularly described as the mermaid-goddess, from her fish-bodied appearance at Ascalon and in Diodorus Siculus — a widely accessible source — but which is by no means her universal appearance. As Ataratha she may be recognized by the self-mutilation of her votaries, recorded in a perhaps sensationalist Christian passage from the Book of the Laws of the Countries, one of the oldest works of Syriac prose, an early-third-century product of the school of Bar Daisan (Bardesanes): "In Syria and in Urhâi [Edessa] the men used to castrate themselves in honor of Ataratha. But when King Abgar became a believer, he commanded that anyone who emasculated himself should have a hand cut off. And from that day to the present no one in Urhâi emasculates himself anymore." At Ugarit, cuneiform tablets attest a fecund "Lady Goddess of the Sea" (rabbatu at?iratu yammi), as well as three Canaanite goddesses — Anat, Asherah and Ashtart — who shared many traits and might be worshipped in conjunction or separately during 1500 years of cultural history. The goddess 'Atah worshipped at Palmyra may possibly be in origin identical with 'Anat. 'Atah was combined with 'Ashtart under the name Atar into the goddess 'Atar'atah known to the Hellenes as Atargatis. If this origin for 'Atah is correct, then Atargatis is effectively a combining of 'Ashtart and 'Anat. Terão sido as coisas assim tão simples? Desde logo porque: Athtart (Atar) + Anat (Ata) = Atarata. Athtart (Atar) + Anat (Ata) + Thirat ¹ Atarata. E por estes caminhos se poderia continuar podendo mesmo apanhar atalhos mais rápidos e mais simples como: Ashtar(t) + Attis > Atar-ash-tis > Atarogtis > Atarga-tis, etc.??? Atar + Ag(dos) + (At)tis => Ataragdis ó Atarga-tis ??? Num penhasco deserto, denominado Agdos, na fronteira da Frígia, Cibele era adorada sob a forma de uma pedra negra. Depois, porque as deusas fenícias referidas não eram bem assim denominadas mas antes: Asherah, Anath, Astarte. Depois ainda porque é forte a suspeita de estarmos perante um nome duma deusa que seria a verdadeira antepassada fenícia de Afrodite e possivelmente o nome a que certos autores se refeririam quando postulavam a origem fenícia de Afrodite. > Hator. Atarata < Ha-Tar-at < Ka-Kar-ki-ki > Ha-Phor-Thi-Te > Afrodite. > Ha-Thar-ka-te > Atargate. A fonética da origem taurina das deusas do amor não se ouve bem no nome de Inanna, mas sim no de Anat. Começa a ser explícita a partir da análise dos antecedentes semânticos de Istar. Tendo-se a certeza de que Irnini foi um epíteto de Istar então é possível inferir que este nome constitui o elo de ligação semântico que transformou fonética e nominalmente Inana na deusa guerreira e taurina, que já era ao ser uma deusa mãe leonina e "goddess of love, procreation, and war". Assim, mais do que evolução étmica estes nomes devem ter sido vítimas de corruptelas por homofonia durante a longa fase oral do culto destas divindades. > Sumer. Ashtar-tu ó Istar. > Ash-Taur-at > Hebr. Ashtoreth > Ashtaroth. Atar-ata < A(sh)-Taur- | Hata < Ki-at > Gat | > Atargat(is) > Ashtar-at > Phoen. `Ashtart > `Athtart > Atar. > Ugar. Athirat She is often depicted as fish-tailed, a mermaid, associated with moisture. As vegetation goddess of generation and fertility, she protects her cities; as a moist sky goddess in cloud-like veil with eagles around her head; as a sea-goddess she is dolphin-crowned. She had a sacred pool with holy oracular fish at her temple at the city of Ashkelon. As the partner of Oannes, she is mother of legendary Queen Semiramis, whose sacred animal is the dove, which Semiramis became. During Roman times celebrated by ecstatically dancing eunuch priests of the Dea Syria, and equated with the Anatolian Kybele, whose son Attis was often equated with Adon. As Sammu-rammat was evidently a royal princess of Babylonia, it seems probable that her marriage was arranged with purpose to legitimatize the succession of the Assyrian overlords to the Babylonian throne. The principle of "mother right" was ever popular in those countries where the worship of the Great Mother was perpetuated if not in official at any rate in domestic religion. (…) In Babylonia the fish goddess was Nina, a developed form of Damkina, spouse of Ea of Eridu. In the inscription on the Nebo statue, that god is referred to as the "son of Nudimmud" (Ea). Nina was the goddess who gave her name to Nineveh, and it is possible that Nebo may have been regarded as her son during the Semiramis period. (…) Semiramis was similarly deserted at birth by her Celestial mother. She was protected by doves, and her Assyrian name, Sammu-rammat, is believed to be derived from "Summat"--"dove", and to signify "the dove goddess loveth her". Simmas, the chief of royal shepherds, found the child and adopted her. (…) After her death she was worshipped as a dove goddess like "Our Lady of Trees and Doves" in Cyprus, whose shrine at old Paphos was founded, Herodotus says, by Phoenician colonists from Askalon. Fish and doves were sacred to Derceto (Attar), who had a mermaid form. "I have beheld", says Lucian, "the image of Derceto in Phoenicia. A marvellous spectacle it is. One half is a woman, but the part which extends from thighs to feet terminates with the tail of a fish." Derceto was supposed to have been a woman who threw herself in despair into a lake. After death she was adored as a goddess and her worshippers abstained from eating fish, except sacrificially. A golden image of a fish was suspended in her temple. Atar-gatis, who was identical with Der-ceto, was reputed in another form of the legend to have been born of an egg which the sacred fishes found in the Euphrates and thrust ashore. The Greek Aphrodite was born of the froth of the sea and floated in a sea-shell. Obviamente que o nome Sam-mu-ram-mat, escrito em sumeriogramas poderia ser uma forma ortográfica complexa cuja leitura fonética seria menos literal e mais próxima do que restou do nome por via helenista. Sam-mu-ram-mat < *Ash-Myra-Mat > Samiramish > Semeramis. Segundo dizem os órficos, Eurinome foi uma arcaica rainha dos Gigantes que governou o Olimpo ao lado da cobra Ofião, seu filho e marido. Na guerra da titanomaquia foi derrotada por Crono e Rea que os lançaram no mar que cerca os Oceanos. O nome de Eurinome pensa-se derivado do grego eurys "largo", "mar alto", e "nomos" que rege ou de “nomia", terras de pasto. Foi identificada de perto com outra Eurynome, uma das esposas de Zeus e mãe das três Graças. Eurínome foi a princípio o protótipo da Deusa Mãe Criadora grega e a mais importante divindade dos pelasgos, o povo que ocupou a região da Grécia em tempos pré-históricos antes da invasão jônica e dórica. O nome significa algo como "aquela que governa de longe", e oseu culto se espalhou por todo o Mediterrâneo, servindo de base para a maioria das religiões da região. Eurínome está associada ao mar e dentre os títulos atribuídos a ela, alguns são a Grande Deusa, Mãe Primordial, a Criadora do Universo, a Governanta, Deusa do Universo, Deusa de Tudo, e Aquela Que Se Move Na Eternidade. Figura 14: Eurinome em forma de peixe é morfologicamente parecida com Artemisa de Éfeso. "O rio Lymax (Depois do Nascimento) entra no Neda [na Arkadia]. Onde os fluxos se encontram está o santuário de Eurynome, uma velha mancha santa de difícil acesso por causa da aspereza do chão. Ao redor há muitos ciprestes crescendo muito juntos. Ali as pessoas de Phigalia acreditam que Eurynome é um sobrenome de Artemis. Porém, Alguns deles a quem chegaram antigas tradições, declaram que Eurynome era uma filha de Okeanos que Homero menciona no Iliada, dizendo que junto com Thetis ela recebeu Hephaistos. – Pausânias, Descrições da Gécia 8. 41. Se Eurinome era uma titânide pré-olímpica criadora natural seria que fosse a Deusa Mãe das cobras dos cretenses. A etimologia do nome proposta a partir do nome grego eurys "largo", "mar alto" apenas nos reposta para um deusa do mar como era de facto e por direito morfológico já que é a única deusa grega com cauda de peixe. Eurinome será assim apenas Irene, a verdadeira Mãe das suaves correntes da Aurora, ou um dos numenes, ninfas ou naides, dos bons fluxos marítimos da civilização cretense possivelmente correlativa em importância de Inana / Irinina. Supõe-se que Eurinome seria conhecida entre os judeus de Elefantica como esposa de Jeová com o nome Anat-Yahu (Anat-Yahweh) e que em sumério significaria a "pomba sublime" da Sabedoria. No entanto o nome específico desta deusa seria Der-ceto, a baleia Der, seguramente a cretense *Ker-tu. Ver: EUROPA(***) Derceto, (Dérceto, o Dércetis, según qué autores se consulten) es una diosa en la mitología siria, a la que representaban en forma de pez con cabeza, brazos y pecho de mujer; por lo que fue confundida con Dagón, que igualmente aparecía en las iconografías como semipez, aunque su parte humana era masculina. Que sepamos, sólo esta diosa y Eurínome fueron representadas por los griegos, entre las diosas femeninas, con la misma morfología anfibia. El hecho de representarla con medio cuerpo de pez se debe a la leyenda referida por Diodoro Sículo en la que Derceto (Dérceto) ofendió a Venus y entonces la diosa le inspiró una pasión ciega hacia uno de los que le ofrecían sacrificios en el templo (Caístro). De esta pasión nació una niña, Semíramis, que llegaría a ser reina de Babilonia. Después de nacer su hija, también por obra de Venus, acabó el amor que Derceto sentía por ella, y al que siguió el conocimiento de su falta y la vergüenza de haberla cometido. Derceto, llena de ira, abandonó a su hija, hizo matar al hombre a quien había amado y se arrojó al agua dispuesta a darse muerte, lo que los dioses no permitieron. Así dio origen a su morfología anfibia. Figura 15: Montfaucon's Antiquities. Dianas várias. At the renowned Nabataean capital Petra, Atargatis’s cult was not very important, but there is some evidence of the goddess’s presence there (Taylor 2002: 132; Lindner and Zangenberg 1993). She might have been identified with the Arabian goddess Al-`Uzza, the Venus star, who was the tutelary deity of Petra. Like her, Atargatis had a close association with springs and water. At Petra is a sanctuary that archaeologists named the Temple of the Winged Lions (Healey 2001: 42-44). It may have been dedicated to an Atargatis-like goddess (Hammond 1990). In the West she was usually called Dea Syria, the “Syrian Goddess.” Atargatis reached Rome during the first Punic War (264-241 BCE). By the time of the Roman novelist Apuleius, around 150-160 CE, the goddess’s begging eunuch priests had become notorious. In his story The Golden Ass, he described how a disreputable band of wandering followers of the goddess acquired Lucius in his donkey form and used him to carry the silk-bedecked image of their “foreign” goddess (195-199). The goddess he praised as “omnipotent and omniparent [all-generating]” (195), while he dismissed the priests as “lewd and very naughty fellows” (196). In the novel Lucius was restored to human form by the great goddess Isis (261-272). The variations in the iconography of Atargatis resulted from her being identified with so many local goddesses, as well as great goddesses such as the Egyptian Isis. A splendid Egyptianized statue of her, complete with encircling snake, stood on the Janiculum in Rome in the 3rd century CE (Godwin 1981: 158 Plate 124). From Hieropolis in northern Syria, then, the cult of Atargatis disseminated all through Syria, northern Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean area, and the western part of the Greco-Roman world, even to Britain (Lightfoot 2003: 59). -- Atargatis, the “Syrian Goddess”, by Johanna Stuckey. Figura 16: Bust of a fishy, watery goddess sculpted in high relief on a white limestone block. Framed by a scallop design. Goddess has wavy, water-like hair, huge fish-like eyes, and a veil topped by two fish. From the Nabataean temple at Khirbet Et-Tannur, Transjordan, and dated to the end of the 1st century BCE/ beginning of the 1st century CE. Drawing © S. Beaulieu, after Binst 2000: 182. See also Bilde 1990: 169. CIBELE Cibele ou Cíbele (do frígio Matar Kubileya/Kubeleya "Mãe Kubeleya", talvez "Mãe da Montanha"; grego Κυβέλη, Kybele, Κυβήβη, Kybebe ou Κύβελις, Kybelis), chamada Basileia ou Basilia (do grego Basíleia, "rainha") por Evêmero e Diodoro da Sicília, era a divindade frígia da Terra-Mãe, depois adoptada por gregos e romanos e sincretizada com suas divindades nativas. Walter Burkert, que trata Cibele entre os "deuses estrangeiros" na religião grega, nota que "O culto da Grande Mãe, Meter, apresenta um quadro complexo, visto que uma tradição indígena minoica-micênica foi entrelaçada com um culto tomado directamente do reino da Frígia, na Ásia Menor, onde era designada por Mãe dos Deuses ou Grande Mãe. Personificava a terra no aspecto mais primitivo e selvagem e era adorada no alto das montanhas. Era a Grande Mãe Terra, senhora da vida e da morte e a que garantia o fornecimento e fartura de todos os alimento. Assim como a grega Gaia e sua equivalente cretense Reia, com as quais veio a ser sincretizada, Cibele personifica a terra fértil. É deusa das cavernas e montanhas, muralhas e fortalezas, natureza e dos animais selvagens, principalmente dos leões e das abelhas. O antigo título grego, Potnia Theron, também associado à Grande Mãe cretense, alude a suas raízes neolíticas como "Senhora dos Animais". Era representada, frequentemente, com uma coroa de torres, com leões por perto ou num carro puxado por estes animais. Cibele é frequentemente identificada com a deusa hitita e hurrita Hebat, que pode ser a origem da deusa puramente anatólia Kubaba. Os gregos frequentemente combinavam os dois nomes, o anatólio e o frígio, para se referirem a esta divindade. A deusa era também conhecida entre os gregos como Μήτηρ Ὀρεία ("Mãe Montanha") ou Idaia, aludindo a uma montanha sagrada da Anatólia em particular, o monte Ida, ou ainda Dindímena ou Sipilena, com relação a seus montes sagrados Díndimo (geralmente localizado na Mísia) e Sipilo. Segundo os gregos, esta deusa seria apenas uma encarnação de Reia, adorada no monte Cibele, na Frígia e que em Roma era venerada como Magna Mater, "Grande Mãe" ou como Mater Nostri, "Nossa Mãe". O seu culto começou na Ásia Menor e espalhou-se por diversos territórios gregos, mantendo a sua popularidade até, depois de um augúrio da Sibila de Cumas, segundo o qual Roma não derrotaria o cartaginês Aníbal enquanto seu culto não fosse estabelecido em Roma, os romanos, tendo, para isso, mandado vir de Pessinunte, em 240 a.C., uma pedra negra que a simbolizava e lhe edificaram um templo no Palatino. Por isso, tornou-se uma das deusas favoritas dos legionários romanos e seu culto espalhou-se pelos acampamentos e colónias militares. Era identificada com a romana Ceres, deusa do grão que era uma contraparte aproximada da grega Deméter, mas que tinha características diferentes e era venerada com outro culto. Tornou-se uma divindade da vida, morte e renascimento em relação com a ressurreição de seu filho e consorte, Átis. Está também relacionada com a lenda de Agdístise.[3] Figura 17: Cibele Romana. O seu culto incluía manifestações orgíacas, como era próprio dos deuses relacionados com a fertilidade, celebrados pelos Curetes ou Coribantes. The Corybantes (also known as Galli, from the river Gallos in Asia Minor) were eunuch priests who followed Cybele with wild, savage dances and intoxicating music on her mountain travels. It was believed that they castrated themselves out of sympathy for, and in honour and imitation of, Atys, a beautiful shepherd who, driven mad by Cybele unmanned himself. Kotys, Kottyto era uma deusa grega da Traça adorada em festins báquicos. Cybele was involved with sacred prostitution, sacrifice in the form of castration and fertility rituals focusing on Attis, one of the many vegetation-gods. The cult of this Phrygian goddess has resulted in archeological monuments ranging in time from 6.000 BCE to the end of the Roman Empire, and recent finds have established that she was also worshipped among the Thracian peoples. In his work on the Christian Black Virgins and their origins, Ean Begg relates Cybele to the Ka'aba: "Her name is etymologically linked with the words for crypt, cave, head and dome and is distantly related to the Ka'aba, the cube-shaped Holy of Holies in Mecca that contains the feminine black stone venerated by Islam" Begg, p.57. Cybele, like the Ephesian Artemis and many other goddesses, was also venerated in the form of a black stone. Once this stone had been brought to Rome, both stone and goddess were worshipped in the Roman Empire until the 4th century CE. Greco-Romans as well as some oriental peoples worshipped the deity known as Cybele, Cybebe or Agdistis. Her full official Roman name was Mater Deum Magna Idaea (Great Idaean Mother of the Gods).. Cibele foi a grande Deusa Mãe Terra que os romanos trouxeram da Frígia, terra dos homens livres, para protecção da civilidade da sua cidade imperial. Monte Ida, também conhecido como Idha, Ídhi, Idi e agora Psiloritis, é a montanha mais alta de Creta, outrora consagrado à Deusa Reia, e na qual jaz a caverna onde Zeus se supunha ter sido nascido e criado. Outro Monte Ida na Phrygia era também sagrado à Grande Deusa Mãe Cibele, que, por isso era chamada frequentemente Mater Idae. Idaea,[4] era um dos nomes de Rhea por ser adorada no monte Ida, o mais alto de Creta. Em conclusão, Cibele seria uma variante do nome de Reha emigrada para a Frigia por lídios saídos de Creta, possivelmente na época dos povos do mar. Por sua vez estas deusas seriam uma evolução de Ki / Gea. Literalmente Cíbel < Ki- | Bel + tea = Beltia |. Beltia (babilônica) = "A Senhora", reinando nos céus. Seus adoradores exaltavam-na, dizendo que ela estava acima de todos os deuses e tinha a capacidade de aliviar sofrimentos, dar vida, alegria e prazer. Idaea = Ida-Eha, seria assim literalmente “a (esposa e mãe) do monte Ida < Idha | Ithka < Ishka < Ídhi > Idi > iti => (Psil-or)-iti(s). O significativo e o facto de mesmo a mitologia da latinidade manifestar antigas relações fundadoras com a ilha de Creta, coisa que na mitologia grega é demasiado frequente o que só pode significar que grande parte da tradição mitológica greco-latina teve origem na arcaica civilização cretense, mesmo que posteriormente tenha vindo a sofrer influencias doutros quadrantes e mesmo remanejamentos autóctones. ó Ki-Te-Ja > Kau-Ti-| asha > at = tu | > Kottyto. < Hi-Theia < Ki Gaia? => Kauti-ish > Ko-tys. Ma-g(i)na Ma-ter º Ma-ter Te(or)um º Ma-Theia > Medeia. Ver: OPS (***) & CERES (***) For one of these reasons Strife threw an apple as a prize of beauty to be contended for by Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite; and Zeus commanded Hermes to lead them to Alexander on Ida in order to be judged by him. --- Apollodorus, Library and Epitome (ed. Sir James George Frazer). No monte Ida na Ásia Menor Ganimédes foi sequestrado por Zeus; Anquises foi ali seduzido por Afrodite e, também ali, esta pariu Eneias. Foi aqui que Paris viveu como pastor, onde as ninfas viveram, onde o "Julgamento de Paris" aconteceu, onde os deuses gregos assistiram à Guerra de Tróia, onde Hera distraiu Zeus com as suas longas seduções para permitir aos Aqueus, com a ajuda de Poseidon, aguentarem os Troianos fora dos seus navios, e onde Eneias e os seus seguidores descansaram e esperaram até que os gregos partiram para a Grécia.[5] A importância mítica do monte Ida ficou atestada no “Julgamento de Paris” onde, nem por acaso, se decidiu o destino mítico da Deusa Mãe mais bela do universo! Idê, Dor. ida = árvore de corte para madeira ou lenha => lenho ou madeiro. Quer isto dizer que, pelo menos no plano metafórico, o monte Ida sempre terá sido um lugar de culto ao nome da Deusa Mãe, seguramente na forma de imagens de madeira. De resto, Ashera, a Deusa Mãe canaanita era representada por um tronco de árvore, a «árvore da vida», e o conceito do trono estava ligado ao poder matriarcal! No entanto é bem possível que esta relação com o monte Ida seja o resultado de um mero equívoco em torno do verdadeiro nome da deusa que antecedeu Cibele no controlo das chaves da cidade de Roma, porque o nome original desta deusa seria Cardea. It was only in the second century before the Christian era that the worship of Cybele, under that name, was introduced into Rome; but the same goddess, under the name of Cardea, with the "power of the key," was worshipped in Rome, along with Janus, ages before. OVID's Fasti. .[6] Ver: TRONO (***) & HULUPPU (***) & CARDEA(***) Um dos epitetos latinos de Cibele foi Dindymena domina "agite ite ad alta, Gallae, Cybeles nemora simul, simul ite, Dindymenae dominae vaga pecora, aliena quae petentes velut exiles loca sectam mean executae duce me mihi comites rapidum salum tulistis truculentaque pelagi et corpus evirastis Veneris nimio odio. hilatate aere citatis erroribus animum. – Catullus. Dindymena < Thinthy | < Dinadea, lit. “deusa Diana” |-Mean. The people of Dyme have a temple of Athena with an extremely ancient image; they have as well a sanctuary built for the Dindymenian mother and Attis. --- Paus. 7.17.9. Dindymenian = Dindymene(an), lit. «Diana ou Dinamene (= Din), a deusa (= dy) minoica (= meni-an)» > Lat. Dindym(us). Dindy < Dian(a)-Thu < Ki-Antu < Ki-(an)-Kika > Hideia > Idaea. > Tanat. The cult became one of the most popular during the time of the empire. The center of the cult in Italy was at Pessinus on Mount Dindymus. The annual festival held in her honor from the fifteenth of March to the twenty-seventh was quite a bloody affair. Figura 18: Cibele & Atis. Nesta lápide dedicada a M.D.M.I (Mater Deum Magna Idaea) [7]a versão latina do mito frígio de Cibele aparece suficientemente explícito para nos permitir concluir que se trata de uma mera variante do mito grego de Deméter, ou seja uma variante fonética do nome da mesma arcaica Deusa Mãe dos cultos agrários das ilha mediterrânicas. Os dois leões são também inequívocos símbolos da Deusa Mãe. A este devem estar associadas as expressões rituais da lápide anterior: «LCORNELIVS SCPIO OREITVS V.C. | AVGVR TAVROBOLIUM SIVE CRIOBO(-?)LIUM FECIT = o augure sacrificou touros e carneiros | DIE IIII KAL(endas). MART.». Notar que as «calendas», de que deriva o calendário, aparecem aqui numa grafia arcaica que parece a do hitita Kal, por sua vez derivado de *Kar, um deus etimologicamente correlacionado com Cardea e com Jano por sinal, deus do espaço e do tempo e do calendário a quem era dedicado o primeiro mês do ano e o primeiro dia de cada mês! Que tenha ou não sido assim, a verdade é que a deusa Ki, a mais primordial de todas as deusas da antiguidade, e mais amada das deusas sumérias, deve ter sido o protótipo das deusas mães de que Cibele seria a representante frigia senão mesmo um mero epíteto anatólico da Grande Deusa Mãe Terra que seria a egeia Gaia, a cretense Reia e a Telus latina. Agdistis < Agsthitis < *Sag-Tite < Kaka-Kiki > Kakish > Hecate»? Na verdade, existem dúvidas sobre se Agdistis seria nome da Deusa Mãe ou... de um dos seus filhos! A verdade é que são muitas as representações em que a filha de Deméter é representada com tochas como Hecate, precisamente em nome das suas funções de rainha dos infernos. Outra possibilidade bem mais plausível seria Agdistis = Ag-dis-tis < (Aka)-Dis-te(o)s < Ag-Dy-stis < (Aka) Ky-Asht < *Ki-ash = Ash-Ki, lit. filho/a de Ki = Attis => Ki-tu > Thithu > Dido, seguramente outro nome de Tanit. Cybele is often shown in a chariot drawn by lions. During the rites a pine tree was cut down and brought to her shrine to be worshipped as a god. On March 24 "the Day of Blood" the chief priests cut their arms and offered the blood to Cybele as a sacrifice. The lower clergy spun themselves about the shrine slashing away at their own bodies to spatter the deity's statue with their blood. The cult members all carried the statue down to the Almo River, a tributary of the Tiber, to be cleaned. Do nome de Cibele podemos inferir que o seu culto não passava de uma variante do culto a Ceres. De facto, as imagens mais frequentes de Cibele além do feixe de espigas loiras ao sol, comum a Deméter, apresentam a «bola» de pão ázimo que mais parece um disco solar. Na verdade, tanto poderia ter sido uma peneira como a pandeireta festiva que se supõe ter sido! De facto, Deméter, a deusa mãe de Korê/Perséfone, era deusa dos cereais, seguramente a mesma que Ceres. Nas «Cartas Fenícias» Rimon, o deus da romã, é casada com Shalla, que não era senão Ceres. Shalla < Shar-la < *Kur-la > Carla > Kalli? Ceres < Kerish, lit. *Kertu, filha do *Kur» => Ishtar Claro que a primeira aproximação étmica do nome de Cibele < Kiwel reporta-nos para Hiwel Ziwa, o velho deus mandaeno do fogo supremo! As cobras aladas e os colos de cisne das iconografias da deusa mãe mais não fazem do que prestar homenagem à reminiscência étmica da *Kiphura, a deusa mãe das cobras cretenses! Assim, foi uma poderosa Deusa Mãe de cultos sibilinos de morte e ressurreição e, por isso mesmo uma deusa de profecias e artes mágicas relacionadas com a herança arcaica do culto das cobras cretenses. Por isso as sacerdotisas da Deusa Mãe eram Pitonisas, não tanto supostamente por causa de Apolo Pítio mas seguramente por ter sido Afrodite Quitana a antiga deusa mãe de Delfos, Senhora do Pito. Os gregos davam o nome de Pitonisas a todas as mulheres que tinham a profissão de adivinhas, porque o deus da adivinhação, Apolo, era cognominado de Pítio, quer por haver matado a serpente-dragão Píton, quer por ter estabelecido o seu oráculo em Delfos, cidade primitivamente chamada Pito. Mas mais próximas de Cibel foram as «Sibilas» que por serem sacerdotisas da adivinhação fazem desta Deusa Mãe telúrica uma variante da deusa das cobras cretense. Ficou muito conhecida certa Sibila que habitava Cumes, localidade onde Apolo possuía um belo templo, embora inferior ao de Delfos. Afirma-se que, aí, a Pitonisa chegava a escrever as profecias do deus. Na verdade foram os escritos chamados "Livros Sibilinos", que mais tarde foram para Roma, onde eram altamente apreciados, tendo-se entregue a sua guarda a um corpo de sacerdotes, chamados Díumviros. Estranho é nunca se ter dado conta de que a cabala judaica seria assim a sobrevivência as sabedoria sodomita na pele da serpente do Paraíso perdido. "The Qabalah may be defined as being the esoteric Jewish doctrine. It is called in Hebrew QBLH, Qabalah, which is derived from the root QBL, Qibel, meaning 'to receive'. This appellation refers to the custom of handing down the esoteric tradition by oral transmission, and is nearly allied to 'tradition'." -- - McGregor Mathers, Introduction to The Kabbalah Unveiled. > Taweret «Cabala» = Qabalah < Q(i)B(e)L(e)H < Ki-wer-et > Kibel > Cibel. Cibel, a grande Deusa Mãe da Terra que recebe os mortos no seu seio e guarda os segredos das árvores mágicas da sabedoria da vida e da morte. O TRONO DE CIBELE Figura 19: Ki de Catalhoyuk, (a Deusa mãe em posição de parto?). Figura 20: Cibele em cópia romana. Que esta deusa era já formalmente Cibele prova-o o facto de estar coroada com a dignidade de senhora da localidade que a adorava. Sentada num trono cujos braços eram já as leoas protectoras de Cibele, a Matrona de Catalhoyuk era já um esboço da majestade com que a tradição romana posterior a consagrou! Magna Mater. "The Great Mother". An earth Goddess from Pessinus. The 'great mother' (of the gods), the Roman name for the Phrygian goddess Cybele, but also an appellation of Rhea. Maiesta. The Roman goddess of honor and reverence, and the wife of the god Vulcan. Some sources say that the month of May is named after her. Offerings were made to her in this month. Others say she is the goddess Maia. She is associated with Vulcan and sometimes equated with Fauna and Ops. Pois bem, Matrona < Ma-Tro-ana, a deusa do trono < *Ma-Kur-Ana > Macarena! Magna < Ma-Gina < Ma-Kina < Ma-Kali < Ma-Kur-la > Ma-Galla > *Megala *Megala + ash > Megalesia, Maya < Ma-Ki-ash > Ma-Gesta > Maiestas... todos diriam que estamos perante adjectivos comuns relativos à várias Deusas Mães quando na verdade estamos diante da mesma entidade de cujos variados epítetos heterónimos e invocações litúrgicas determinaram adjectivos tais como o nome primaveril do mês de «Maio» e dos adjectivos relativos à «magnitude» e à «majestade» que foram o apanágio desta deusa desde os tempos recuados do patriarcado que foi a condição política original da humanidade! Figura 21: Artemisa de Efeso, [8] a deusa que em vez do trono tem à cabeça toda a cidade! The Megalesia is the festival of the Magna Mater, or Cybele, whose sacred black stone brought to Roma from Phrygia on the fourth day of Aprilis. It is celebrated by Games and theatrical performances.The holy goddess Artemis, the most sacred of all in Anatolia, had a long history of evolution going back may be thousands of years. The earliest forms of Artemis statues were found in Catalhoyuk and Hacilar, central Anatolia. The most famous of all the goddesses and gods in Anatolia was Kybele, first known name of Artemis. Then the same goddess earned a wide respect and acceptance from Roma to Mesopotamia and even in Arabia. Arabs named her Lat, Egyptians Isis, Romans Diana, Ionians Artemis.. -- THE ARTEMIS TEMPLE (Ephesus), Copyright © 1997 Focus Multimedia. Cibele, a deusa Frígia da Anatólia, não era senão uma versão local de Ki, a arcaica deusa dos registos sumérios e que terá sido a Deusa Mãe da humanidade do neolítico. Cibele < Ki-Wer, lit. «a terra montanhosa» (caçadora e guerreira) < Ki-Pher, lit. *Kiphura das cobras cretenses < Ki-Kura Cibele < Ki-wer < Ki-Kur = Kiki-Ur = Ur-kika => Ø Sumer. Urash > Urat > Ulat > Lat + Ana > Latona. Ø Ruhiha > Rhea. Ver: CAVERNA (***) & AURORA (***) INANA (***) CASTIDADE, CASTRADOS E PECADO NEFANDO. Funcionalmente o mito de Cibele teve seguramente um papel importante na integração do matriarcado na organização patriarcal emergente depois da queda do império minóico! As fases deste culto evoluíram primeiro pela forma mais tenebrosa e arcaica de sacrifícios humanos de estrangeiros e de crianças em cultos de fertilidade agrícola praticados no tempo da deusa mãe das cobras cretenses *Kertu ainda presente entre os fenícios e depois pela prostituição sagrada ainda presente na cultura caldeia da época clássica. A tradição grega teria mantido sempre resquícios destas arcaicas tradições nos seus cultos orgiáticos paroxísticos nas festas dionisíacas. Por outro lado, a instituição da homossexualidade pederástica herdada dos cretenses terá permitido aos gregos equilibrar socialmente o intrusão do patriarcado numa geografia humana insular sem grandes nem graves conflitos éticos e sociais. Pelo contrário, a eficácia da organização patriarcal no progresso e desenvolvimento da agricultura e da pastorícia oriental terão impedido a sobrevivência do poder matriarcal fora de situações extremas e fechadas dos haréns que implicavam a instituição dos eunucos que os guardavam e que necessitou da criação duma mística capaz de tornar o instituto dos eunucos como digna e atractiva pela via da sacralização do fanatismo esquizofrénico da auto-castração em honra da grande deusa mãe Cibele. O terceiro dia da festa era chamado "dies sanguinis". Nele a expressão emocional por Átis alcançava o máximo. Cantos e lamúrias misturavam-se, e o abandono emocional levava a um auge orgiástico. Então, num frenesi religioso, os jovens começavam a se ferir com facas; alguns até executavam o sacrifício último, castrando-se frente à imagem da Deusa e jogando as partes ensanguentadas sobre sua estátua. Outros corriam sangrando pelas ruas e atiravam os órgãos para dentro de alguma casa por onde passavam. Esta casa era então obrigada a suprir o jovem com roupas de mulher que se tornaria assim num sacerdote eunuco. Estas festas seriam já a sublimação de arcaicos ritos de expiação colectiva ainda muito mais macabros e sangrentos celebrados na canícula do fim do inverno com sacrifícios humanos e de autoflagelação de que as festas xiitas islâmicas do dia da festa Ashur seriam a sobrevivente oriental e os flagelados ibéricos os sobreviventes ocidentais. Por outro lado há que suspeitar que o nome islâmico da festa do Ashur terá o martírio de Husayn ibn Ali como mero álibi. Na verdade, os sunitas também celebram o dia mas como sendo aquele em que Moisés jejuou pela liberação dos judeus do Egipto o que por sua vez seria uma herança recente do culto assírio ao deus do sol Ashur que por sua vez a sobrevivência de festivais muito mais arcaicos em honra do “deus menino” pascal, filho querido da Deusa Mãe *Kertu, pelo que inevitavelmente a etimologia dos nomes de ambas as realidades estariam relacionadas com o nome de Cibele por meio de Dea Syria / Deasura. Ver: A ORIGEM DO CANIBALISMO Ameríndio (***) No limite, estamos perante manifestações estilizadas e estigmatizadas de sujeição totalitária à ordem mafiosa da família patriarcal e aristocrática protegida pela grande deusa mãe que tinha por origem o poder inquestionável da camorra dos castrati e dos padres que aceitavam os votos de castidade. Estava assim aberto o caminho para um novo natalismo sem controlo de natalidade (que a pederastia iniciática helénica em parte permitiam, por actuar durante o período mais activo e fértil dos machos dominantes) através da instituição dos eunucos sagrados, castrados de facto no paroxismo ritual do "dies sanguinis" ou apenas em espírito e feitos monges com votos de renúncia a todos os desejos e ambições da carne. 8 Disse-lhes ele: Moisés, por causa da dureza do vosso coração, vos permitiu repudiar vossa mulher; mas, ao princípio, não foi assim. 9 Eu vos digo, porém, que qualquer que repudiar sua mulher, não sendo por causa de prostituição, e casar com outra, comete adultério; e o que casar com a repudiada também comete adultério. 10 Disseram-lhe seus discípulos: Se assim é a condição do homem relativamente à mulher, não convém casar 1 Ele, porém, lhes disse: Nem todos podem receber esta palavra, mas só aqueles a quem foi concedido. 12 Porque há eunucos que assim nasceram do ventre da mãe; e há eunucos que foram castrados pelos homens; e há eunucos que se castraram a si mesmos por causa do Reino dos céus. Quem pode receber isso, que o receba. – Mateus 19: 8-12. [1] Later, her cult spread, and her name was adapted for the main goddess of the Hittite successor-kingdoms in Anatolia, and later developed into Phrygian Cybele, as Mark Munn has demonstrated in detail (Munn 2004). Phrygian inscriptions with her image in rock-cut sculptures identify her as matar ("mother") and, in one instance matar kubileya. The Phrygian goddess otherwise bears little resemblance to Kubaba, who was a sovereign deity at Sardis, known to Greeks as Kybebe (Herodotus] 5.102.1, noted by Munn 2004). In the Aramaean period that followed Heba became Hawah, the Syrian snake Goddess and mother of all living, who emerged in the Bible as Eve. [2] Equações etimológicas demasiado complexas como a seguinte, são pouco credíveis: Los Moschi (Tubal y Mesec) mencionados por varios historiadores clásicos y los Sasper, sus posibles descendientes (nombrados por Heródoto), podrían haber tenido un papel relevante en la consolidación de las tribus de la región. Probablemente, el origen etimológico de «Iberia» derive de su nombre (Sasper >Speri >Hberi >Iberi). [3] Retirado Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre. [4] “another name of Rhea because she was worshipped on Mount Ida”. [5] Mount Ida in Asia Minor is where Ganymede was abducted by Zeus, where Anchises was seduced by Aphrodite, where Aphrodite gave birth to Aeneas, where Paris lived as a shepherd, where the nymphs lived, where the "Judgement of Paris" took place, where the Greek gods watched the Trojan War, where Hera distracted Zeus with her seductions long enough to permit the Achaeans, aided by Poseidon, to hold the Trojans off their ships, and where Aeneas and his followers rested and waited until the Greeks set out for Greece. -- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [6] The Sovereign Pontiff The Two Babylons, Alexander Hislop, [7] The formula D.M. ( = Dis Manibus; "dedicated to the Manes-gods") can often be found on tombstones. Então seria Mater Dis Manibus | Ivno = Imporcitor Indigites Dii Indivia Inferi Dii Inuus = Ivturna? [8] Imagem ciberneticamente «trabalhada» de cópia romana de um museu da Turquia.
A l'occasion du défi THE ASIAN WEEK organisé cette semaine avec mes neuf copines-blogueuses, j'ai réalisé deux desserts qui me tenaient à cœur depuis longtemps. Après le succulent malai kulfi aux pistaches et aux amandes publié vendredi sur le blog, ici, je vous propose alors mon deuxième dessert aujourd'hui (oui, je n'avais pas oublié l'autre défi du mois de mai, je vous en parle plus bas ! Comment ça je suis une fan de défis culinaires ?! :-) ). Ce sont des bouchées / boulettes vietnamiennes à base de farine de riz essentiellement et fourrées habituellement d'une pâte onctueuse de haricots mungo (appelés aussi "soja vert"). Une fois façonnées, elles sont généreusement enrobées de graines de sésame puis cuites en friture. Je garde un souvenir ému de ces boulettes, c'est un peu un souvenir d'enfance, voyez-vous... Mi-moelleuses, mi-croustillantes quelques minutes après leur cuisson, je vous en parle et je fais un bond dans le temps d'une bonne vingtaine d'années, au moins ! (Non, je n'ai donc pas 20 ans.) D'après les experts FBI de ma famille, l'ajout de patate douce pour ces bouchées ferait bien aussi l'affaire de nos papilles ... Mais je n'ai pas eu le temps d'obtenir ZE recette familiale alors ... à tester la prochaine fois ! J'ai donc trouvé une autre délicieuse recette de ces bánh Cam sur ce blog: http://www.hungryhuy.com/banh-cam-banh-ran-recipe-vietnamese-fried-sesame-balls/. J'ai voulu remplacer la quantité d'eau de la recette par du lait de coco de la marque Ayam, partenaire du défi THE ASIAN WEEK. Pour la garniture, j'ai choisi de tester la pâte à tartiner de coco de cette même marque. J'étais très intriguée par l'originalité de cette pâte et je n'ai pas été déçue: elle est toute douce, onctueuse, pas trop sucrée, franchement une belle surprise en bouche ! Elle peut aussi juste être tartinée sur une bonne tranche de brioche, un vrai régal à l'heure du petit-déjeuner ou du goûter. Bref, mon verdict après réalisation et dégustation des bánh cam est simple: très facile à préparer et trèèèès bon ! Tout ceci pour vous dire que ... Cyrielle et Marion, du magnifique blog Petits Pois , organisent la Battle Food #31 du mois de mai et je participe à ce beau défi avec cette recette ! Leur thème est tout à fait de saison, printanier, et en parfaite adéquation avec le nom de leur blog ! J'adore leur proposition ! "Ça n’aura échappé à personne c’est le printemps ! les oiseaux chantent, le soleil est de retour et il est temps de retourner dans nos jardins pour commencer les plantations… c’est pour ça qu’on vous propose de travailler autour des “petites graines”: graines de lin, de pavot, de sésame, de courge, de millet, de sarrasin… mais aussi graines germées… et pourquoi pas lentilles, haricots… à vous de faire germer vos idées." Voici donc la recette de mes bánh cam, bouchées crousti-moelleuses au sésame, saveur noix de coco! Vos essentiels pour 10 bouchées: - 12 cl de lait de coco tiède - 45 g de sucre - 1/2 cc de sel - 110 g de farine de riz gluante - 20 g de farine de riz - 20 g de farine de blé type 45 - 5 cs de flocons de pomme de terre (déshydratés, type Mousseline) - 1 1/2 cc de levure chimique ou baking powder - 8 cc généreuses de pâte à tartiner de coco - des graines de sésame Dans le bol de votre robot, muni du crochet, verser le lait de coco, le sucre et le sel. Mélanger. Ajouter les trois types de farine, la levure et les flocons de pomme de terre puis pétrir pendant 5 minutes. Former une boule. Couvrir le bol d'un torchon propre et sec et laisser reposer à température ambiante pendant au moins 2 heures. Après cette phase de repos, diviser la pâte en dix pâtons. Aplanir chaque pâton pour obtenir des disques de 8 cm environ de diamètre. Déposer une noix de pâte à tartiner de coco sur chaque disque. Rabattre les extrémités, les souder puis rouler chaque bouchée entre vos mains. Leur donner une forme bien ronde, ou plus ou moins ^_^. Faire chauffer votre huile de friture dans un wok ou une sauteuse. Dans un petit bol, placer vos graines de sésame. Badigeonner les bouchées d'eau avec un pinceau puis les rouler dans les graines de sésame. Les recouvrir entièrement. Pour optimiser leur cuisson, il vous faudra plonger les bouchées entièrement dans l'huile chaude pendant une douzaine de minutes. Une fois bien dorées, les poser sur une assiette recouverte de papier absorbant. Patienter quelques minutes avant le service. A déguster tiède de préférence ... Bonne dégustation ! * Merci Cyrielle et Marion pour ce thème ! * Et chez les autres participants ?! Cela se passe ci-dessous: Petits-pois.fr - encorunelichette.canalblog.com – lamedecinepasseparlacuisine.com – biodelices.fr –pinkteaspoon.blogspot.fr – enviedunerecette.com – petite-cuilliere-et-charentaise.blogspot.fr – framboises-et-bergamote.blogspot.fr – cooking-bonappetit.com –lescookines.wordpress.com – alatabledemamandine.over-blog.net – cuisine-addict.com –parfaimdaromes.blogspot.fr – floencuisine.blogspot.Fr – unepapayeverte.com – emiliesweetness.blogspot.co.uk – lebarathym.canalblog.com – des-recettes-a-gogo.com – cuisine.chez-la-marmotte.fr – delapeauaunoyau.blogspot.fr – histoiresdefruit.com –keskonmangemaman.blogspot.fr – quelquesgrammesdegourmandise.com –lespetitsplatsdedeborah.wordpress.com – delices-and-diy.blog4ever.com – byacb4you.com –radisrose.fr – andsowecook.com – virginiemoreau.canalblog.com – vg-tables.fr –yellowmustard5.blogspot.be – primrosecook.fr – mylittlecrea-ag.blogspot.fr – milicook.wordpress.com– rosenoisette – la danse des casseroles – le blog pause nature – mon p’tit coin gourmand – Ale – Sandrine – Nath de pourquoi je grossis – Zoé Magnolia – Aux délices de Vany – lemon and sardine –Nathalielielie – Miss Tchiiif – l’atelier de Steph et Lolie – Bénédicte douceurs maison – les recettes d’Amandine – Au menu du jour – alatabledaida.blogspot.fr – ladypastelle.fr – q-e-zine.blogspot.fr – cc cuisine – Paruline en cuisine – Gabie de Q-e-zine – Mamou and Co – Chapeau Melon – Laetycuisine –Julieremacle – La Godiche – cookingnco.com – cyriellegourmandise.com – jakleen-workshop.com –cuisine.voozenoo.fr/ http://recettes.de/defi-roule
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Description The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 (Russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-23; NATO reporting name: Flogger) is a swing-wing fighter aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich bureau in the Soviet Union. It is considered to belong to the Soviet "Third Generation" aircraft category along with similar-aged Russian-produced fighters like the MiG-25 "Foxbat". It was the first Soviet fighter with a look-down/shoot-down radar and beyond visual range missiles, and the first MiG production fighter plane to have intakes at the sides of the fuselage. Production started in 1970 and reached large numbers with over 5,000 aircraft built. Today the MiG-23 remains in limited service with various export customers. Design and development MiG-23 on display at Le Bourget. The MiG-23's predecessor, the MiG-21 (NATO reporting name 'Fishbed'), was fast and agile, but limited in its operational capabilities by its primitive radar, short range, and limited weapons load (restricted in some aircraft to a pair of short-range air-to-air missiles). The MiG-23 was to be a heavier, more powerful machine designed to remedy these deficiencies, and rival Western aircraft like the F-4 Phantom. The new fighter was to feature a totally new S-23 sensor and weapon system suite capable of firing beyond-visual-range (BVR) missiles. A major design consideration was take-off and landing performance. Existing Soviet fast jets required very long runways, which combined with their limited range, limited their tactical usefulness. The Soviet Air Force demanded the new aircraft have a much shorter take-off run. Low-level speed and handling was also to be improved over the MiG-21. This led Mikoyan to consider two alternatives: lift jets, to provide an additional lift component, and variable-geometry wings, which had been developed by TsAGI for both "clean-sheet" aircraft designs and adaptations of existing designs. The first prototype, called "23-01" but also known as the MiG-23PD, was a tailed delta similar to the MiG-21 but with two lift jets in the fuselage. However, it became apparent very early that this configuration was unsatisfactory, as the lift jets became useless dead weight once airborne. The second prototype, known as "23-11", featured variable-geometry wings which could be set to angles of 16, 45 and 72 degrees, and it was clearly more promising. The maiden flight of 23-11 took place on 10 June 1967, and three more prototypes were prepared for further flight and system testing. All featured the Tumansky R-27-300 turbojet engine with a thrust of 7850 kp. The order to start series production of the MiG-23 was given in December 1967. The General Dynamics F-111 and F-4 Phantom were the main Western influences on the MiG-23. The Russians, however, wanted a much lighter, single-engine fighter to maximize agility. Both the F-111 and the MiG-23 were designed as fighters, but the heavy weight of the F-111 turned it into a long-range interdictor and kept it out of the fighter role. The MiG-23's designers kept the MiG-23 light enough to dogfight with enemy fighters. The U.S. Air Force operated a small number of MiG-23s, officially designated YF-113, as both test and evaluation aircraft and in an aggressor role for fighter pilot training, from 1977 through 1988 in a program codenamed "Constant Peg".[1] [edit] First-generation * Ye-231 (Flogger-A) was the prototype built for testing, and it lacked the sawtooth leading edge that later appeared on all MiG-23/-27 models. This experimental model was the common basic design that both the MiG-23/-27 and Sukhoi Su-24 were based on, but the Su-24 experienced much greater modification. * MiG-23 (Flogger-A) was the pre-production model that lacked the hardpoints on later production versions, but the sawtooth leading edge appeared on this model, and it was also armed with guns. This model marked the divergence of the MiG-23/-27 and Su-24 from their common ancestor. * MiG-23S (Flogger-A) was the initial production variant. Only around 60 were built between 1969 and 1970. These aircraft were used for both flight and operational testing. The MiG-23S had an improved R-27F2-300 turbojet engine with a maximum thrust of 9980 kp. As the Sapfir-23 radar was delayed, the aircraft were installed with the S-21 weapons control system with the RP-22SM radar—basically the same weapons system as in the MiG-21MF/bis. A twin-barreled 23 mm GSh-23L gun with 200 rounds of ammunition was fitted under the fuselage. This variant suffered from various teething problems and was never fielded as an operational fighter. * MiG-23SM (Flogger-A) was the second pre-production variant, which was also known as the MiG-23 Type 1971. It was considerably modified compared to the MiG-23S: it had the full S-23 weapons suite, featuring a Sapfir-23L radar coupled with Vympel R-23R (NATO: AA-7 'Apex') BVR missiles. It also had a further improved R-27F2M-300 (later redesignated Khatchaturov R-29-300) engine with a maximum thrust of 12,000 kp. The modified "type 2" wing had an increased wing area and a larger sawtooth leading edge. The slats were deleted and wing sweep was increased by 2.5 degrees; wing positions were changed to 18.5, 47.5 and 74.5 degrees, respectively. The tail fin was moved further aft, and an extra fuel tank was added to the rear fuselage, as in the two-seat variant (see below). Around 80 examples were manufactured. The overall reliability was increased over the previous variant, but the Sapfir radar still proved to be immature. MiG-23M Flogger-B on display at the Museum of the Great Patriotic war in Kiev. * MiG-23M ('Flogger-B) This variant first flew on June 1972. It was the first truly mass-produced version of the MiG-23, and the first VVS fighter to feature look-down/shoot-down capabilities (although this capability was initially very limited). The wing was modified again and now featured leading-edge slats. The R-29-300 (R-29A) engine was now rated for 12,500 kp. It finally had the definitive sensor suite: an improved Sapfir-23D (NATO: 'High Lark') radar, a TP-23 infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor and an ASP-23D gunsight. The 'High Lark' radar had a detection range of some 45 km against a high-flying, fighter-sized target. It was not a true Doppler radar but instead utilized the less effective "envelope detection" technique, similar to some radars on Western fighters of the 1960s. * MiG-23MF (Flogger-B) This was an export derivative of the MiG-23M originally intended to be exported to Warsaw Pact countries, but it was also sold to many other allies and clients, as most export customers were dissatisfied with the rather primitive MiG-23MS. It actually came in two versions. The first one was sold to Warsaw Pact allies, and it was essentially identical to Soviet MiG-23M, with small changes in "identify friend or foe" (IFF) transponders and communications equipment. The second variant was sold outside Eastern Europe and it had a different IFF and communications suite (usually with the datalink removed), and downgraded radar, which lacked the electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM) features and modes of the baseline 'High Lark'. This variant was more popular abroad than the MiG-23MS and considerable numbers were exported, especially to the Middle East. The infrared system had a detection range of around 30 km against high-flying bombers, but less for fighter-sized targets. The aircraft was also equipped with a Lasur-SMA datalink. The standard armament consisted of two radar- or infrared-guided Vympel R-23 (NATO: AA-7 'Apex') BVR missiles and two Molniya R-60 (NATO: AA-8 'Aphid') short-ranged infrared missiles. From 1974 onwards, double pylons were installed for the R-60s, enabling up to four missiles to be carried. Bombs, rockets and missiles could be carried for ground attack. Later, compatibility for the radio-guided Kh-23 (NATO: AS-7 'Kerry') ground-attack missile was added. Most Soviet MiGs were also wired to carry tactical nuclear weapons. Some 1300 MiG-23Ms were produced for the Soviet Air Force (VVS) and Soviet Air Defense Forces (PVO Strany) between 1972 and 1978. It was the most important Soviet fighter type from the mid-to-late 1970s. * MiG-23U ('Flogger-C) The MiG-23U was a twin-seat training variant. It was based on the MiG-23S, but featured a lengthened cockpit with a second crew station behind the first. One forward fuel tank was removed to accommodate an extra seat—this was compensated for by adding a new fuel tank in the rear fuselage. The MiG-23U had the S-21 weapon system, although the radar was later mostly removed. During its production run, both its wings and engine were improved to the MiG-23M standard. Production began at Irkutsk in 1971 and eventually converted to the MiG-23UB. * MiG-23UB ('Flogger-C) Very similar to MiG-23U except that the R-29-300 turbojet engine replaced the older R-27 installed in the MiG-23U. Production continued until 1985 (for the export variant). A total of 769 examples were built, including conversions from the MiG-23U. * MiG-23MP ('Flogger-E) Similar to the MiG-23MS (described below), but produced in much fewer numbers and was never exported. Virtually identical to MiG-23MS except the addition of a dielectric head above the pylon, which was often associated with the ground-attack versions—for which it might have been a developmental prototype. * MiG-23MS ('Flogger-E) This was an export variant, as the '70s MiG-23M was considered too advanced to be exported to Third World countries. It was otherwise similar to MiG-23M, but it had the S-21 standard weapon system, with a RP-22SM (NATO: 'Jay Bird') radar in a smaller radome, and the IRST was removed. Obviously, this variant had no BVR capability, and the only air-to-air missiles it was capable of using were the R-3S (NATO: AA-2a 'Atoll') and R-60 (NATO: AA-8 'Aphid') IR-guided missiles and the R-3R (NATO: AA-2d 'Atoll') semi-active radar homing (SARH) missile. The avionics suite was very basic. This variant was produced between 1973 and 1978 and exported principally to North Africa and the Middle East. [edit] Second-generation * MiG-23P ('Flogger-G) This was a specialized air-defense interceptor variant developed for the PVO Strany. It had the same airframe and powerplant as the MiG-23ML, but there is a cut-back fin root fillet instead of the original extended one on other models. Its avionics suite was improved to meet PVO requirements and mission profiles. Its radar was the improved Sapfir-23P, which could be used in conjunction with the gunsight for better look-down/shoot-down capabilities to counter increasing low-level threats like cruise missiles. The IRST, however, was absent. The autopilot included a new digital computer, and it was linked with the Lasur-M datalink. This enabled ground-controlled interception (GCI) ground stations to steer the aircraft towards the target; in such an intercept, all the pilot had to do was control the engine and use the weapons. The MiG-23P was the most numerous PVO interceptor in the 1980s. Around 500 aircraft were manufactured between 1978 and 1981. The MiG-23P was never exported and served only within the PVO in Soviet service. * MiG-23bis ('Flogger-G) Similar to the MiG-23P except the IRST was restored and the cumbersome radar scope was eliminated because all of the information it provided could be displayed on the new head-up display (HUD). * MiG-23ML. The early Flogger variants were intended to be used in high-speed missile attacks, but it was soon noticed that fighters often had to engage in more stressful close-in combat. Early production aircraft had actually suffered cracks in the fuselage during their service career. Maneuverability of the aircraft was also criticized. A considerable redesign of the airframe was performed, resulting in the MiG-23ML (L – lightweight), which made it in some ways a new aircraft. Empty weight was reduced by 1250 kg, which was achieved partly by removing a rear fuselage fuel tank. Aerodynamics were refined for less drag. The dorsal fin extension was removed. The undercarriage was redesigned, resulting in a lowered nose attitude on the ground. The airframe was now rated for a g-limit of 8.5, compared to 8 g for the early generation MiG-23M/MF 'Flogger-B'. A new engine model, the R-35F-300, now provided a maximum dry thrust of 8550 kp, and 13,000 kp with afterburner. This led to a considerable improvement in maneuverability and thrust-to-weight ratio. The avionics set was considerably improved as well. The S-23ML standard included Sapfir-23ML radar and TP-23ML IRST. The new radar was more reliable and a had maximum detection range of about 65 km against a fighter-sized target (25 km in look-down mode). The navigation suite received a new, much improved autopilot. New radio and datalink systems were also installed. The prototype of this variant first flew in 1976 and production began 1978. Soviet MiG-23MLA Flogger-G * MiG-23MLA ('Flogger-G) The later production variant of the 'ML' was redesignated the 'MLA'. Externally, the 'MLA' was identical to 'ML'. Internally, the 'MLA' had an improved radar with better ECM resistance, which made co-operative group search operations possible as the radars would now not jam each other. It also had a new ASP-17ML HUD/gunsight, and the capability to fire improved Vympel R-24R/T missiles. Between 1978 and 1982, around 1100 'ML/MLA's were built for both the Soviet Air Force and export customers. As with the MiG-23MF, there were two different MiG-23ML sub-variants for export: the first version was sold to Warsaw Pact countries and was very similar to Soviet aircraft. The second variant had downgraded radar and it was sold to Third World allies. Soviet MiG-23MLD Flogger-K * MiG-23MLD ('Flogger-K) The MiG-23MLD was the ultimate fighter variant of the MiG-23. The main focus of the upgrade was to improve maneuverability, especially during high angles of attack (AoA).The pitot boom was equipped with vortex generators, and the wing's notched leading edge roots were 'saw-toothed' to act as vortex generators as well. The flight-control system was modified to improve handling and safety in high-AoA maneuvers. Significant improvements were made in avionics and survivability: the Sapfir-23MLA-II featured improved modes for look-down/shoot-down and close-in fighting. A new SPO-15L radar warning receiver was installed, along with chaff/flare dispensers. The new and very effective Vympel R-73 (NATO: AA-11 'Archer') short-range air-to-air missile was added to inventory. No new-build 'MLD' aircraft were delivered to the VVS, as the more advanced MiG-29 was about to enter production. Instead, all Soviet 'MLD's were former 'ML/MLA' aircraft modified to 'MLD' standard. Some 560 aircraft were upgraded between 1982 and 1985. As with earlier MiG-23 versions, two distinct export variants were offered. Unlike Soviet examples, these were new-build aircraft, though they lacked the aerodynamic refinements of Soviet 'MLD's; 16 examples were delivered to Bulgaria, and 50 to Syria. These were the last single-seat MiG-23 fighters made, and the last example rolled off the production line in December 1984. [edit] Ground-attack variants * MiG-23BM ('Flogger-D) This was a MiG-23BK upgrade, with the PrNK-23M replacing the original PrNK-23, and a digital computer replacing the original analog computer. Introduced into service as MiG-27. * MiG-23BM experimental aircraft ('Flogger-D) The MiG-23 ground-attack versions had too much "fighter heritage" for an attack aircraft, and a new design with more radical changes was developed. This was eventually redesignated as the MiG-27 (NATO: 'Flogger-D'). The MiG-23BM experimental aircraft served as a predecessor to the MiG-27 and it differs from the standard MiG-23BM and other MiG-23 models in that its dielectric heads were directly on the wing roots, instead of on the pylons. * MiG-23B ('Flogger-F) The requirement for a new fighter-bomber had become obvious in the late 1960s, and the MiG-23 appeared to be suitable type for such conversion. The first prototype of the project, "32-34", flew for the first time on 20 August 1970. The MiG-23B had a redesigned forward fuselage, but was otherwise similar to the MiG-23S. The pilot seat was raised to improve visibility, and the windscreen was armored. The nose was flat-bottomed and tapered down. There was no radar; instead it had a Sokol-23 ground attack sight system, which included an analog computer, a laser rangefinder and the PBK-3 bomb sight. The navigation suite and autopilot were also improved to provide more accurate bombing. It retained the GSh-23L gun, and its maximum warload was increased to 3000 kg by strengthening the pylons. Survivability was improved by an electronic warfare (EW) suite and inert gas system in the fuel tanks to prevent fire. The first prototype had a MiG-23S type wing, but subsequent examples had the larger "type 2" wing. Most importantly, instead of an R-29 variant, aircraft was powered by the AL-21F-3 turbojet with a maximum thrust of 11,500 kp. The production of this variant was limited, however, as the supply of AL-21 engines was needed for the Sukhoi Su-17 and Su-24 production lines. In addition, this engine was not cleared for export. Only three MiG-23B prototypes and 24 production aircraft were produced in 1971–72. * MiG-23BK ('Flogger-H) These were exported to Warsaw Pact countries—but not to Third World customers—and thus had the PrNK-23 navigation and attack system. Additional radar warning receivers were also mounted on the intakes. * MiG-23BN ('Flogger-H) The MiG-23BN was the definitive fighter-bomber variant. It was otherwise the same as MiG-23B, but had the same R-29-300 engine as contemporary fighter 'Floggers'. They were also fitted with "type 3" wings. There were other minor changes in electronics and equipment, and some changes were made during its long production run. This variant proved to be fairly popular and effective and it was extensively exported. As usual, a downgraded version was sold to Third World customers. Serial production began in 1973 and lasted until 1985, with 624 examples built. Most of them were exported, as the Soviets always viewed it as an interim type and only a small number served in Frontal Aviation regiments. The most distinctive identifying feature between the MiG-23B and MiG-23BN was that the former was rather a developmental aircraft and had the dielectric head just above the pylon, but this was removed from the MiG-23BN.The last of the MiG-23 BNs were flown by 221 Squadron (Valiants) of Indian Air Force and were decommissioned on 6 March 2009. Wing Commander Tapas Ranjan Sahu, was the last pilot to land the Mig-23 BN on that day. * MiG-27 A simplified ground-attack version with simple pitot air intakes, no radar and a simplified engine with two position afterburner nozzle. [edit] Proposed variants and upgrades * MiG-23R was a proposed reconnaissance variant; the project was never finished. * MiG-23MLGD, MLG and MLS were further fighter upgrades with new radar and EW equipment, partly the same as in MiG-29; these variants were also fitted with helmet-mounted sights and were basically MiG-23MLD subvariants. They were abandoned in favor of the then ongoing MiG-29 program. * MiG-23K was a carrier-borne fighter variant based on the MiG-23ML. * MiG-23A was a multirole variant based on the 'K'. However, cancellation and subsesquent redesign of the Soviet aircraft carrier project also caused cancellation of the MiG-23A and MiG-23K variants and subvariants. It was planned to develop the MiG-23A into three different subvariants: o MiG-23AI The MiG-23AI was to be a dedicated fighter. o MiG-23AB The MiG-23AB was to be an attack-dedicated variant. o MiG-23AR MiG-23AR a dedicated reconnaissance variant. * MiG-23MLK Planned to be powered by either two new R-33 engines or one R-100. * MiG-23MD Was basically a MiG-23M fitted with a Saphir-23MLA-2. * MiG-23ML-1 Wwas a variant with several possible powerplant and engine choices; its single-engine options were either one R-100 or one R-69F engine, while its twin-engine arrangement was two R-33 engines. It was planned to be armed with a new air-to-air missile, the R-146[citation needed]. * MiG-23-98 In the late 1990s, Mikoyan, following their successful MiG-21 upgrade projects, offered an upgrade which featured new radar, new self-defense suite, new avionics, improved cockpit ergonomy, helmet-mounted sight, and the capability to fire Vympel R-27 (NATO: AA-10 'Alamo') and Vympel R-77 (NATO: AA-12 'Adder') missiles. The projected cost was around US$1 million per aircraft. Smaller upgrades were also offered, which consisted of only improving the existing Sapfir-23 with newer missiles and upgrades of other avionics. Airframe life extension was offered as well. * MiG-23-98-2 An export upgrade including the Saphir radar fitted to their MiG-23MLs; this radar upgrade allows the Angolan MiG-23s to fire new types of air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons. This radar upgrade seems to be the same offered as part of the radar upgrade. * MiG-23LL (flying laboratory) MiG-23s and MiG-25s were used as the first jet fighter platforms to test a new in-cockpit warning system with a pre-recorded female voice to inform pilots about various flight parameters. A female voice was chosen specifically to provide a clear and intuitive distinction between communications from the ground and the messages from internal systems, since ground communications virtually always came in male voice in Soviet service. The idea proved successful for many reasons besides the original one, and was later heavily borrowed by Western aircraft manufacturers, eventually becoming standard in all jet fighters around the world. [edit] Price The MiG-23 had the advantage of being quite cheap in the early 1980s. For example, the MiG-23MS was priced between US$3.6 million and US$6.6 million depending on the customer;[citation needed] on the other hand in 1980, the F-16 Fighting Falcon was priced at US$14 million, and the Flogger's closest Western competitor was the Israeli $4.5 million Kfir C2.[citation needed] [edit] Armament MiG-23M Flogger-B armed with AA-7 and AA-8 missiles The MiG-23's armament evolved as the type's avionics were upgraded and new variants were deployed. The earliest versions, which were equipped with the MiG-21's fire control system, were limited to firing variants of R-3 (AA-2 'Atoll'). The R-60 (AA-8 'Aphid') replaced the R-3 during the '70s, and from the MiG-23M onwards the R-23/R-24 (AA-7 'Apex') was carried. Third-generation Floggers were capable of firing R-73 (AA-11 'Archer') when it became available, but this missile was not exported until the MiG-29 was released for export. The helmet-mounted sight associated with the AA-11 'Archer' (R-73) was fitted on the MiG-23MLD/MLDG experimental subvariants that never entered production as had been originally planned. The reason was that these MiG-23MLD subvariants had less priority than the then ongoing MiG-29 program, and the Mikoyan bureau therefore decided to concentrate all their efforts on the MiG-29 program and halted further work on the MiG-23s. Nevertheless, a helmet-mounted sight is now offered as part of the MiG-23-98 upgrade. There were reports about the MiG-23MLD being capable of firing the AA-10 'Alamo' (R-27) beyond its firing experimental tests; however, it seems only Angola's MiG-23-98 are capable of doing so. A MiG-23 was used to test and fire the AA-10, AA-11 and AA-12 air-to-air missiles during their early flight and firing trials. Ground-attack armament included 57 mm rocket pods, general purpose bombs up to 500 kg in size, gun pods, and Kh-23 (AS-7 'Kerry') radio-guided missiles. Up to four external fuel tanks could be carried. [edit] Operational history Captured MiG-23 on display in Israel Western and Russian aviation historians usually differ in respect to the MiG-23's combat record, in part due to the bias in favor of their respective national aircraft industries. They also usually accept claims going along with their respective political views since usually many conflicting and contradictory reports are written and accepted by their respective historians. Little pictorial evidence has been published confirming MiG-23 air to air losses and victories, with the exception of the Libyan MiG-23s shot down by U.S. Navy F-14s and two pictures of Syrian MiG-23s shot down in 1982 by Israeli forces .[2] Russians and Syrian claim numerous successes for MiG-23s, which Israel doesn't admit: * On 19 April 1974 a MiG-23MS flown by Maj. El al-Masry is said to have shot down 2 IAF F-4Es during a mission over the Golan Heights against an Israeli offensive to destroy Syrian SAMs. He was subsequently shot down by an AAM fired by the Israelis and also by a friendly SA-6 battery. The Israelis claim that only one Phantom was lost on that day.[3] * 26 April 1981, two MiG-23MS, are said to have shot down two A-4 Skyhawks.[4] The first MiG-23s to see combat were export variants with many limitations. For example, the MiG-23MS lacked a radar warning receiver. In addition, compared to the MiG-21, the aircraft was mechanically complex and expensive. Early export variants also lacked many "war reserve modes" in their radars, making them vulnerable against electronic countermeasures (ECM), at which the Israelis were especially proficient. Israel claims that during the period of 1982–1985 no Israeli aircraft was lost to enemy aircraft and that Israel only lost five aircraft shot down by Syrian SAMs.[5] Israeli reports (which have been endorsed by the majority of Western historians) claim that during the period of intense fighting from 6–11 June 1982, 85 Syrian aircraft were shot down in air combat. At least 30 of these aircraft were reported by Israeli sources to be MiG-23s, but mainly the specialized ground attack version, the MiG-23BN.[citation needed] The Israelis also claim that their F-15s downed two MiG-23MLs in 1985.[citation needed] According to Soviet/Russian historians, the MiG-23MS did achieve kills in this war also. One of these victories was achieved on 11 June 1982, when a pair of MiG-23MS pilots, named Heyrat and Zabi, brought down an Israeli F-4 with two AA-2s. Both MiG-23MS pilots were then shot down.[6] Line of Cuban MiG-23s. Soviet/Russian sources also state the Syrians lost only six MiG-23MFs and four export MiG-23MSs in the Bekaa Valley, while the other fourteen MiG-23s shot down by the Israelis were MiG-23BN ground-attack variants. At the same time, Syrian MiG-23s managed to shoot down at least five F-16s, two F-4Es, and a BQM-34 unmanned reconnaissance plane. These are some of the Syrian MiG-23 kills as described in a Soviet/Russian source:[6] * On 7 June 1982, three MiG-23MFs (pilots Hallyak, Said, and Merza) attacked a group of F-16s. Captain Merza detected the F-16s at a distance of 25 km and brought down two F-16s with R-23 (AA-7 "Apex") missiles (one from 9 km and another within the distance of 7 or 8 km) before he himself was shot down. * On 8 June 1982, two MiG-23MFs again met with F-16s. Major Hau's MiG-23 detected an F-16 at a distance of 21 km and shot it down with an R-23 from a distance of 7 km. Again, the Syrian pilot was himself shot down by an AIM-9 Sidewinder fired from another F-16. * On 9 June 1982, two MiG-23MFs, piloted by Deeb and Said, attacked a group of F-16s. Deeb brought down an F-16 from a distance of 6 km with an R-23, but was then shot down, most likely by a Sidewinder.[citation needed] Soviet/Russian sources further state that three Israeli F-15s and one F-4 were shot down in October 1983 by the newly delivered MiG-23MLs, with no Syrian losses since.[6] The MiG-23 took part in the Iran–Iraq War and was used in both air-to-air and air-to-ground roles. The reports about performance in air combat are mixed - some authors claim that Iraqi MiG-23s had some victories and several losses against Iranian F-14s and F-4s. For example it is said that Colonel Mohammed-Hashem All-e-Agha was shot down by an Iraqi MiG-23 while flying his F-14 on 11 August 1984. Furthermore, Capt. Bahram Ghaneii was shot down by a MiG-23ML on 17 January 1987.[7][8] According to Iranian sources, four MiG-23s were shot down by F-14s on 29 October 1980.[9] Cuban MiG-23MLs and South African Mirage F1s had several encounters during Angolan War, one of which resulted in a Mirage being lost after it was damaged by a Cuban MiG-23ML. Surprising a pair of Mirages, two MiG-23s fired missiles: one MiG engaged a Mirage flown by Capt Arthur Piercey with a pair of R-23Rs, while the other fired a single R-60 at Captain Carlo Gagiano's Mirage. The missiles homed on the Mirages, but only one R-23R fuzed close enough to cause damage. Unfortunately this was enough to damage the hydraulics systems of Capt Piercey's Mirage, and the damage probably contributed to the Mirage veering off the runway on landing. The nose gear collapsed on coming off the runway, which in turn slammed the nose down so hard that Piercey's ejection seat fired. The nose gear failure eventually left Capt Piercey paralyzed and the aircraft a write-off. Soviet MiG-23s and Pakistani F-16s clashed a few times during the Soviet-Afghan War. One F-16 was lost in 1987. Pakistan insists it was a friendly fire incident, however at first the F-16 was reported as shot down in air to air combat with MiGs by the Washington Post and the New York Times.[10][11] and only later the Pakistani side recanted the event. According to the Russian version of the event, the F-16 was shot down when Pakistani F-16s encountered Soviet MiG-23MLDs. Soviet TASS originally reported the event as the F-16 being shot down by Afghan air defenses. Soviet MiG-23MLD pilots, while on a bombing raid, reported being attacked by F-16s and then seeing one F-16 explode. It could have been downed by gunfire from a MiG whose pilot did not report the kill in fear of punishment, since this would had complicated the political situation for the former USSR.[12] According to Pakistani sources, the F-16 piloted by Flt.Lt. Shahid Sikander was shot down in a friendly fire incident, after he flew directly in front of his flight leader and was hit by an AIM-9 Sidewinder fired at the Mig-23's. This version has been cited with more credibility by western sources claiming the MiG-23MLD were on a ground attack mission and therefore not equipped with air to air missiles.[13] A year later, Soviet MiG-23MLDs using R-24s (NATO: AA-7 "Apex") downed two Iranian AH-1J Cobras that had intruded into Afghani airspace. In a similar incident a decade earlier, on 21 June 1978, a PVO MiG-23M flown by Pilot Captain V. Shkinder shot down two Iranian Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopters that had trespassed into Soviet airspace, one helicopter being dispatched by two R-60 missiles and the other by cannon fire. At least one Libyan MiG-23MS was shot down by an Egyptian fighter during and immediately after the Libyan–Egyptian War in 1977. In one skirmish, two LARAF MiG-23MS engaged two EAF MiG-21MF which had been upgraded to carry western weaponry. The Libyan pilots made the mistake of trying to out-maneuver more nimble Egyptian fighters, and one MiG-23MS was shot down by Maj. Sal Mohammad with an AIM-9 Sidewinder missile, while the other used its superior speed advantage to escape. [14]Two Libyan MiG-23MS fighters were shot down by U.S. Navy F-14s in the Gulf of Sidra incident in 1989. During the Persian Gulf War, the USAF reported downing eight Iraqi MiG-23s with F-15s. Some Russian sources claim that a U.S. F-16 and a Italian Tornado were shot down by Iraqi MiG-23 in this war; however the Italian Air Force maintained that the only Tornado lost during the war (pilots: Bellini and Cocciolone) was shot down by a surface-to-air missile. Other Russian claims include the story about an Iraqi pilot named Hassan, flying a MIG-23 having supposedly damaged an F-111 with and R-24T missile at 4:30 somewhere south of Balad airbase, and at 5:10 another F-111 (tail number 70-2384) being damaged by another R-24T missile fired by a MiG-23. [15]. While an unidentified F-111F was indeed damaged near Balad airbase, and F-111F with tail number 70-2384 also did not return intact, neither damage had anything to do with missile hits: an F-111F was hit by Iraqi anti-aircraft cannon fire south of the airbase in question, while the F-111F with tail number 70-2384 suffered a mid-air collision with a KC-135 tanker.[16] An Iraqi MiG-23 was shot down by a USAF F-16 using an AMRAAM missile in January 1993, during skirmishes in the No-Fly-Zones. In Eritrea in 1999 3 Ethiopian MiG-23BNs were shot down by Eritrean MiG-29s in a small border war in 1999[citation needed]. The type also saw extensive use as a bomber. [edit] Soviet and Warsaw Pact service Because of its distinctive appearance with large air intakes on both sides of the fuselage the aircraft was nicknamed "Cheburashka" by some Soviet pilots after a popular Russian cartoon character representing a fictional animal with big ears. The nickname did not stick and was later firmly assigned to Antonov An-72/74, although to this day it is sometimes applied to different aircraft with similar exterior features, including the USAF A-10 Thunderbolt II. The aircraft was not used in large numbers by the non-Soviet air forces of the Warsaw Pact as originally envisioned. When the MiG-23s were initially deployed, they were considered the elites of the Eastern Bloc air forces. However, very quickly the disadvantages became evident and the MiG-23 did not replace the MiG-21 as initially intended. The aircraft had some deficiencies that limited its operational serviceability and its hourly operating cost was thus higher than the MiG-21’s. The Eastern Bloc air forces used their MiG-23s to replace MiG-17s and MiG-19s still in service. Ukrainian decommissioned MiG-23. By 1990, over 1,500 MiG-23s of different models were in service with VVS and PVO. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Air Force began to cut back its fighter force, and it was decided the MiG-23s and MiG-27s were among the types which were to be retired to operational storage. The last model to serve was the MiG-23P, which was retired in 1998. When East and West Germany unified, no MiG-23s were transferred to the Luftwaffe, but twelve former East German MiG-23s were supplied to the U.S. When Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the Czechs received all the MiG-23s, which were retired in 1998. Hungary retired their MiG-23s in 1996, Poland in 1999, Romania in 2000, and Bulgaria in 2004. The MiG-23 was the Soviet Air Force's "Top Gun"-equivalent aggressor aircraft from the late 1970s to the late 1980s. It proved a difficult opponent for early MiG-29 variants flown by inexperienced pilots. Exercises showed when well-flown, a MiG-23MLD could achieve favorable kill ratios against the MiG-29 in mock combat by using hit-and-run tactics and not engaging the MiG-29s in dogfights. Usually the aggressor MiG-23MLDs had a shark mouth painted on the nose just aft of the radome, and many were piloted by Soviet-Afghan War veterans. In the late 1980s, these aggressor MiG-23s were replaced by MiG-29s, also featuring shark mouths. [edit] Performance tests Many potential enemies of the USSR and its client states had a chance to evaluate the MiG-23’s performance. In the 1970s, after a political realignment by the Egyptian government, Egypt gave their MiG-23MS to the United States and the People's Republic of China in exchange for military hardware. In the US, these MiG-23MS and other variants acquired later from Germany were used as part of the evaluation program of Soviet military hardware. Dutch pilot Leon Van Maurer, who had more than 1200 hours flying F-16s, flew against MiG-23ML Flogger-Gs from air bases in Germany and the U.S. as part of NATO's aerial mock combat training with Soviet equipment. He concluded the MiG-23ML was superior in the vertical to early F-16 variants, just slightly inferior to the F-16A in the horizontal, and has superior beyond visual range (BVR) capability. The Israelis tested a MiG-23MLD that defected from Syria and found it had better acceleration than the F-16 and F/A-18. Another MiG-23 evaluation finding in the US and Israel reports was that the MiG-23 has a Heads-Up Display (HUD) that doubles as a radarscope, allowing the pilot to keep his eyes focused at infinity and work with his radar. It also allowed the Soviets to dispense with the radarscope on the MiG-23. This feature was carried over into the MiG-29, though in that aircraft a cathode ray tube (CRT) was carried on the upper right corner to double as a radarscope. Western opinions about this "head-up radarscope" are mixed. The Israelis were impressed, but an American F-16 pilot criticizes it as "sticking a transparent map in front of the HUD" and not providing a three-dimensional presentation that will accurately cue a pilot's eyes to look for a fighter as it appears in a particular direction. Besides the Syrian defection, a Cuban pilot[17] flew a MiG-23BN to the US in 1991 and a Libyan MiG-23 pilot also defected to Greece in 1981. In both cases, the aircraft were later returned to their countries. The early MiG-23M series was also used to test the American F-5s captured by the North Vietnamese and sent to the former USSR for evaluation, however the Russians acknowledged the F-5 was a very agile aircraft and at some speeds and altitudes better than the MiG-23M, this was one of the main reasons the MiG-23MLD and MiG-29 developments were started. These tests of the F-5 allowed the Russians to make modifications to several of their 4th generation aircraft, however despite the MiG-23 was not designed to combat F-5s, it showed the weaknesses of the early MiG-23 variants .[18] [edit] Operators [edit] Current operators MiG-23 operators (current in bright red; former in dark red) Algeria Algerian Air Force. 29 MiG-23BN/MS/UB in service Angola People's Air and Air Defence Force of Angola. 32 MiG-23M/UB in service Belarus Belarus Air Force. 34 MiG-23M in service Côte d'Ivoire Cote d'Ivoire Air Force. Received two MiG-23MLD from Bulgaria in the late 1990s. [5] Cuba Cuban Air Force. 69 MiG-23MF/ML/UB in service (most grounded) Ethiopia Ethiopian Air Force. 32 MiG-23BN/UB in service for ground attack role. The interceptor variant, MIG-23ML, was withdrawn from service. Kazakhstan Military of Kazakhstan. 100 MiG-23M/UB in service Libya Libyan Air Force. 130 MiG-23MS/ML/BN/UB in service (most in storage) Namibia Namibian Air Force 2 MiG-23 aircraft in service. North Korea North Korean Air Force. 66 MiG-23ML/UB in service Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Air Force. One MiG-23UB trainer used only for training purposes for their MiG-27 fleet Syria Syrian Air Force. 146 MiG-23MS/MF/ML/MLD/BN/UB in service Turkmenistan Military of Turkmenistan. 230 MiG-23M/UB in service Uzbekistan Military of Uzbekistan 31 in service. Yemen Yemen Air Force. 44 MiG-23BN/UB in service Vietnam Vietnam People's Air Force. 36 Mig-23ML/UB in service[19] Zambia Military of Zambia. 6 Mig-23MS aircraft in service Zimbabwe Air Force of Zimbabwe. 3 MiG-23M/UB were seen in a fly past in 2003[20] Note: The status of Belarus' MiG-23s is uncertain. While some sources say they are operational (or at least in a low operational capability), others claim they have been retired. [edit] Former operators Afghanistan Afghan Air Force. MiG-23BN/UB may have served with the Afghan Air Force from 1984. It is unclear whether these were merely Soviet aircraft wearing Afghan colors. Bulgaria Bulgarian Air Force. A total of 90 MiG-23s served the Bulgarian Air Force from 1976 to their withdrawal from service in 2002. The exact count is: 33 MiG-23BN, 12 MiG-23MF, 1 MiG-23ML, 8 MiG-23MLA, 21 MiG-23MLD and 15 MiG-23UB. Czech Republic Czechoslovakian Air Force. MiGs were retired in 1994 (BN,MF version) and 1998 (ML, UB variant). Czechoslovakia Czech Air Force. MiG-23s were transferred to the Czech Republic. East Germany East German Air Force. Transferred to (West) German Luftwaffe. The German Luftwaffe gave two MiG-23s to USAF and one to a museum in Florida, the others were given away to others states or scrapped. Iran 9 flown over from Iraq in 1991 in storage. Egypt Egyptian Air Force. Six MiG-23BN/MS/U were sent to China in exchange for military hardware; China used them to reverse engineer the MiG-23 as the Q-6 but since the chinese could not reverse engineer the R-29 and build a reliable turbofan the only MiG-23 elements that were used ended in the J-8II. At least 8 were transferred to USA for evaluation. Georgia Georgian Air Force Hungary Hungarian Air Force. 16 MiG-23 served and were withdrawn in 1997; the exact count is: 12 MiG-23MF and 4 MiG-23 UB (one of them was purchased in 1990 from the Soviet Air Force). India Indian Air force. MiG-23BN ground attack aircraft phased out on 6 March 2009 & MiG-23MF air defence interceptor phased out on 2007. A total of 95 MiG-23BN had been obtained.[21] [22] Iraq Iraqi Air Force. Some Iraqi MiG-23s were sent to Yugoslavia for upgrades when Gulf war started. 1 known example remains in Serbia at the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade. Polish Air Force MiG-23 Ukrainian MiG-23 on display at the Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Kiev Poland Polish Air Force. 36 MiG-23MF single-seaters and six MiG-23UB trainers were delivered to the Polish Air Force between 1979 and 1982. Last of them were withdrawn in September 1999. Romania Romanian Air Force. 46 MiG-23 served from 1979 until 2001 and were withdrawn in 2003; the exact count is: 36 MiG-23MF and 10 MiG-23 UB. Russia Russian Air Force. Approx 500, all in reserve. Soviet Union Passed on to successor states. * Soviet Air Force * Soviet Anti-Air Defence Sudan Sudanese Air Force Ukraine Ukrainian Air Force [edit] Evaluation only users China * The MiG-23s obtained from Egypt, were tried to be reverse engineered as the Q-6, but the program did not go ahead and the Q-6 was not even built, however some MiG-23 features were adopted in the J-8II, currently China displays the MiG-23s in several air museums and in a non operational ex-Soviet aircraft carrier in Hong Kong. Israel * One ex-Syrian plane flown by a defecting pilot to Israel.[23] Democratic Republic of the Congo Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo * Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo have/had? 2 MiG-23s, MiG-23MS and MiG-23UB, listed in the IISS Military Balance 2007 United States * Samples obtained from Egypt remained flight worthy until the late 1980s and were mostly stationed in Nellis Air Force Base * The Cold War Air Museum (CWAM) is returning a MiG-23UB to flying condition from its Museum at Lancaster Airport (Texas) just south of Dallas, Texas.[24] YugoslaviaFederal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia * Some ex-Iraqi MiG-23's have been used by Flight Test Center (VOC) in early 1990s. The Albanian Air Force never flew the MiG-23.[25] [edit] Civilian operators United States * Two ex-Czech aircraft, N51734 and N5106E, are registered for civilian use in the United States and are based at New Castle Airport in Wilmington, Delaware.[26] * An ex-Bulgarian VVS aircraft, N923UB, is operational and on display at the Cold War Air Museum near Dallas, Texas. [edit] Notable incidents and accidents * On July 18, 1980, 21 days after the Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870 incident, a Libyan MiG-23 crashed on the Sila Mountains in Castelsilano, Calabria, southern Italy, according to eye witnesses and official reports. Media rumors reported that the plane may actually only have been discovered at that time, and that the pilot's body was decomposed, originated allegations that the MiG may have been shot down at the time of the Flight 870 incident. * On April 26, 1984, United States Air Force Lieutenant General Robert M. Bond was killed when the MiG-23 he was piloting crashed at the Nevada Test Site. At the time of the mishap, Lt. Gen. Bond was serving as Vice Commander of Air Force Systems Command at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. * 4 July 1989: A "runaway" Soviet MiG-23 crashed into a house in Belgium, killing an 18-year-old man. * On March 20, 1991, Major Orestes Lorenzo Perez defected in his MiG-23BN to a Naval Air Station in Key West, Florida on a training mission. On December 19, 1992 he returned to Cuba in a borrowed small, twin-engined 1961 Cessna 310, landing on a well known bridge along the coastal highway east of Havana in Northern Matanzas Province at the agreed time. His wife Victoria and their two sons, Reyneil, 11, and Alejandro, 6, were already waiting on his order delivered through a messenger earlier. Orestes Lorenzo Perez picked up his family and managed a successful safe return to Miami. [edit] Specifications (MiG-23MLD Flogger-K) General characteristics * Crew: One * Length: 16.70 m (56 ft 9.5) * Wingspan: Spread, 13.97 m (45 ft 10 in) * Height: 4.82 m (15 ft 9.75 in) * Wing area: 37.35 m² spread, 34.16 m² swept (402.05 ft² / 367.71 ft²) * Empty weight: 9,595 kg (21,153 lb) * Loaded weight: 15,700 kg (34,612 lb) * Max takeoff weight: 18,030 kg (39,749 lb) * Powerplant: 1× Khatchaturov R-35-300 afterburning turbojet, 83.6 kN dry, 127 kN afterburning (18,850 lbf / 28,700 lbf) Performance * Maximum speed: Mach 2.32, 2,445 km/h at altitude; Mach 1.14, 1,350 km/h at sea level (1,553 mph / 840 mph) * Range: 1,150 km with six AAMs combat, 2,820 km ferry (570 mi / 1,750 mi) * Service ceiling: 18,500 m (60,695 ft) * Rate of climb: 240 m/s (47,245 ft/min) * Wing loading: 420 kg/m² (78.6 lb/ft²) * Thrust/weight: 0.88 Armament * 1x Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23L 23 mm cannon with 200 rounds * Two fuselage, two wing glove, and two wing pylons for up to 3,000 kg (6,610 lb) of stores, including: * R-23/24 (AA-7 Apex) * R-60 (AA-8 Aphid) * also, upgraded aircraft may carry: * R-27 (AA-10 Alamo) * R-73 (AA-11 Archer) * R-77 (AA-12 Adder) According to the MiG-23ML manual, the MiG-23ML has a maximun sustained turn rate of 14.1 deg/sec and a maximum instantaneous turn rate of 16.7 deg/sec. The MiG-23ML accelerates from 600 km/h (373 mph) to 900 km/h (559 mph) in just 12 seconds at the altitude of 1000 meters. The MiG-23 accelerates at the altitude of 1 km from the speed of 630 km/h (391 mph) to 1300 km/h (808 mph) in just 30 seconds and at the altitude of 10–12 km will accelerate from Mach 1 to Mach 2 in just 160 seconds.
SIMATIC IPC627E (Box PC) là loại máy tính công nghiệp rất nhỏ gọn và mạnh mẽ với kiến trúc bộ xử lý Intel thế hệ thứ 8 (Core i7, Core i3 và Celeron). Nó phù hợp cho các nhiệm vụ đo lường, điều khiển và điều chỉnh phức tạp trong nhiệt độ môi trường lên đến 55 °C cũng như các yêu cầu về khả năng chống sốc và rung động cao. [bg_collapse view="link" color="#009899" expand_text="Xem thêm nội dung" collapse_text="Ẩn bớt nội dung" icon="eye"] Ngoài ra, thiết kế SIMATIC IPC627E tương thích để gắn với các thiết bị tiền nhiệm của nó. Điều này có nghĩa là nó cũng có thể được sử dụng trong các hệ thống hiện có mà không phải trả thêm chi phí cho thiết bị trung gian. Nó cũng có sẵn dưới dạng một SIMATC IPC677E (Panel PC) với màn hình cảm ứng đa điểm full HD điện dung 19″, 22″ và 24 “để điều khiển và giám sát người vận hành tập trung. Cấu hình máy tính công nghiệp SIMATIC IPC627E: Cấu hình mặc định SIMATIC IPC627E (Box PC), UHD Graphic trên bo; DP/DVI-D; 3x Gigbit Ethernet (IE/PN); 6x USB V3.1 Gen.2; 1x serial (COM 1); RAID controller trên bo; Watchdog, giám sát nhiệt độ và quạt. Ngoài ra, chúng ta có thể tự chọn cấu hình các thành phần còn lại cho SIMATIC IPC627E theo các tùy chọn có sẵn như sau: 6AG4131-3....-.... 1, Tùy chọn bộ xử lý (CPU) [ A ] Celeron G4900 (2C/2T, 3.1GHz, 2MB Cache; VT-d); [ B ] Celeron G4900 (2C/2T, 3.1GHz, 2MB Cache; VT-d); NVRAM; [ C ] Core i3-8100 (4C/4T, 3.6GHz, 6MB Cache, VT-d); [ D ] Core i3-8100 (4C/4T, 3.6GHz, 6MB Cache, VT-d); NVRAM; [ G ] Core i7-8700 (6C/12T, 3.2(4.6)GHz, 12MB Cache, VT-d, iAMT); [ H ] Core i7-8700 (6C/12T, 3.2(4.6)GHz, 12MB Cache, VT-d, iAMT); NVRAM; 2, Tùy chọn ổ cứng [ A ] HDD 2.5" SATA 320 GB internal; [ C ] SSD 2.5" SATA 480 GB internal; [ D ] SSD 2.5" SATA 960 GB internal; [ E ] RAID1 2x SSD 2.5" SATA 480 GB internal; [ G ] RAID1 2x SSD 2.5" SATA 480 GB in removable drive bay; [ H ] RAID1 2x SSD 2.5" SATA 960 GB in removable drive bay; [ J ] M.2 SSD NVMe 512 GB; [ K ] M.2 SSD NVMe 512 GB; HDD 2.5" SATA 320 GB internal; [ L ] M.2 SSD NVMe 512 GB; SSD 2.5" SATA 480 GB internal; [ M ] M.2 SSD NVMe 512 GB; SSD 2.5" SATA 960 GB internal; [ Q ] M.2 SSD NVMe 512 GB; RAID1 2x SSD 2.5" SATA 480 GB in removable drive bay; [ S ] M.2 SSD NVMe 512 GB; 2 drive bays w.o. media; [ Y ] With out Drives (internal: 2x 2.5" mounting options; incl. cables); 3, Tùy chọn bộ nhớ chính (RAM) [ 0 ] 4 GB DDR4-2666 (1x4); [ 1 ] 8 GB DDR4-2666 (2x4); [ 2 ] 16 GB DDR4-2666 (2x8); [ 3 ] 32 GB DDR4 2666 (2x16); [ 4 ] 64 GB DDR4 2666 (4x16); 4, Tùy chọn nguồn cung cấp [ 0 ] DC 24V industrial power supply; [ 1 ] AC 110/230V Industrial PS with Namur; without power cord; [ 2 ] AC 110/230V Industrial PS with Namur; power cord Europe; [ 3 ] AC 110/230V Industrial PS with Namur; power cord US; [ 4 ] AC 110/230V Industrial PS with Namur; power cord China; 5, Tùy chọn hệ điều hành [ 0 ] Windows 10 Enterprise 2016 LTSB, 64Bit, MUI (En, Ger, Fr, It, Sp), for Celeron and i3; [ 1 ] Windows 10 Enterprise 2016 LTSB, 64Bit, MUI (En, Ger, Fr, It, Sp), for i7; [ 2 ] Windows 10 Enterprise 2019 LTSC, 64Bit, MUI (En, Ger, Fr, It, Sp), for Celeron and i3; [ 3 ] Windows 10 Enterprise 2019 LTSC, 64Bit, MUI (En, Ger, Fr, It, Sp), for i7 [ 8 ] Without operating system; 6, Tùy chọn phần mềm mở rộng [ A ] Without extension (SW); [ B ] SIMATIC IPC DiagMonitor added; [ C ] SIMATIC IPC Image&Partition Creator added; [ D ] SIMATIC IPC DiagMonitor, Image&Partition Creator added; [ X ] TPM-Module (not for China); 7, Tùy chọn mở rộng phần cứng (01) [ A ] Without extension (HW); [ B ] 2x USB 2.0 (1 slot occupied); [ C ] Device without CMOS Battery (CR2450N); 8, Tùy chọn mở rộng phần cứng (02) [ 0 ] 2x PCI; [ 1 ] 1x PCIe (x16), 1x PCI; [ 2 ] 2x PCIe (x16, x4); [ 3 ] 3x PCI, 2x PCIe (x16, x4); [ 4 ] 5x PCIe (1x16, 1x4, 3x1); [ 5 ] 2x PCI; painted housing; [ 6 ] 1x PCIe (x16), 1x PCI; painted housing; [ 7 ] 2x PCIe (x16, x4); painted housing; [/bg_collapse]
Description Feb. 20, 1923. 1,446,131. ' I I H.- WLSlDE S WElGHING AND' COUNTING SCALE. -FILED SEPT. 23 1920.. Patented Feb. 20,1923. ICE. HENRY W. SIDES, OF DAYTON, OHIO. WEIGHING' AND COUNTING SCALE. Application filed September 23, 1920. Serial No. 412,189; To all whom itmcy concern: Be it known that I; HENRY \VQSmEs, a citizen .of the United States, residing at Dayton, in the county of Montgomery and State of Ohi have invented certain new a 1 useful Improvements in \Veighing and C hunting Scales, of which the following is a specification. This invention relates 'to certain new and useful improvements in automatic Weighing and counting scales of a type which is adapted to count a plurality of articles of uniform weight by using one or more of the articles as a uni One object of the invention is to provide a scale of the aboi e type which is accurate, simple in construction and efficient in operation and possesses the features hereinafter described in connection with the accompanying drawings. 1 A further object of the invention to pivotally mount the unit receptacle on a pendulumgin such a manner that the load will always h e-supported at exactly the same point andit'here will be no variation in the effective length of the pendulum as the latter moves about its axis. Other objects of the invention wvill appear as the device is described in detail. The drawing illustrates a front elevation of a scale as constructed in accordance with my invention. 1 Referring more particularly to the said drawing, .'1- represents a platform or ta ble which; in the present instance, is supported on brackets '-2 butniay be provided with any other well known support. Extending from the lower side of the said platform"1- are projections 3 prov understood that said pivot'may be connect-' 'vided with openings --1 which receive the'fulcrum -5- of a scale beam -6.' v The beam -6 is provided with a pivot -7 from which hangs a scoup 8'- in which the articles-to be weighed or'counted are placed. The pivot 7- supports a scoop in the present instance, but it is to be ed with a platform or any other receptacle well known in the art of scales. The beam 6-- is also provided with a pivot 22 similar tothe p'ivot 7- and on the opposite side of the fulcrum '5. The pivot '-22 supports a scoop -9- whose primary objectis to balance the scale but which "may be used for reverse weighing. When the articles'to be Weighed or counted are articles in the scoop 8. placed in the scoop 8-, the end10 of the long arm of the beam is depressed to an extent commensurate with the weight of the This variable depression is secured by a pendulum-41+, the effective weight of which, when using the scale as a counter. consists of a unit formed of-one. or more than one of the articles to be counted. When thescale is used for ascertaining weight, a suitable unit weight is provided. The unit abox e referred to is receivable by a receptacle or cup 12 supported by a yoke 13 from a frictionless pivot '1-1 on the lower end of the pendulum. The length of the pendulum -11 is adjustableby a threaded sleeve 15-- in the present instance. The said pendulum extends downwardly from a hub .16 supported from the platform 1 by a yoke -17 which receives a pivot 1b mounted in the hub. The hub --16 is connected to the end -10 of'the beam by a cam --19- and a steel tape-20. \Vhen the end -10 of the beam is depressed, the cup l2- and the unit therein will swing upward commensurate with the amount of depression of the end --10 of the beam and. the quantity of articles in the. scoop 8. To permit the movement of the pendulum to be uniform for uniform variations in the quantity or weight of the articles in the scoop 8, the cam '-19 is provided. The cam 19 permits the beam to exert a greater leverage the higher the pendulum is swung from a normal position which position it is in when plumb with the pivot -18. p The unit receptacle 12 is pivotally connected with the pendulum by means of a knife edged pivot which is so arranged that in all positions of the pendulum the weight of the receptacle will be'supported thereon at exactly the same Cpoint. In the present instance the knife e ged pivot is carried by the pendulum and isarranged at an angle at approximately 45 to the plumb line of the pendulum. This knife pivot extends into an opening, in the yoke 13 of the receptacle, of a diameter such that the yoke will swing freely on the knife edge of the pivot in all positions of the pendulum. Consequently, if the pendulum swings to the left, along the dotted line, the point of support of the unit receptacle on the pendulum will remainunchanged and the efiective length of the pendulum will not be taining the weight. 27- are .cahbratcd for lquantlty and he t e cl pendulum. pletely avoid the length of the pendulum which. the ordinary pivot bearing, such as the cylindrical pivot pin, with which the point o'li support of the receptacle continually shifts, as the pendulum mores upwardly, from a point at the top of the cylindrical pivot to a point at one side thereof, thereby gradually increasing the efiective length 0'? the pendulum and rendering the computation more or less inaccurate. l l ith the knife edged pivot arranged as above described the unit receptacle is always supported on an axis spaced an exact distance from the axis ot'gthe pendulum itsel'l also preferably mounted on a knife edged pivot which, as shown at 18, is arranged at an angle to the opening in the yokeli, which opening is of a large diameter, so that the edge of the pirot ot the pendulum will, always be supported at exactly the same point on the bearing of the yoke. To absorb vibrations, the beam 6 is provided with a dash-pot -2l as is usual in pendulum balance scales. To indicate the extent of depression of the end -10 of the beam, whereby the weight or quantity of the articles in the scoop -Q is ascertained, the hub -16-- is prov1c with a pointer -23'- having an index thread 24 movable over the face of a segmental dial 25- mounted on the platform l The dial .is provided with a plurality of calibrated lines, the upper one of which is calibrated for pounds and 1s used when the is employed. in ascer- The remaining hues in alignment with numbers on the pointer in the present instance which indicate the number of articles comprising the unit in the cup --12-'. In the present instance the dial is calibrated "for units consisting of one, fire, ten and a hundred articles. l l hen the s'alc is in use and it is desired to ascertain in the number of pieces of uniform weight, either one, live, ten or a hundred of said articles are deposited in the cup --12- to form a unit while the articles to "be counted are placed in the scoop. The number of the articles may then be read from the lines -27- and the pointer '2c in addition to the scoop -9 and the pendulum -ll of variable length, the scale may be T he pendulum' s hcre shown, the weights a of nuts, mounted on. threaded studs carried by the. hub of the pendulum, but obviously they may be of ai'iysuitable character. The beam may be also provided with an adjustable weight and, as here shown, the beam has a calil'a'ated portion 30 on which is slid- ;ably mounted a weight 31 ot' a well known type. By means of this adjustable weight l am able to wei 'h the. load in the receptacle 8 when the indicator shows a desired number of articles without removing the articles from the unit receptacle. Moreo cr. when the indicator has reached the limit of its movement the scale may be caused to rt peat by adjusting the weight on the beam until the indicator again assumes its-zero position, after which additional articles may be placed in the receptacle andthe iud' 'ator will indicate the number of said articles in the same manner it would upon the first operation. it will be noted that after a number of articles in the scoop 8- have been counted by wcightt-he same number may be counted in thc sc oop 9- thereby brindin the index back to zero. .rlaving described myinvention, l claim: 1. In a scale oil the character described, a beam, a supporting device connected with said beam to receive the articles to be countcd or weighed. a pendulum operative-l conadjusted for balance, by weights --28 on the hub 1(S and a weight -29- on the endof the beam ---6 opposite the end -10. The balancing, or counter, weights, of which there may be one or more, nected with said beam and mounted on a fixed axis, and a unit receptacle pivotally connected with said pendulum by a knife edged pivot arranged at an acute angle to the plumb line of said pendulum. 2. ln a scale of the character described, a beam, a supporting device connected with said beam to receive the articles to be counted or weighed, a pendulum operatively connected with said beam and mounted on a fixed axis, a unit receptacle pivotally con nected with said pendulum by a knife edged pivot arranged at an angleto. the plumb line of said pendulum, and an indicator operatively connected with saidpendulum. 3. in a scale of the character described, a beam, a. supporting device connected with said beam to receive the articles to be count ed or weighed, a pendulum operatively con nected with said beam, mounted ona fixed axis and having near its lower end a fixed knife edged pivot arranged at an angle to the plumb line of the pendulum, a. unit receptacle havingaabearing opening of rela tively large diameter to receive said knii e edged pivot, and an. indicator operatively connected with said pendulum. d. In a scale of the character described, a supporting frame, a. beam ,pivotally mounted on said supporting frame, a device connected with said beam to receive the articles to be counted or weighed, a pendulum pivotally connected with said e by lllil ifi aeaiei edged pivot arranged at an angle to the plumb line of the pendulum, a unit receptacle pivotally-co'nnected with said pendulum by a knife edged pivot arranged at an angle to the plumb line of said pendulum, andan indicator operatively connected with said pendulum. '1 5. In a scale of the'character described, a frame having apart provided with a hearing, a beam pivotally mounted on said frame, a device connected with said beam to receive the articles to be counted or weighed, a pen-" dulum comprisinga hub portion having rig: idly secured thereto a knife-edged pivot-arranged at an angle to the plumb line of. said pendulum and adapted to engage said be-aim ing on said-"frame, an operative connection' between said pendulum and s-aid jheam', a unit receptacle connected with" said pendu-Q lum by a knife edged pivot-arrangedat an angle to the plumb li'ne thereoi, and i-an iin -f' dicating member connected With-the hub of, said pendulum.. p '6. In a scale of the character-described, a beam, a supporting devi'cefconnected with said beamto receive the articles to be counte ed orweighed, apendulum operatively c0n-- nected with said beam and mounted fonla fixed axis, 'L unit receptacle pivotally con nected with said pendulum by a knife edged pivot arranged at an angle to the plumb line of said pendulum an indicator 'operatively connectedwgith said pendulum, and an adjustable counter weight for said pendulum. 7 In'a scale of vthe character described, a .beam, a supporting deviceconnected with said beam to receive the articles to be-count- Y ed or weighed, a pendulum operatively connected with said beam; and mounted on a" v a support-in fixed axis, a unit receptacle pivotally con nected with said pendulum bya knife edged pivot arranged at an angle to the plumb line of said pendulum, an indicator operatively connected with said pendulum, and an adjustable counter weight for said pendulum. 8. In a scale of the character described, a. beam, a supporting device connected with said beam to receive, the articles to be nected with said pendulum by aknife edged pivot arranged at"an angle to the plumb line *of said pendulum, "an dndicatorbperatively-fbonnected with said; pendulum, and a wei h'tfadjustable along said beam. 10. nascaIe of the character described, a beam, a weight adjustable along said beam, device connected with. said beam to receive the articles tobe counted or weighed, a ndulum operatively connected with said beam and mounted on a'fixed axis, a unit ,receptacle pivotally co11nected ,with said penduluimand an indicator operatively connected with said pendulum. In testimony whereof I aflix my signature. ' HENRY VV. SIDES.
Description (No Model.) 7 4Sheets-Sheet 1. J. M. BROWNING. BOX MAGAZINE BOLT GUN. No. 545,672. Patented Sept. 3,1895. M. BROWNING. BOX MAGAZINE BOLT GUN. 4 SheetsSheet 2. l (No Model.)' Patented Sept. 3; 1895. E N LN M u & Q W J. MQBROWNING. BOX MAGAZINE BOLT GUN. 4 Sheets-Sheet 3. (No Model.) Patented Sept. 3,1895. 4 Sheets-Sheet 4. I (No Model.) J. M. BROWNING. BOX MAGAZINE BOLT GUN. No. 545,672. PatentedSep' t. a, 1895. W, i .W .1!!! Hill UNrTnn JOHN M. BROWNING, OF OGDEN, ATENT Demon. .UTAH TERRITORY, ASSIGNOR TO CONNECTICUT. BOX-MAGAIVZEINE BOLT-GUN. SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 545,672, dated September 3, 1895. Application filed April 29, 18Q5. Serial No. 547,520. (No model.) To all, whom it may concern.- Be it known that LJOHN M. BROWNING, of Ogden, in the county of Weber and Territory of Utah, have invented a new Improvement in Breech-Loading Box-Magazine Guns; and I do hereby declare the following, when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings and the letters of reference marked thereon, to be a full, clear, and exact description of the same, and which said drawings constitute part of this specification, and represent, 111- Figure ],a broken view in side elevation of one form which a gun constructed in accordance with my invention may assume; Fig. 2, a reverse plan view thereof; Fig. 3, a view drawn to a larger scale and showing the gun partly in elevation and partly in vertical longitudinal central section, the plate or cover being in its closed position and the carrier in its elevated position; Fig. 4, a detached plan view of the cover and carrier; Fig. 5, a'detached View of the cover or plate in side elevation; Fig. 6, a corresponding view of the carrier; Fig. 7, a detached view in side elevation of the lower tang of the gun, including the box-magazine and the pivotal cover and carrier thereof, the same being shown in their open positions; Fig. 8, a broken plan view of the tang and box-magazine, from Whichlatter the carrier and cover have been removed; Fig. 9, a broken view, partly in hori zontal section and partly in plan, showing the breech-bolt in its locked position and dc signed with particular reference to illustrating my improved ejector; Fig. 10, a similar but less comprehensive view showing the breech-bolt in its open position and the ejector as shot forward for the ejection of a cartridge; Fig. 11, a view in transverse section on the line efof Fig. 9. My invention relates to an improvement in breech-loading box-magazine firearms, the object being to produce a simple, compact, strong, .highly efiective, and safe gun, containing comparatively few parts and constructed with particular reference to provision for charging the box-magazine with cartridges from the bottom of the frame of the arm while the breech-boltris in its closed position, so that the arm may be charged without operating its action mechanism or disturbing the cartridge in the gun-barrel, if one is there. With these ends in view my invention consists in a cover or plate, pivoted at its forward end and closing the bottom of the magazine, a carrier pivotally connected at its forward end with the said cover or plate, and one or more springs for operating the cover or plate and carrier. My invention further consists in an ejector, provided at its extreme rear end with an inwardly extending lifting-shoulder and an outwardly-projecting retracting-shoulder and at its forward end with an outwardly-projecting operating-shoulder and with an inwardlyprojecting ejecting-shoulder, located in advance of the said operating-shoulder. My invention further consists in asafetylock mounted in the frame of the arm, adapted to engage with the slide when the same is in its closed position and lock it therein, and also adapted to be engaged by the hammer, which depresses the lock to release the slide just before the hammer reaches its down position. My invention further consists in certain details of construction and combinations of parts, as will be hereinafter described, and pointed out in the claims. In carrying out my invention I employ a long narrow cover or plate A, constructed at its rear end with lateral extensions or lugs A'A, adapting it to be readily grasped for manual operation and pivotally hung at its forward end upon atransverse horizontal pin B, the ends of which extend into the opposite walls of the forward portion of the boxmagazine C, which, as. shown, is formed integral with the lower tang D of the arm and secured in place by means of screws D and D the latter forming also the fulcrum of the hammer D The lower portion or bottom of the box-magazine is made open and the said cover or plate A fits into it, as shown in Fig 2. The lugs AA' before mentioned serve as finger-pieces for grasping the barrel G. The said carrier is enlarged at itsforward end andpivotally hung on a horizontal pin E, the ends of which extend into the inner edges of the-forward end of the cover or plate A, and which maybe said tobe eccentric in position to the position of-the pin B, on which the saidcover or plate is suspended. I A segmental clearance-slot E formed in the enlarged forward end of the carrier, receives the pin B, as shown in Fig. 2, the lower end of this slot forming a stop limiting the elevation of the carrier. The extreme forward end of the plate A is constructed with a shoulder 0., - while the extreme forward end of the carrier E is constructed with a shoulder e, the saidshoulders at and e being simultaneously engaged, when the cover or plate A isin its closed position, by-a spring H, located in a springchamber 11, formed in the fraineI of the arm at a point under the rear end of the gun-bar-.. rel G, the forward end of the spring being socured in place by meansofascrew H3, as shown in Fig. 3. When the cover or. plate is in its closed position, asseen in Fig. 3, the spring I-I engages with the'shoulder e of the carrier E and exerts a constant effort to lift the carrier, and hence the cartridges in the box-magazine C. At the same time the spring acts, either through the carrier or directly on the shoulder a of the plate, to hold the same in its closed position, for it is to be observed that=the engagement of the spring with the carrier. and plate is at a point forward of the pin B, on which the plate or cover is hung. -When the cover or plate is in its closed or normal position, the spring H thus performs the twofold. function of holding the plate or cover closed. and of lifting the carrier. When, however, the cover or plate is thrown down into its open position, as shown -in-Fig. 7, the spring rides off over the shoulder e of the carrier and off the shoulder a of the cover or plate, so that it ceases to haveany direct action upon the cover but as the plate is swung around the spring is virtuallytransferred from its shouldera to Q its cam surface a, which is located'belowthe said shoulder, but above the pin B, whereby the spring gets such apurchase on the plate orcover as to exert. aneffort to hold it in its open position. As the coverisbeingthrown into its open position, the cam-face e of the carrier engages with the transverse tie G, located at the forward end of the box-magazine, in such a manner that the carrier will be thrown down into the groove A of the plate or cover and maintained therein out of the way while the said plate or cover is open. With the plate or cover thus held out of the way the box-magazine may be charged from its bottom with no more obstruction from the cover or carrier than if the same had been entirely removed from the gun. The box-magazine shown and described is formed, as before stated, integral with the lower tang of the arm, and is to be distinguished from that class of box-magazines which are made of sheet metal and inserted into a chamber formed in the frame of the arm. It isprovided toward its forward portion with two upwardly-extending spring-fingers J, which engage with the ball portions of the cartridges and prevent the same from being deflected sidewise as they are being fed upward, and in fact retard their upward movement until they are brought into position to engage with a lifting-cam J, formed in the frame, as clearly shown in Fig. 3, the said cam lifting them into position to be introducedinto the chamber of the gun-barrel when their heads are engaged by the breechbolt in the forward movement thereof. At its rear end the magazine is furnished with a forwardly-inclined box-like guideway K, adapted to receive the heads of the cartridges and also preventing the cartridges from being displaced while they are being fed upward, the forward edges of the said guideway being turned inward at a right angle to form retaining-flanges 7c. Iwill next describe myv improved ejector L, which is located in a longitudinal groovef, Fig. 11, formedinthe left-hand side of the breech-' cartridges for the ejection of the same, and upon its outer face with an operating-shoulder Z, which is located to the rear of the shoulder 1, and which engages with the extreme inner corner of the abutment face I, as shown in Fig. 10, for arresting the rearward movement of the ejector with the breech-bolt F, and therefore bringing the shoulder Z into play for. ejecting the cartridge, as indicated in that figure. that it will be understood that shortly before the breech-bolt reaches its fully-open position the ejector is virtually shot forward suddenly and its shoulderl impinged against the head of the cartridge in such a manner as to cause thesame to be projected from thearm. I In this connection I may say. IIO bolt slide, which is located at one side of and in the same horizontal plane with the breechbolt and connected with an action-bar F extending rearwardly from a sliding supporting-handle F located forward of the action mechanism of the arm. I do not now enterinto any detailed description of the construction just referred to, inasmuch as it forms no part of my present invention. The said ejector L is longitudinally bowed, so that its rear end has a constanttendency to spring inward, and is constructed at its extreme rear end with a retracting-shoulder Z and with a lifting-shoulder Z respectively extending outward and inward. The extreme rear end of the groovef, Fig. 10, in the breech-bolt is recessed, as at f, for the reception of the lifting-shoulder Z of the ejector and constructed with a bevel face f located at the forward end of the recess, for coactioniwiththe said lifting-shoulder Z just referred to. I In the normal position (shown vin Fig. 9) of the ejector the lifting-shoulder? islocat'ed in the'rece ss f in the breech-bolt. When, however,the breech-bolt is drawn back, and just before it reaches the limit of its rearward movement, its operating-shoulder Z engages with the abutment-face I, as shownin Fig. 10, causing the'arrest of the ejector and the ejection of the cartridge, the breech-bolt continuing to move rearward for a short distance. The said movement of the breech-bolt, after the ejector has been stopped, as, shown in Fig. 10, causes the lifting-shoulder Z at the rear end of the ejector, to ride up out of the recess f and over the bevel f whereby the rear end of the ejector is sprung outward, as shown in Fig. 10, so as to bring its retractingshoulder Z into position to engage with the frame of the gun at the point 1', Figs. 9 and 10, during the closing movement of the breechbolt. When thesaid engagement takes place, the ejector will be arrested until the continuing forward movement of the breech-bolt has brought the lifting-shoulder Z of the ejector into line with the recess f of the breech-bolt, at which time the rear end of the ejector will spring back into its normal position, whereby the retracting-shoulder Z will be cleared from the point z'of the frame. This operation permits the breech-bolt to move forward with respect to the ejector for a distance represented by the separation of the ejectingshoulder Z and the operating-shoulder Z, so that the real effect of temporarily stopping the ejector by means of the retracting-shoulder l is to permit the forward face of the breech-bolt to catch up, so to speak, with the ejectingshoulder Z. The object of this is to insure a right position of the ejector prior to the elevation of the head of the cartridge, being fed squarely in front of the breech-bolt, with the forward face of which the ejectingshoulder Z must then be practically flush; for, if the ejector were in the position in which it is shown in Fig. 10 at the time of lifting the head of the cartridge being fed, into its highest position, in which it is squarely in front of the breech-bolt, the ejector would interfere with the feeding of the cartridge, either making its feeding impossible or cooking it off one way or the other. In this connection I may say that although the ball end of the cartridge is elevated at about the time the breechbolt begins to move forward the head of the cartridge is not released and allowed to assume a position squarely in front of the breech-bolt until the same has moved forward for something like half its length. In this connection I may say that the use of myimproved ejector is not limited to a breech-bolt constructed and operated in the particular manner shown and described. The last feature of my invention consists in a sliding lock M, arrangedto play up and down in a suitable opening M, formed for it in the tie M of the frame I. The extreme upper end of the lock is constructed with a locking-rib m, taking into a transverse'locking-notch in, formed in the under face 'of the rear end of the slide F At its lower end the lock is slotted, as at MP, to receive a guiding and supporting pin m while a spring m resting at its lower end upon the pin and extending thence upward into the lock, is provided for exerting a constant effort to lift the lock and snap its locking-rib into thelockingnotch in the slide. The upward movement of the lock is limited by its stop shoulder m The rear face of the lock is cut away, as at m to receive a shoulder m which enters it from the forward edge of the hammer D which is constructed and arranged so that, just before it reaches the limit of its down or fired position, the shoulder m engages with the bottom of the notch m and depresses the look so as to disengage its ribm from the notch m, and thus release the slide. By means of the lock the breech-bolt slide, and hence the breech-bolt, is locked in its closed position, from which it cannot be unlocked except by firing the gun or letting the hammer down, which is sometimes done for the particular purpose of unlocking the slide, and hence the breech. It is obvious that the several features of my invention shown and described are not necessarily used in combination with each other in one gun, but that they may be used in any combinations and wherever applicable in other situations, as in guns of other construction. I would therefore have it understood that I do not limit myself to the exact construction herein shown and described, but hold myself at liberty to make such changes and alterations as fairly fall within the spirit and scope of my invention. Having fully described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is 1. In a box-magazine fire arm, the combination'with a cover or plate, pivotally hung by box-magazine, of a carrier pivotally. mounted its forward end-and closing the bottom of the at. its forward end inthe forward end of the said cover or plate, and a" spring for; lifting, : the carrier to feed the cartridges upward inthe box-magazine, substantially asset forth. 2. In a box-magazinefire arm,the combinacartridges upward. in the-:box-magazine, and: substantially as set forth. 3;. In a box-magazinefire-arm,.the'combination with a'cover or-plate, adapted toclose' the open bottom ofithe box-magazine andpivot allyhung by its forward end, .of arcarrieripiv-y -oted in the forward. end of. theisaid cover orplate-andaspringarranged tocoactwith the va said cover or .plate t0 hold it inyboth its closed and open positions and with, the;car-; q rier to liftithesame, when the cover or plate isclosed, for feeding the cartridges upward. a in the'box-magazine,substantiallyas set:forth;. 4. In a box magazine fire-,arm ,-the:combination with a coverorplateadapted to close the.' , open bottom ofthe box magazine, and-pivot'- 1 allyhung by its'fo1-ward1end,which is con-.:. structed with a-shoulder, of a carrier pivot-- ally mounted in the forward-end of thesaid cover or. plate andconstructed at its forward end with a shoulder, anda spring co-acting with the said :shoulders, substantially as set Ming shoulder, substantially as set forth. forth. 5.- In-aboX-magazinefire arm, the combination with a cover or plate adapted toclos'e the open bottom of the box-magazine, pivotally hung by its forward end and constructed in its inner face with a longitudinal groove, of a carrier pivoted in the forward end of the a cam-surfacewhich coacts with thesaid web, I or tie in forcing the carrier to follow thetsaid cover or plate-when swung into its open posi tion, anda spring toholdthe cover in its closed position and elevatethe carrier to lift the cartridges upward in the box-magazine, substantially as described. 7 7. In a box-magazine fire arm, the combinationwith a box-magazine having at its forward enda-transverse web or tie, of acoversaid cover or plate and adapted to enter thesaid groove therein when the plate or cover, or, plate pizvotally hung by its forward-end in theyforwardendof the box-magazine, the open bottom of which it closes when in its closed position,'a carrier'pivoted at itsforward end in the forward end of the said cover or-plate at a point eccentric to the pivot thereof, and constructed with a cam surface arranged to engage with the said web or tie when the plate is: swung into its open positionfor causing the carrier to positivelyswing open with the plate, and a spring coacting with the carrier in theclosed position of the plate to feed the cartridges upward in-the box-magazine, sub- ;stantially assetforth. to at the same time .coact with, thecover-or .plate to hold-the same in its closed position,.. 8:. Ina box-magazine fire arm,-the combina .tion with a box-magazine, combined with the lower-tang of. the:arm and constructedwith two spring fingers :arranged to engage with the'ballportions of the cartridges, and with a boxslike,forwardly-inclined guideway to receive-theheads of the cartridges; of a'cover orplate pivotally:hung by its forward end andadapted to close the open bottom of the box-magazine, a carrier pivoted at its forward end in-the forwardend of theplate or cover, and a carrier-spring;coactin g with the carrier to lift; thecartridges upward in ,thebox-maga- ,zine, substantially as setforth. 9; In a fire arm, the combination with a breech-bolt, of, a. longitudinally and laterally .movable ejector, mounted therein and fur- =nished at its forward end with an inwardly :projecting ejecting shoulder, and an outwardly projecting operating shoulder located in the rear of the ejecting shoulder, and at its rear end with. an inwardly projecting lifting shoulder'and an outwardly projecting retract- 10. In a fire arm, the combination with a .frame constructed with a'locking abutment, of: a breech-bolt adapted to have its rearend swung into engagement with the said abutment, whereby it is locked in its closed position, and constructed with a longitudinal groove-terminating at its rear end in a recess, theforward wall of-which is beveled, and an ejector located in the said groove and constructed at its forward end with an ejecting shoulder whichengages with the heads of the cartridges, and with an operating shoulder which engages with thejsaidabutment face, and at its rear end with a lifting shoulder which enters the recess of the breech-bolt and tcoacts with the beveled forward wall thereof, and with a;retracting shoulder whichtemporarily-engages with the frame of the. arm during-the forward movement of the. breech, .wherebyithe ejector is virtually retracted so as to bring its ejecting shoulder into substantial alignment with .the forward face of the breech-bolt, substantially as set forth. , l1. Ina fire:arm,.the combination with a breech-bolt, of abreech-bolt slide located at .oneaside thereof and in the same horizontal plane therewith, a. hammer, a spring-lifted sliding locklocated below the rear end of the breech-bolt slide, and adapted to engage therewith and lock the same and hence the breech in its closed position, and engaged by the hammer for being depressed and retired into its unlocked position just before the hammer reaches its full down or fired position, substantially as described. In testimony whereof I have signed this specification in the presence of two subscribing witnesses. JOHN M. BROWNING. Witnesses: JOHN E. RAMSDEN, KATE LINEHAN.