Montessori Materials: Cross-Section Plant Cell Model

A cross-section x-ray styled images of a group of whole rustic beetroot plants, including root tuber and leaves.

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cross section: Syringa leaf magnification: 400x Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library The upper and lower epidermis are uniseriate with a thin waxy cuticle. Stomata are abundant on the lower or abaxial surface and may occasionally be seen on the upper or adaxial surface as well. Small mushroom shaped peltate trichomes are also present in the lower epidermis. These secretory trichomes have short stalks, appearing to sink into the epidermis. A large upper palisade mesophyll is composed of two layers of elongated, densely packed photosynthetic parenchyma interrupted by an occasional substomatal air spaces. A smaller lower spongy mesophyll is composed of aerenchyma; loosely arranged photosynthetic parenchyma with abundant air spaces. Technical Questions:[email protected]

PX04-007a Corn Root - lateral root - Zea mays 35x

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Cross-section of a plant vascular bundle. LM X100.

Cross section of a vascular plant's root that has AMF present (visible as red stained structures in the root's cortex).

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cross section: Nymphea leaf common name: Waterlily magnification: 100x Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library Both the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) epidermis are uniseriate and contain chloroplasts. The air exposed adaxial epidermis is well cutinized and contain numerous stomata that open into large substomatal air chambers. The submerged abaxial epidermis has a very thin cuticle and lacks stomata. Dark staining slime glands are present on the abaxial surface. Deep to the upper epidermis are several layers of tightly packed palisade mesophyll, the chief photosynthetic tissue of the leaf. Most of the leaf interior is occupied by a deeper zone of spongy mesophyll with large air spaces. Large red staining branched astroscleroids are abundant throughout the mesophyll. Vascular bundles are centrally located with collaterally arranged xylem toward the adaxial surface and phloem to the abaxial surface. Particularly noticeable is an outer bundle sheath of large parenchyma cells. All vascular tissues are highly reduced except in the mid rib area where bundles with defined phloem, proto and meta xylem, and a protoxylem lacunae can be seen. Tannin rich parenchyma cells are occasionally associated with phloem of larger bundles. The mid rib area is supported towards the abaxial surface by a wide wedge of supportive collenchyma. Technical Questions:[email protected]

Cross section: Cucurbita Common name: Pumpkin/Squash Magnification: 100x Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library Like most herbaceous dicots, Cucurbita is capable of limited amounts of secondary growth. The stem is characterized by distinct ridges and furrows with vascular bundles in two rings: five smaller leaf trace bundles at the ridges and five larger bundles at the furrows. A usually uniseriate and cutinized epidermis contains occasional stomata and numerous multicellular trichomes. The three-layered cortex widens at the ridges and narrows at the furrows; the outermost hypodermis varies in thickness, consisting of up to five layers of collenchyma at the stem ridges that tapers into photosynthetic chlorenchyma at the furrows. The middle cortical layer consists of a few layers of loosely arranged parenchyma cells and the deepest layer of a narrow parenchyma sheath, or endodermis. A ring of sclerenchyma defines the perimeter of the steele, overlying a deeper ring of parenchyma that follows the outer contour of the vascular bundles. The vascular bundles are bi collateral; the central xylem is bound by an inner and outer cambium, and topped by a larger outer and a smaller inner phloem. Sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma are clearly evident the phloem. Xylem is well developed with numerous protoxylem evident towards the inside, and very large metaxylem to the outside of the bundles. Xylem consist primarily of large vessels and xylem parenchyma; tracheids and fibers are rare. Secondary vascular tissues are present but often difficult to distinguish from the primary. The vascular bundles are separated by zones of internal parenchyma. The central pith is not present, having disintegrated early in the development of the stem. Technical Questions:[email protected]

cross section: Potamogeton leaf magnification: 100x Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library Both the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) epidermis are uniseriate, lightly cutinized and contain chloroplasts. The air exposed and adaxial epidermis contains numerous stomata that open into large substomatal air spaces. The submerged and abaxial epidermis lacks stomata. Deep to the upper epidermis are several layers of tightly packed palisade mesophyll, the chief photosynthetic tissue of the leaf. Most of the leaf interior is occupied by a deeper zone of spongy mesophyll, with large regularly arranged air spaces that extend throughout the leaf and into the stem. Spongy mesophyll gives the floating leaf buoyancy while providing abundant space for the storage of photosynthesis gases. Air chamber walls, termed diaphragms, consist of one or two layers of photosynthetic parenchyma with small perforations that allow easy movement of gases while blocking the movement of water. Vascular bundles are centrally located with xylem toward the adaxial surface and phloem to the abaxial surface. All vascular tissues are reduced with xylem lacking in all but the largest bundles. In smaller bundles xylem is replaced by air chambers or xylem lacuna. Phloem is better developed. All vascular tissues, including xylem, are better developed in the mid vein. Particularly noticeable is an outer bundle sheath of large parenchyma and deeper wrapping of heavy walled supportive sclerenchyma. Technical Questions:[email protected]

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Virginia meadow-beauty seed capsule. Light micrograph of a section through a Virginia meadow-beauty (Rhexia virginica) seed capsule.

cross section: Sparganium stem common name: burr reed magnification: 100x Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library The cells of the single layered epidermis have thickened outer walls and are overlaid with a well-developed cuticle. Numerous stomata are regularly spaced over the epidermal surface. A narrow outer cortex of several layers of densely packed photosynthetic parenchyma cells is bound on its inner and outer edges by small radially arranged bundles of thick walled sclerenchyma cells. The large inner cortex consists of a net like aerenchyma, interspaced with large radially arranged air pockets. Well developed vascular bundles are found at the intersections the aerenchym strands. Because of this arrangement a central vascular stele is absent. Within each vascular bundle proto and metaxylem are arranged in a V shape with phloem situated in between and above the metaxylem. A protoxylem lacunae is usually formed. The closed vascular bundles are wrapped in a bundle sheath of thick walled sclerenchyma cells. Vascular cambium is absent preventing the formation of secondary tissues. Technical Questions:[email protected]

cross section: tilia two years magnification: 100x Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library Vascular cambium remains active, producing an annual growth of secondary phloem towards the outside and secondary xylem towards center of the stem. Wedges of secondary phloem are interrupted with bands of parenchymatous phloem rays that serve in the lateral conduction of water and nutrients. Rays taper to a few cells wide as they dip into the secondary xylem. Narrow single cell wide rays also radiate from pith to phloem. Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells interspaced with thick walled sclerenchyma cells. A narrow band of brick shaped cambium cells separated the phloem and xylem. Greater annual production of xylem results in a vascular cylinder dominated by well-defined annual rings of secondary xylem interspaced with narrow medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Each annual ring consists of large thin walled spring vessels that taper into progressively smaller, thick walled vessels and tracheids characteristic of later season wood. The deepest zone of primary xylem is separated from the parenchymatous central pith by a starch sheath of dark staining starch filled parenchyma cells. Technical Questions:[email protected]