Holiday party musts: sequins + a sexy signature scent (Modern Muse Le Rouge is the perfect perfume for this time of year)

Lancero 1833-1840

1813 New Line Regiment Lena

Сергей (Сергей Ясаков)

Spain, Golden Fleece Order, neck badge of Charles VIII of Spain, Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, Carlist claimant.

In the medieval town of Morella, its impressive castle and walls will take us back to the times of the Reconquest and the Carlist Wars.

Infanta Alicia of Spain (1876-1975), 1910s. She was the youngest daughter of Carlos, Duke of Madrid, carlist claimant to the throne of Spain. Her eldest sister Infanta Blanca was married to Archduk…

Wilfred the Hairy (aka Guifré el Pilós), whom we just "met" as the founder of the nearby monastery in Sant Joan de les Abadesses, where his daughter Emma of Barcelona was the first abbess, founded the Monastery of Santa Maria in Ripoll in 879. Here his son Radulf de Barcelona was abbot. This was not only Wilfred´s family business, he was very succesful in the political power game of that time. The first church was consecrated in 888, but as the monastery grew it was "reconsecrated" in 935, 977 and 1032. When Oliba de Besalú, as well a descendent of Wilfred, was abbot here (1008 - 1046), this was a cultural center. More than 250 books were on the shelves of the monastery´s library. The church was the burial place for the Counts of Besalú and Barcelona. Still today many tombs can be found in the transept, including that one of Wilfred the Hairy. The decline started within the 15th century. In 1428 it was severely damaged by an earthquake, the restoration was done in Gothic style. The church got ruined the first Carlist War, the library burnt down, the last monks had left. In 1847 part of the cloister and soon after, the abbot´s palace got demolished. The Bishop of Vic organized the rebuilding, so that the church got consecrated again in 1893. The church of today is vastly a product of the reconstruction of th 19th century, but it may be "near" to the romanesque structure. The famous portal of the church, that of course got damaged, but survived the times is 11,60m wide and 7,25m high. It has lots of scenes, not only from the bible. The original church had a nave and four aisles, roofed by barrel vaults. Nave and aisle ended in five apses. Later the church had even seven apses, when two were added to the transept. It may have been as impressive as the Basilica of St. Sernin, Toulouse (230kms north), though it was smaller. The current church, now seen from the east, dates to the reconstruction undertaken in 1896, when the structure was in ruins. It has (only) one nave and two aisles, but all seven apses got rebuilt.

Basque Americans (Basque: euskal estatubatuarrak) are Americans who are of Basque ancestry. According to the 2000 US census, there are 57,793 Americans of full or partial Basque descent, but the real number of Basque Americans could easily reach 100,000 people. Of them, 41,811 people claimed be simply Basque American, 9,296 claimed be originating from Spanish Basque Country, and the other 6,686 claimed be originating from the French Basque Country. The states with the largest Basque-American populations are California (20,868), Idaho (6,637), Nevada (6,096), Washington (2,665) and Oregon (2,627). Basque immigration peaked after the Spanish Carlist Wars in the 1830s—Ebro customs relocated to the Pyrenees—and in the 1860s following the discovery of gold in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range of Northern California. The current day descendants of Basque immigrants remain most notably in this area and across the Sierras into the neighboring area of northern Nevada, then northward, into Idaho. When the present-day states of California, Arizona and New Mexico were annexed by the United States after the Mexican–American War (1848), there were reportedly thousands of Basques of Spanish or mixed Mexican origin living in the Pacific Northwest. By the 1850s, there were some Basque sheepherders working in Cahuenga Valley (today Los Angeles, California). In the 1870s, the Los Angeles and Inland Empire land rush reportedly attracted thousands of Basques from Spain, Mexico and Latin America, but such reports do not bear out in a current census of Basque persons in the Southern United States where Basque persons are exceptionally rare in US census reporting. By the 1880s Basque immigration had spread up into Oregon, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, with significantly lesser numbers reaching the Southern states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in the Southern most region. By 1895 there were reportedly about ten thousand self reporting Basque-Americans in the United States. There are significant numbers of Mexicans with Basque names, as many as 1 million self reporting Mexicans of Basque racial or surname heritage today. Thousands of Basques were recruited from Spain due to severe labor shortages during World War II. They came under contract with the Western Range Association between the 1940s until around 1970. The Spanish Right of Return extends Spanish citizenship only to the grandchildren of Basque immigrants who were born in Spain and forced to flee during the Francoist uprising in the mid-1930s. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_American en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

Basque Americans (Basque: euskal estatubatuarrak) are Americans who are of Basque ancestry. According to the 2000 US census, there are 57,793 Americans of full or partial Basque descent, but the real number of Basque Americans could easily reach 100,000 people. Of them, 41,811 people claimed be simply Basque American, 9,296 claimed be originating from Spanish Basque Country, and the other 6,686 claimed be originating from the French Basque Country. The states with the largest Basque-American populations are California (20,868), Idaho (6,637), Nevada (6,096), Washington (2,665) and Oregon (2,627). Basque immigration peaked after the Spanish Carlist Wars in the 1830s—Ebro customs relocated to the Pyrenees—and in the 1860s following the discovery of gold in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range of Northern California. The current day descendants of Basque immigrants remain most notably in this area and across the Sierras into the neighboring area of northern Nevada, then northward, into Idaho. When the present-day states of California, Arizona and New Mexico were annexed by the United States after the Mexican–American War (1848), there were reportedly thousands of Basques of Spanish or mixed Mexican origin living in the Pacific Northwest. By the 1850s, there were some Basque sheepherders working in Cahuenga Valley (today Los Angeles, California). In the 1870s, the Los Angeles and Inland Empire land rush reportedly attracted thousands of Basques from Spain, Mexico and Latin America, but such reports do not bear out in a current census of Basque persons in the Southern United States where Basque persons are exceptionally rare in US census reporting. By the 1880s Basque immigration had spread up into Oregon, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, with significantly lesser numbers reaching the Southern states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in the Southern most region. By 1895 there were reportedly about ten thousand self reporting Basque-Americans in the United States. There are significant numbers of Mexicans with Basque names, as many as 1 million self reporting Mexicans of Basque racial or surname heritage today. Thousands of Basques were recruited from Spain due to severe labor shortages during World War II. They came under contract with the Western Range Association between the 1940s until around 1970. The Spanish Right of Return extends Spanish citizenship only to the grandchildren of Basque immigrants who were born in Spain and forced to flee during the Francoist uprising in the mid-1930s. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_American en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

January 25, 2014  [Exclusive to Royal Musings, the first English-language source to report this story] A historic reconciliation took place yesterday (Friday) in Naples, Italy, between rival branches of the former reigning royal house of Bourbon-Two-Sicilies, a division that began with a marriage. Yesterday (January 24) in Naples, the day before the ceremony of Beatification of the Venerable Servant of God Maria Cristina of Savoy(mother of Francisco II, and much loved by the Neapolitans), the Duke of Noto and the Duke of Castro signed an act of reconciliation at 5:30 p.m., at the Excelsior Hotel.  [The Beatification  ceremony will take place today at 11:00 a.m., at the Basilica of Santa Chiara in Naples.] Marlene A. Eilers Koenig Collection On February 14, 1901, Infanta Maria de las Mercedes of Spain, Princess of Asturias, married her second cousin, Prince Carlo of Bourbon-Two-Sicilies, nephew of the de jure King of the Two Sicilies. Carlo was elevated to the rank of Infant of Spain. The marriage was not without controversy in Spain, as Carlo's father had strong ties to the conservative Carlist movement. But it was a marriage that was actively encouraged by Mercedes' mother, Queen Maria Cristina, and Infanta Isabel. Mercedes (1880-1904) held a unique position in Spain. Her father, King Alfonso XII's death in 1885 led to a succession crisis, as he had two young daughters, Mercedes, and Maria Teresa, and a young, pregnant widow, Queen Maria Cristina. If Queen Maria Cristina's third child was another daughter, Mercedes would succeed as Queen of Spain. Marlene A. Eilers Koenig Collection The Queen was safely delivered of a son, Alfonso XIII on May 17, 1886. Briefly on the cusp of becoming a child Queen, Mercedes remained Princess of Asturias, heiress presumptive, to the throne until her death. Young Alfonso suffered from illness and a weak constitution, and many assumed he would not survive childhood. Mercedes' position - and her marriage - remained paramount. The young infanta needed to marry another Borbon if she were to become queen. Infanta Mercedes and her younger sister, Infanta Maria Teresa, were presented to society at a ball hosted by Queen Maria Cristina at the Royal Palace. The two infantas had grown up in a conservative and restrictive atmosphere with few friends outside the palace. It is not a surprise that Mercedes fell in love with Prince Carlo, who was a guest at the ball. He asked her to dance, and she melted. Count of Caserta Carlo and his brothers had moved to Spain to further their military careers and both he and his elder brother had distinguished themselves in Spanish military campaigns during the 1890s. The couple's engagement was announced on December 14, 1899. It was not welcomed by Spanish liberals as Carlo's father, the Count of Caserta, had served as a chief of staff in the final Carlist war when Carlist troops had looted the Spanish city of Cuenca. Mercedes was perplexed by the criticism. "I am happy to marry him, but I am also upset at those who have created such a fuss and made mother suffer for this ... all because his father fought alongside Don Carlos. Is this fair?" she wrote to her Aunt Infanta Paz. Although streets were closed off and vast troops deployed throughout the capital, there were no major disturbances on the couple's wedding day. The couple were married on Valentine's Day, 1900. The new Infant of Spain, Don Carlo(s) (1870-1949) was the second son of Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (1841-1934), and his wife and first cousin, Princess Maria Antoinetta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. In 1894, following the death of the former king, Francisco II, Alfonso became claimant to the Two-Sicilies throne, and his eldest son, Prince Ferdinando, who married Princess Maria Ludwiga of Bavaria, became the heir and received the title of Duke of Calabria. As the Count of Caserta believed that there was a risk that the Two Sicilies claim should be forgotten if his son became Spanish King Consort, Don Carlo was asked to sign a declaration renouncing his eventual right of succession to the Two-Sicilies Crown in a text known as the Act of Cannes. This was hastily drawn up and signed on December 14, 1900, and was the catalyst leading to the division within the family. Shortly before the document was signed, the Count of Caserta and Queen Maria Cristina, Regent for her minor son, had agreed that "the only renunciation necessary was the one of former nationality." The Act itself was "in execution of the Pragmatic Decree" of 1759 which required a renunciation only if the Crowns of Spain and the Two Sicilies were united in the same person, even then quite a distant possibility as Carlo's elder brother would have a son, Ruggiero (who died aged thirteen), and several daughters, all of whom had a prior right to the Spanish throne by right of their great-grandmother, a younger sister of Ferdinand VII of Spain. Misunderstandings over the effects of this document have clouded the succession ever since. Mercedes and Carlo were the parents of three children: Alfonso (1901-1964), Fernando (1903-1905), and Isabel Alfonsa (1904-1961). The children bore the titles Prince or Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and were also each accorded the title Infant of Spain. The Princess of Asturias was pregnant with her third child when she became ill in October 1904. She was suffering from appendicitis, which her doctors first diagnosed as stomach cramps. This led to peritonitis and early labor. Mercedes gave birth prematurely to a daughter, on October 16, and died the following day. Carlo would remain in Spain as his three children remained initially under the care of Queen Maria Cristina. A year later, young Fernando died. The elder son, Prince Alfonso, did not become Prince of Asturias, although he was the heir presumptive to the Spanish throne and as such "Infante Heredero" until May 10, 1907, when Queen Victoria Eugenia gave birth to a son, Alfonso. A year earlier, King Alfonso XIII had married Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Don Carlo remained a widower for three years. In 1907, he married Princess Louise of Orléans, daughter of Prince Philippe, Count of Paris, whose mother was an Infanta and was herself created an Infanta at her marriage to Carlo. They had four children: Carlos (1908-1936), Maria de la Dolores (1909-1996), Maria de las Mercedes (1910-2000) and Maria de la Esperanza (1914-2005). The middle daughter, Mercedes, would reaffirm the ties to the Spanish royal house, when in 1935, she married Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, third son of King Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria Eugenia. Their eldest son is King Juan Carlos of Spain, who remains close to his Two-Sicilies cousins. The Count of Caserta died on May 26, 1934, and he was succeeded as head of the house by his eldest son, Ferdinando Pio, who was the father of six children. Tragically, Prince Ruggiero, Duke of Noto, died young, in 1914 providing a second catalyst for a future succession battle. Duke of Calabria (Ferdinando Pius) After the death of Prince and Infante Don Carlo in 1949 there was a family disagreement; Carlo had helped his younger brother Ranieri financially and Infante Alfonso was unable to continue this support - his decision not to do so, however, provoked a breach with his uncles, Ferdinand (Duke of Calabria and head of the House) and Ranieri. Ferdinand soon declared Ranieri his heir and after him the latter's son Ferdinand because the Act of Cannes was a valid act of renunciation. Most of the junior Princes of the Two-Sicilies considered they should follow the wishes of the Duke of Calabria and recognized Prince Ranieri (1883-1973), Don Carlo's next brother, who took the title of Duke of Castro (an ancient title that had been inherited from the Farnese and had been used occasionally by King Francis II in exile). Ranieri was the ninth child and fifth son of the Count and Countess of Caserta. He married his first cousin Countess Maria Carolina Zamoyska (whose mother was a Princess of the Two Sicilies and sister of the Countess of Caserta), and they had two children, Princess Maria de Carmen, and Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Castro. Prince Rainieri served briefly in the Spanish military. Prince Ranieri and his bride, Countess Maria Carolina Zamoyska (his first cousin) Fast forward to January 7, 1960. The Duke of Calabria has died, and the Duke of Castro (Ranieri) is declared head of the House, and recognized as such by nearly all of the members of the Bourbon-Two-Sicilies family. Some other heads of royal families also acknowledged the Duke of Castro as heir, notably the Count of Paris, King Umberto II of Italy, the Duke of Bavaria, and later the Duke of Württemberg, and the Head of the Imperial House of Brazil. Duke and Duchess of Calabria (Prince Alfonso and Princess Alicia) He would be challenged, however, for the position by his nephew, Prince and Infante Don Alfonso, Don Carlo's only surviving son. Infante Don Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, and his wife, Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma, whom he married in 1936, were the parents of two daughters, Princesses Teresa and Inés, and one son, Carlos (created an Infant of Spain by King Juan Carlos in 1994). Alfonso died in 1964 and was succeeded as Duke of Calabria by his only son. Alfonso and Carlos were recognized as successive heads of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies and Constantinian Grand Masters by the Count of Barcelona, the Duke of Segovia (ne Infante Don Jaime of Spain), the Duke of Parma, the Duke of Braganza and Prince Dom Pedro-Gastao of Orleans-Braganza. Later Archduke Otto recognized Alfonso's son Carlos, accepting from him the Order of Saint Januarius on the occasion of his 90th birthday, as did the Crown Prince of Yugoslavia. King Juan Carlos wrote in support of the Infante Don Alfonso's claim when some senior officers of the Constantinian Order accepted high ranks in the Order given by the Duke of Castro. A year later, in May 1965, the young Duke of Calabria, married Princess Anne of Orléans, a daughter of the Count and Countess of Paris. They are the parents of four daughters, and one son, Prince Pedro, Duke of Noto. The division between the two branches has been at times nasty with friends and members of other European royal families forced to take sides. Duke of Castro (Carlo) Prince Ranieri died on September 13, 1973, and was succeeded by his only son, Ferdinando, Duke of Castro (1926-2008.) Ferdinando and his wife, Chantal de Chevron-Vilette, had three children: Beatrice, former wife of Prince Charles Napoleon (and mother of the present Prince Napoleon), Anne and Carlo, Duke of Castro (1963). The Duchess of Castro with Princesses Maria Carolina, Duchess of Palermo, and Maria Chiara, Duchess of Capri On March 20, 2008, Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, succeeded to his father's titles. He has been married to Italian heiress Camilla Crociani since 1998. They live in Monaco with their two young daughters, Princesses Maria Carolina (2003) and Maria Chiara (2003). The Duke and Duchess of Castro are close friends with the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Denmark and he is one of the Godparents of the Crown Prince's younger daughter, Princess Josephine. He is also a Godfather of Prince Gaston of Orléans, whose father, Prince Jean, Duke of Vendome, is a first cousin of Prince Pedro, Duke of Noto (1968), only son of the Duke and Duchess of Calabria. Duke of Calabria (Carlos) & his eldest son, Pedro, Duke of Noto The Duke of Noto has been married since 2001 to Sofia Landaluce y Melgarejo. They have six children, four sons and two daughters. Their eldest, Prince Jaime, Duke of Capua (born in 1993) was legitimated by his parents' marriage. Such intertwined connections have led to further tension even among Prince Pedro's cousins. Settling family disputes, especially one that had its origins more than a century ago, can be tricky, and in the history of Europe's royal families have never before been settled by mutual agreement between members of the family. The Duke of Noto and the Duke of Castro were determined to change this and in act of considerable courage the two families, close in age and with young children, decided to set aside past differences. Negotiations proceeded over a year, with a senior member of the Infante Don Carlos's Constantinian Order asked to assist in this process. These led to two meetings between the families (in Paris and Madrid) and an agreement was drawn up. The signing of the act of reconciliation was done privately.  The Duchesses of Noto and Castro were also present for the ceremony, as well as the Duke of Noto's mother, the Duchess of Calabria, the Duke of Noto's sisters, Maria and Inés, and their husbands, Archduke Simeon and Michele Carrelli Palombi, their aunt, Princess Teresa, Marquesa de Laserma, the Duke of Castro's sister, Princess Napoleon, Prince Casimiro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and his wife Princess Margherita, and the Duke of Braganza. The Infante Don Carlos, Duke of Calabria, 76, is not well, and could not be present for the ceremony. The two families will recognize each other's titles, and the Duke and Duchess of Castro's two daughters have received the titles of Duchess of Palermo and Duchess of Capri. At future occasions connected with the dynasty, the family members attending will represent the whole family and the heads of each branch will be considered equal, sharing their historic responsibilities. The whole family is determined not to reignite the dispute and instead to work together in a spirit of unity for the common good, in a spirit of Christian reconciliation inspired by the aims of the Constantinian Order. Duke of Noto Succession to the throne is largely a moot point, and it is expected that the shared headship will continue through the lifetimes of the Dukes of Noto and Castro. In the Calabria nor the Duke of Castro (who has only daughters) will need to relinquish their positions as head of the family. Prince Jaime, an engineering student, is learning Italian, and will become more involved in the Constantinian Order as will other members of the royal family. Prince Jaime, Duke of Capua This is a major achievement for the Dukes of Castro and Noto. They will now work together to unite the Constantinian Order and the administrations of the Two Sicilies Orders of St. Januarius and Francis I. [All but the first two photographs were provided to me privately for the use in this news story.]