When to use it: To clarify a comparison in a compound adjective Brief /short-term camps Spiteful/Ill-minded people To specify two possibilities Latino/a Separate numerators from denominators X/Y 2/4 Separate units of measurement accompanied by numeric values 9 deg/s 5 mg/kg To set off phonemes /p/ In citations for reprinted, or republished works. Frank (1946/ 1967)

Quotation marks appear with other punctuation marks. Commas and periods go inside the closing quotation mark. Colons, semicolons, and ellipsis go outside closing quotation marks. When should I use double quotation marks? When referring to a letter, phrase, or sentence as a linguistic Letter “b” The singular “they” Instead of writing “the disabled child,” you

Do not define: Abbreviations that are written as terms in the dictionary (e.g., IQ) Measurement abbreviations Latin abbreviations Many statistical abbreviations Define all the other abbreviations, even those that are familiar to your readers *Once you have abbreviated a term, use only the abbreviation. Definitions in the text: For the first time, present both the

When should I use periods? At the end of a sentence …And they lived happily ever after. For the initials of a name Harrison, H. F. When using U.S. and U.K. as adjectives She is a U.S. citizen For Latin abbreviations e.g., i.e., For era designations B.C.E., B.C., A.D., C.E. When should I not

When should I use commas? To divide all of the elements on a list, including the last one. Tomatoes, lettuce, and oranges After using an introductory phrase At the beginning of the year, we shared our goals and dreams. *In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. *note: you may avoid this comma

When should one use parentheses? To mention independent elements The number of customers is increasing everyday (see Table 6). To write in-text citations Willard and Foster (2019) describe (Willard & Foster, 2019) To introduce abbreviations The United Nations (UN) To separate items in a list of sentence and paragraphs The most important things in life

Do not abbreviate: The words “day,” “week,” “month,” “year,” even when they are next to a numerical value. Abbreviate: The words “hour,” “minute,” “second,” and other measurements of seconds when they are accompanied by a numerical value. Term Abbreviation Example Hour hr 6 hrs Minute min 30 min Second s 5 s Millisecond ms

When to use square brackets To enclose material that is already in parentheses. (The results of the hypothesis [h=5] are presented in Figure 4). To enclose the abbreviation if the abbreviation is in parentheses. (United Nations [UN]; Butler et al., 2003) For confidence intervals values 95% CIs [ –7.2, 4.3] To add information to a

There are two types of dashes, em dash (long dash) and en dash­ (midsized dash), and they are different from hyphens. Em dash: Set of an element added to amplify or digress from the main clause. Use it sparingly, so it does not affect the flow of the text. Do not use space before

For APA spelling, follow the following dictionaries: Merriam Webster Dictionary APA Dictionary of Psychology Unabridged Edition of the Webster’s Dictionary Pay attention to the following Latin and Greek words: Singular / Plural Appendix / Appendices Criterion / Criteria Curriculum / Curricula Datum / Data Phenomenon / phenomena Remember to write the correct subject-verb agreement The

Capitalization: Job Titles and Positions Capitalize: When the title proceeds the name. President Obama was elected in 2008 Michael Bishop/ Dr. Bishop Register Nurse Micaela Comer/ Nurse Comer Do not capitalize: A title or position that follows the name or refers to a position in general. Barak Obama was president of the United States Katherine

Capitalize: Proper nouns and adjectives Racial and ethnic groups The following study present the ancestral customs of Indigenous women Names of specific university departments, academic institutions, and academic courses. Capitalize Do not capitalize Department of Linguistics, TUW A department of linguistics, at a university Business 101 A language course Neuroscience Practice A neuroscience course

Use: The Latin abbreviation only for parenthetical material. * Punctuate the abbreviation as if it were spelling out the translation. Do not use The Latin abbreviation for narrative material. Instead, use the translation. Latin Abbreviation Translation cf. compare e.g., for example, , etc. , and so forth i.e., that is, viz., namely, vs. versus

Hyphenation Compound words can be used in many forms: Two separated words One hyphenated word One solid word When to use hyphenation? There is not a clear standardization, but refer to the following examples: When the compound word appears as an adjective before the noun and can be misread or express a singular thought Same-sex

For APA 7, you must space after the following punctuation marks: Punctuation at the end of a sentence. These could be commas or periods During the pandemic, many people struggled to survive. After commas, colons, and semi colons The students were glad to see their teacher again; he had been

Capitalization: Diseases, Disorder, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms Do not capitalized the: Diseases or disorders Diabetes Leukemia Therapies and treatments Immunotherapy Cataract surgery Theories, concepts, hypotheses, principle, models, and statistical procedures Associative learning model Law of effect Capitalize: Personal names that appear within the name of diseases, Disorder, therapies, treatments, theories, concepts, hypotheses, Principles, models,

You should capitalize: The first word in a sentence The first word after colon if it is a complete sentence The race was hard: The athletes had to train for many weeks Do not capitalized: A person’s name that begins with a lowercase letter van de Vijver and his team conducted a rigorous study on…

In APA style we use two types of capitalizations title case and sentence case. Title Case: Most of the words are capitalized The first word, even a minor word such as “The” The first word of a subtitle, even if it is a minor word First word after a colon, em dash, or end

Use words to express: Numbers zero through nine in text including abstracts. Any number that begins a title, sentence, heading. If possible, reword the sentence, so it does not begin with a number. Thirteen students arrived late, and only 10 were on time. Common fractions On third of the population Universally accepted usage Twelve apostles

Plural Forms: To make abbreviations plural, you do not need o add and apostrophe IQs URLs ps *Do not add “s” for pages or for units or measurement pp., 5cm, 12 hr Abbreviations Beginning a Sentence: Never begin a sentence with a lowercase abbreviation (cm) Or with a stand-alone symbol (∞) Begin a sentence with