Key Principles • The hypothalamus regulates the endocrine functions of the pituitary gland via hormonal and neural mechanisms; as we'll see, the hypothalamus can either stimulate or inhibit the the pituitary gland. • The pituitary gland (aka, hypophysis) is structurally and functionally divisible into two lobes. - The anterior lobe, aka, adenohypophysis, is derived embryologically from the foregut; it receives hypothalamic regulating signals via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins. - 6 tropic hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe; "tropic" means they act on target tissues to stimulate release of other endocrine products. - The posterior lobe, aka, the neurohypophysis, receives hypothalamic signals via neural connections. As we'll learn elsewhere, the posterior lobe is derived from neural tissues. Pathway: • Cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons send axons inferiorly towards the pituitary gland. • Axons deliver hypothalamic hormones to the portal blood vessels • Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels deliver blood and hormonal signals from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The the primary capillary plexus forms at the base of the hypothalamus (specifically, at the median eminence); it arises from the superior hypophyseal artery and drains, via portal vessels, inferiorly to the secondary capillary plexus, which bathes the endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary lobe. • The secondary capillary plexus delivers neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit hormonal secretion by the nearby anterior lobe endocrine cells. • Upon secretion, the anterior lobe hormones drain into systemic venous return to the heart; from here, they circulate within the systemic arterial blood to reach their target tissues. CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) • Stimulates the corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary lobe to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) • ACTH travels in systemic blood to reach the cells of the adrenal gland cortex. As we'll discuss elsewhere, ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to secrete its own endocrine products. GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) stimulates somatotrophs of the anterior lobe to release growth hormone. - Growth hormone has widespread metabolic effects in the body, particularly in the musculoskeletal system. - Somatostatin (aka, growth hormone-inhibiting hormone), inhibits growth hormone secretion from the anterior lobe endocrine cells. GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) • Stimulates gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary lobe to secrete FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone), which travel in the bloodstream to act on gonadal cells (aka, ovarian and testicular cells) (details regarding these hormonal pathways are discussed elsewhere). Thyroid-releasing hormone • Released from the hypothalamus and triggers thyrotrophs to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone, which stimulates endocrine cells of the thyroid gland. PRH (prolactin-releasing hormone) • Stimulates lactotrophs (aka, mammotrophic cells) of the anterior lobe to secrete prolactin, which triggers mammary gland growth and milk production in females. • PIH (prolactin-inhibiting hormone, aka, dopamine) inhibits the release of prolactin. • Bromocriptine (a dopamine agonist) is used to treat prolactinomas (prolactin-secreting tumors).