For information on Rubens technique and a bibliography see my Rubens materials page. My palette consisted of pigments Rubens often used: lead white, various raw siennas, ochres and umbers, charcoal black, genuine vermilion, Van Dyck brown, chalk (used as extender), lead-tin yellow (type I), madder lake, and some blue verditer (for the white clothing). Half of the paints were made by me from pigment and cold-pressed linseed oil that I bleached in the sun. Rubens (original, detail) "Infanta's Waiting-maid in Brussels", 1623-25. The Hermitage. Lala Ragimov, copy after Rubens I started by copying a study associated with this painting, an aux trois crayons drawing. Rubens (original) Red, black, white chalks, pen and ink 353x283m Copy after Rubens, Lala Ragimov I compared the hatch-mark directions in the drawing to those in the painting (visible through the transparent shadows and half-shadows of the painting) to help guide my underpainting. The first step was a gessoed panel (calcium carbonate chalk and rabbit skin glue) which I didn't sand enough, so the vertical streaks show up in the final painting (lesson learned). The diagonal streaks (imitating those in the original) come from the egg-oil emulsion imprimatura the recipe for which was kindly described to me by Charlotte Caspers, artist trained as conservator who worked with Rubens imprimatura reconstructions. For good information on streaky imprimatura see "Preparation for Painting, the Artist's Choice and its Consequences.", p79. Some Rubens sketches show the grisaille approach while others exhibit what looks like a "dead-paint" layer, muted local colours in mid and light values. Peter Paul Rubens, "grisaille" approach to an oil sketch Ashmolean Peter Paul Rubens, "dead painted" oil sketch showing muted local colours Getty Museum The pale transparent portrait I was copying gave an impression of a grisaille beginning, so I finished the underpainting in raw siennas and umbers with accents in lead white. Step 1 Lala Ragimov after Rubens Step 1.5... Lala Ragimov after Rubens After that I moved to "dead-paint" (doodwerf) stage, adding unsaturated approximations of local colours to be worked up later. You can observe the dead paint layer on parts of two paintings at the Getty, the Calydonian Boar Hunt and the Return from War. Step 2 face (my take on the dead-paint layer) Finished copy, detail The last stage is adding outlines, final impasto highlights, glazed transparent shadows and dark lines, and finishing the clothes and background (which were done last in Rubens paintings) *** For me copying the masters I admire has always been and continues to be the best way to learn. I would recommend it to beginners and mature artists alike. 1) I strongly recommend making 1:1 scale copies, because if you scale the brush-strokes up or down you lose a lot of information about the technique. When Rubens himself made his numerous copies of Titian and others, he made them to scale. If you are copying inside a museum that has rules about making your canvas bigger or smaller, scale the canvas but not the image. It needs to remain 1:1 for you to learn about brush sizes, shapes; stiffness or softness of the brush hair; the actual width of lines; quality and thickness of impasto; the scale the artist thought needed to produce an effect; the spirit of the work, etc. I believe that it is more informative to copy a detail to scale than the whole work smaller or larger. 2) Works on panel are best to be copied on panel, works on canvas are best on canvas. Pay attention to the weave of the canvas and observe the correct colour of the priming. When in doubt about the priming/imprimatura makeup or colour, reading conservation literature will usually help. More of my copies can be found here. ©Lala Ragimov no artwork or text by Lala Ragimov may be reproduced without her permission. My other posts on topics related to technical art history Inspired by Rubens (Getty Museum page, featuring my work) Copying a Rubens drawing (materials, techniques) Copying a Rubens painting (materials, techniques) Roger de Piles on drawing technique (excerpt in my translation) Jombert's drawing treatise (excerpts in my translation) 1400s-1700s drawing treatises online Painting materials of Rubens; bibliography Renaissance woodcut tools Image gallery: my copies and reconstructions