Plants can take in light, water and carbon dioxide, and send out sugar and oxygen. Here’s how it works.
Ligand-gated ion channels form a pore through the plasma membrane that opens when a signaling…
If you have taken basic biology, you will know that any cell requires certain conditions to function normally. Temperature and pH must be…
Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The reaction takes place in a unit called an electrolyzer.
Dari namanya saja kita bisa memperkirakan bahwa fotosintesis merupakan proses pembentukan (sintesis) yang melibatkan cahaya (foto). Nah, Sobat Pintar pastinya sudah serin
Learn about the nervous system - central nervous system and peripheral nervous system function. What are common nervous system diseases.
MYELINATION OF CNS AND PNS AXONS Central myelination of axons is provided by oligodendroglia. Each oligodendroglial cell can myelinate a single segment of several separate central axons. In the PNS, sensory, motor, and preganglionic autonomic axons are myelinated by Schwann cells. A Schwann cell myelinates only a single segment of one axon. Unmyelinated sensory and autonomic postganglionic autonomic axons are ensheathed by a Schwann cell, which provides a single enwrapping arm of cytoplasm around each of several such axons. The space between adjacent myelin segments of an axon is called a node of Ranvier; this site of axon membrane contains sodium channels and allows the reinitiation of action potentials in the course of propagation down the axon, a process called saltatory conduction. CLINICAL POINT The integrity of the myelin sheath is essential for proper neuronal function in both the CNS and the PNS. Disruption of the myelin sheath around axons in either system results in the inability of the formerly myelinated axons to carry out their functional activities. In the CNS, the myelin sheath of central axons can be attacked in an autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis, resulting in a variety of symptoms, such as blindness, diplopia caused by discoordinated eye movements, loss of sensation, loss of coordination, paresis, and others. This condition may occur episodically, with intermittent remyelination occurring as the result of oligodendroglia proliferation and remyelination. In the PNS, a wide variety of insults, including exposure to toxins and the presence of diabetes or autoimmune Guillain-Barré syndrome, result in peripheral axonal demyelination, which is manifested mainly as sensory loss and paralysis or weakness. Remyelination also can occur around peripheral axons, initiated by the Schwann cells. Clinically, the status of axonal conduction is assessed by examining sensory evoked potentials in the CNS and by conduction velocity studies in the PNS.
Beim JetPeel schleusen wir mit einem hochfokussierten Wasserstrahl hochwirksame Seren unter die Haut ein. Wissenschaftlich bewiesene Wirkung.
Interactions between central glial cells and neurons in the pain circuitry are critical contributors to the pathogenesis of chronic pain. In the central nervous system (CNS), two major glial cell types predominate: astrocytes and microglia. Injuries or pathological conditions which evoke pain are concurrently associated with the presence of a reactive microglia or astrocyte state, which is characterized by a variety of changes in the morphological, molecular, and functional properties of these cells. In this review, we highlight the changes that reactive microglia and astrocytes undergo following painful injuries and insults and discuss the critical and interactive role these two cell types play in the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain. Additionally, we focus on several crucial mechanisms by which microglia and astrocytes contribute to chronic pain and provide commentary on the therapeutic promise of targeting these pathways. In particular, we discuss how the inflammasome in activated microglia drives maturation and release of key pro-inflammatory cytokines, which drive pain through neuronal- and glial regulations. Moreover, we highlight several potentially-druggable hemichannels and proteases produced by reactive microglia and astrocytes in pain states and discuss how these pathways regulate distinct phases during pain pathogenesis. We also review two emerging areas in chronic pain research: 1) sexually dimorphic glial cell signaling and 2) the role of oligodendrocytes. Finally, we highlight important considerations for potential pain therapeutics targeting glial cell mediators as well as questions that remain in our conceptual understanding of glial cell activation in pain states.
Drought plays a conspicuous role in forest mortality, and is expected to become more severe in future climate scenarios. Recent surges in drought-associated forest tree mortality have been documented...
Combining magnetic properties relied on in traditional Chinese medicine with contemporary knowledge about the gut microbiome, researchers have developed a novel oral treatment to prevent and repair hearing loss caused by noise exposure.
THIS JUST IN PSYCHOLOGY Reviewed by Term meta View Psychology RELATIONSHIPS Reviewed by Term meta View Relationships SELF CARE Reviewed by Term meta View All Self Care Explore by CATEGORY Dating Tips Emotions A-Level Psychology
The goal of this tutorial is to learn about cellular respiration, including Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.
This educational science poster shows an animal cell's main organelles. The poster is suitable for middle to senior school science classes. The poster is supplied in two standard educational poster sizes: American paper size: 18 x 24 inches International paper size:nA2 (42 x 59.4 cm) We have supplied four zipped files. This includes two for 16 x 20 inches and two for A2 42 x 59.4 cm. The first of the two files is a high-resolution 300 dpi RGB colour jpeg. The second file is a high-resolution 300 dpi CYMK colour PDF. Due to standard colour printing requirements, you are supplied with two files for each size. Why an RGB and a CYMK colour file? RGB jpeg files can be printed at places that print posters (Walgreens & Walmart (US), Officeworks, Big W, and Harvey Norman (Australia), If you intend to print your poster using one of these services, the RGB colour file should be okay. If you print your file through a printing company, they will probably want a print-ready, high-resolution 300 dpi CYMK PDF. Therefore, the second file has been converted to CYMK colour and includes all necessary printer's marks. Note that the files you receive do not contain the watermark. Please note that this purchase is for digital files. You will be able to download them immediately after making a payment. Don't hesitate to get in touch with me if you have any questions or need advice on printing the file, LICENCE Purchase of this digital file gives you a school licence. That means that you can print as many copies of this poster as required for use within a single school. RETURNS POLICY We are not able to accept returns for digital items. If you have a problem with your order, please let me know, and I will try my best to help.
Incubator definition. cabinet incubator. co2 incubator. Components/ Parts, Principle/ Working of Incubator. Applications of Incubator.
Viral infection and activation of the maternal immune system (MIA) during pregnancy has been linked to behavioural abnormalities in the offspring. In this study, Gloria Choi, Jun Huh and colleagues identify a specific cortical subregion of the somatosensory cortex as a critical region of dysfunction, and show that the presence and size of cortical patches correlate with specific social behaviours. In a related paper published this week, Gloria Choi, Jun Huh and colleagues provide evidence that MIA-mediated abnormal behavioural phenotypes require defined gut commensal bacteria for the induction of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing T helper 17 (TH17) cells, in accordance with previous studies that have demonstrated a role in this association.
