There is not a single method of underpinning which will be suitable in every circumstance and to be effective, careful considerations of things such as dead and imposed loads, ground conditions, depth of excavation, site restraints including access and ultimately costs will help to determine the most appropriate method of underpinning to use Source: http://www.davocal.ie/ I have previously written two articles on the subject of ground movement a term more commonly referred to as subsidence, Subsidence – Part 1 – Not all it’s cracked up to be! and Subsidence – Part 2 – Factors that contribute to subsidence and what to look for. The first article explains how the very word (subsidence) seems to strike fear into most people due to the misconception that ALL instances are both disruptive and expensive to rectify. Whilst this is true in some circumstances, in the vast majority of cases subsidence can be rectified reasonable quickly and without excessive expense. In order to establish what correct remedial measures are necessary it is crucial to accurately diagnose the factors causing any episodes of ground movement and whether movement is continuing or has stopped. In my previous articles I explained that when I first graduated from University I joined a Property Consultancy who’s main area of business was dealing with subsidence insurance claims as Loss Adjusters. My role was to visit site with a more experienced Structural Engineer, who would make an initial assessment, and then I would be required to manage the claim to a conclusion. This often involved crack monitoring to establish whether any movement was historic (had now stopped) or progressive (was still continuing). This was a crucial part of the process as it is pointless dealing with the effect of subsidence until movement has been stopped. On the occasions where movement was found to be progressive, it was often first necessary to undertake substantial remedial work such as underpinning to stabilise and stop any movement. In this article I plan to explain what underpinning is so that anyone who is affected by subsidence where underpinning is suggested will have an understanding of what is happening. So what is underpinning? Well in simple terms underpinning is a method of strengthening weak foundations whereby a new, stronger foundation is placed beneath the original. The whole concept of underpinning can seem mind boggling when you consider that this often involves excavating underneath of an existing foundation to strengthen whilst at the same time ensure that the building or structure that is being supported does not disappear even further into the ground! There are a number of different methods of underpinning including traditional underpinning, needle beam underpinning, cantilever beam underpinning and an underpinning raft. The method of underpinning selected in each situation will be determined by a number of different factors, which I will discuss in this and in next week’s article. There is not a single method of underpinning which will be suitable in every circumstance and to be effective careful considerations of things such as dead and imposed loads, ground conditions, depth of excavation, site restraints including access and ultimately costs will help to determine the most appropriate method to use. Source: Source: Chudley R. & Greeno R (2005), Building Construction Handbook Traditional Underpinning - This method stabilises existing foundations by digging under the present foundation in sequenced bays to a depth where firm strata exists and replacing the excavated material with mass concrete. This method of underpinning is used when the existing foundations are at a shallow depth. ‘Bays’ are usually excavated in 1.0m to 1.5m in length and generally 0.6m wide. This method can be used to depth of circa 2.5m however due to cost an safety issues it may be worth considering a ‘mini-piled’ solution for depths in excess of 1.5m, something that will be discussed in next weeks article. Advantages of traditional underpinning compared to other methods is that is simple engineering and generally easily understood, suitable for heavy loads and large structures, occupants can remain in the property as work can be undertaken from outside, method can be used in restricted access areas (does not require plant or machinery), it is a low cost solution at shallow depths and it creates minimal disruption and is not noisy. Source: http://buildingandengineering.blogspot.co.uk/ You can see from the diagram on the right that each bay is excavated in sequence and then filled with concrete, which is allowed to cure (harden), before the next bay is excavated. This is crucial to the stability of the building/structure during the process. Once the concrete has cured the next bay in sequence is excavated, filled with concrete and cured and so the process continues until all of the bays are complete. This method therefore provides a new deeper foundation over a short period of time but not in one operation. In order to carry out traditional underpinning it is first necessary to understand the ground conditions (via a ground investigation) to know what depth to excavate for solid ground and the to plan the sequence for the underpinning bays. Although traditional underpinning is the simplest and most commonly used method of underpinning it is still necessary to obtain professional advice in order to ensure that the selected method of underpinning is designed and completed correctly. It is also necessary to engage a contractor who is familiar with traditional underpinning and will take into account the various safety aspects of providing temporary support where required, supporting excavations where necessary, working in confined spaces and so on. Excavating a bay and filling with concrete may seem a very simple process to most people and you may wonder how anyone could get this wrong, however never be surprised with the fallibility of human nature. A common example I give to my students relates to my previously explained role as a graduate Building Surveyor, working with Property Consultancy who’s main area of business was dealing with subsidence insurance claims as Loss Adjusters. Late one evening we received a call to a mid-terraced property in the Moseley area of Birmingham from a man who had contacted his insurance company (who then contacted us), where he had arrived home to find a problem with his house. He had left his house in the morning as usual, shut his from door and proceeded to work. When he arrived home he put his key in the door, turned the lock the door would not open. After a number of attempts he promptly shoulder barged the door, which eventually opened. When he got inside the house he realised that the front door was the least of his problems. There was major vertical cracking in three locations on the party wall (a shared wall with his neighbour), which was so bad he could see through to next door's lounge, the suspended timber ground floor had significantly dropped near the junction of the party wall, there was a 50mm horizontal crack at the junction of the top of the ground floor lounge wall and ceiling and all of the ground floor internal door frames were distorted and none of the internal doors would close properly. Not exactly what you want or expect when you come home from work! On investigation it was established that his neighbour was in the process of an extensive refurbishment, which included underpinning of the party wall between the two properties. For reasons which we never got to the bottom of the contractor excavated underneath the party wall in one operation, rather that in sequenced bays, and unsurprisingly the whole party wall had dropped as the excavation was part way through! How somebody was not seriously injured or even killed was a miracle. The cost of rectifying the works and in addition the costs of temporary accommodation while the work was being carried out were calculated in the region of £75,000. This demonstrates the significant impact of what can happen if underpinning is not carried out correctly. In next week's article I will discuss other methods of underpinning such as, needle beam underpinning, cantilever beam underpinning and an underpinning raft. Please feel free to share this article and other articles on this site with friends, family and colleagues who you think would be interested Information/opinions posted on this site are the personal views of the author and should not be relied upon by any person or any third party without first seeking further professional advice. Also, please scroll down and read the copyright notice at the end of the blog.

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What is underpinning? Underpinning is a sensitive construction technique for strengthening an existing foundation or placing a new foundation below the

Underpinning is a method for repair and strengthening of building foundations. Underpinning methods, procedures and their applications of is discussed.

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What is underpinning? Underpinning is a sensitive construction technique for strengthening an existing foundation or placing a new foundation below the

An intuitive explanation of this core concept underpinning modern statistics.

What’s the difference between concrete underpinning and resin injection? Resin injection underpinning is a more modern but still proven method of underpinning and strengthening building foundations. It involves injecting environmentally-friendly resin into the foundations through small holes.

This book describes efficient and effective techniques for harnessing the power of Linked Data by tackling the various aspects of managing its growing volume: storing, querying, reasoning, provenance management and benchmarking. To this end, Chapter 1 introduces the main concepts of the Semantic Web and Linked Data and provides a roadmap for the book. Next,…

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What is underpinning? Underpinning is a sensitive construction technique for strengthening an existing foundation or placing a new foundation below the

What is underpinning? Underpinning is a sensitive construction technique for strengthening an existing foundation or placing a new foundation below the

This Element reviews the key foundational concepts, beliefs, and practices underpinning approaches to assessment in English Language Teaching. Exploring major concepts and practices through educational, social, and ethical perspectives, it offers theoretically informed and close-to-practice descriptions and up-to-date explanations of the affordances and limitations of different assessment approaches related to language teaching. This Element presents a cohesive and pragmatic framework that allows teachers to efficiently implement tests and assessments in their contexts. Worked examples or Exercises

What is underpinning? Underpinning is a sensitive construction technique for strengthening an existing foundation or placing a new foundation below the

The classic design of the Curzon Knit makes for effortless styling options for the cooler months. This knit is crafted from a modal viscose blend and is characterised by its V-neckline, ribbed trims and relaxed silhouette for a comfortable and cosy feel. Underpin yours with a blazer or wear solo. Details Length: cm V-neckline Ribbed trims Relaxed silhouette Care Machine Wash Cold. Line Dry. Modal Viscose Blend

This is the seventh book in a series of discussions about the great minds in the history and theory of finance. While the series addresses the contributions of scholars in our understanding of financial decisions and markets, this seventh book describes how econometrics developed and how its underlying assumptions created the underpinning of much of modern…

There have been relatively few well-informed, critical assessments of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. This book examines some of the background to these approaches, notably the influence of Schutz and phenomenology. It also compares Garfinkel's approach with those of Goffman and Simmel, and assesses the influence of Cicourel and conversation analysis on research methodology. The core of the book is an in-depth assessment of the rationale for ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, and of their relationship to mainstream social science. While the importance of the issues that these epistemologically and ontologically radical approaches raise is underlined, a number of fundamental problems are identified with the rationale underpinning them. -- .

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In episode 11 of my Toronto home renovation series we begin basement renovation as well as showcase our newly finished powder room and kitchen renovations!

In the late '40s, the executive mansion was in a condemnable state. To save it, everything had to go.

Researchers have recently published a way in which silver nanoparticles are capable of significantly reducing the energy consumption in modern light-based computer systems.

What is underpinning? Underpinning is a sensitive construction technique for strengthening an existing foundation or placing a new foundation below the

A slick and attractive brand with strong technological underpinnings. Naexo is versatile and dynamic, an ideal choice for forward thinking business brands. Possible uses: Creative and distinct. Capable and successful persona. Modern and innovative sound. Techie and smart

Financial Modelling in Commodity Markets provides a basic and self-contained introduction to the ideas underpinning financial modelling of products in commodity markets. The book offers a concise and operational vision of the main models used to represent, assess and simulate real assets and financial positions related to the commodity markets. It discusses statistical and mathematical tools important for estimating, implementing and calibrating quantitative models used for pricing and trading commodity-linked products and for managing basic and complex portfolio risks. Key features: Provides a step-by-step guide to the construction of pricing models, and for the applications of such models for the analysis of real data Written for scholars from a wide range of scientific fields, including economics and finance, mathematics, engineering and statistics, as well as for practitioners Illustrates some important pricing models using real data sets that will be commonly used in financial markets 23 Tables, black and white; 106 Illustrations, black and white

Many parts of the world are experiencing rapid demographic restructuring, resulting in an ageing population with increasingly significant work and care pressures on cohorts less able or willing to provide support. This book examines some of the important trends that have underpinned reductions in fertility, including delayed child-bearing and increased…