The fauna of Specworld seems to revel in creations that exceed or contradict the expectations of human explorers. During the Mesozoic Era, the mammals had never achieved a body-mass of above a few kilograms, nor had they made any inroads into marine habitats. It was thus reasonable to assume that, in the absence of a K-T mass extinction event, large marine mammals ought not to exist on Spec, at all. So, when the beach-washed carcasses of multi-ton mammals were discovered in the first year of spe

Otherworld finches, cityfinches, crackers, and outlaws are the dominant small-bodied seed-eating birds of Specworld. Together with the odd parrothawks and the Specworld parrots, they comprise an estimated 2,300 species worldwide in 19 major groups. Allospiziforme anatomy shares many convergent similarities with the finches, parrots, and cuckoos of our timeline, so it is no wonder that that the true affinities of this group were long overlooked. While they were once classified as neognaths somewh

Penguins ply the southern seas of this timeline and ours and are known as Paleocene fossils from both worlds. This would suggest that the sphenisciformes had already appeared by the end of the Cretaceous or that presence/absence of the K-T event had little impact on the evolution of penguins, probably on small islands in the New Zealand archipelago. Penguins have, thus, evolved along more or less the same lines in both worlds. However, in addition to familiar penguins, Spec's Sphenisciformes inc

Spec's birds are puzzling creatures, but few bird groups have proved as troubling as the xenorniths. After a very confusing history of many different classifications (members of this clade have, at times, been classified as euornithians, oviraptorosaurs and enantiornithians), Xenornithes has finally come to rest near the roots of the avian family tree. Xenorniths are now generally accepted to be very basal birds, related to Confuciusornithidae, a taxon known only from fossils from the Early Cret

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No group of dinosaurs best expresses the innovation yet familiarity of Spec’s fauna as ungulapedes. Clearly hadrosaurian in nature, the origins of these dinosaurs extend as far back as the Cretaceous. With over an estimated 150 species, these are one of the most successful groups of dinosaurs in the world of Spec. The ancestry of the ungulapedes was believed to be traceable back to Anserodromeus, a small, crested, basal hadrosauroid from Paleocene-Early Eocene Africa which can has some similar f

The monotremes of Home-Earth form a small group of Australasian oddballs, a trio of species (the platypus and two echidnas) that are unique among living mammals in their retention of many primitive features, the most famous of which is reproduction though egg-laying. They are popularly, if somewhat erroneously, portrayed as “living-fossils”, curiosities from some bygone era that have only survived by living in some biogeographical backwater where “time stood still”.The situation on the Specworld

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The squibbon is an arboreal, highly intelligent, octopus-like terasquid from the Northern Forest of Novopangea, 200 million AD, in The Future is Wild. It spends all its life high in the canopy, far more flexibly-adapted in the treetops than any vertebrate. In the trees above a lumbering megasquid, a party of squibbons will swing about, keeping wary eyes on the bigger animal below. Squibbons are the most agile of the terasquids, having adapted their natural dexterity to a tree-dwelling existence.

After Man: A Zoology of the Future is the first book of speculative zoology/evolution written by Dougal Dixon. Published in 1981, it exposes though different descriptions and illustrations the inhabitants of the earth 50 million years in the future after the extinction of humanity and much of the Holocene megafauna. Dixon assumes that Europe and Africa would eventually fuse, closing up the Mediterranean Sea. Asia and North America would collide and close up the Bering Strait. South America would

Perhaps the most remarkable Neotropical dinosaurs are the pachamacs, gigantic ornithopod dinosaurs that look like mirror-images of the true, saurischian sauropods that were once abundant throughout South America. The origin of the pachamacs is obscure, but genetic studies suggest their closest relatives are the neodryosaurs of Australasia and Madagascar, although they appear to have even split from this sometime in the early Cretaceous. Their most likely origins lie with small, poorly-known Sout

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Satoshi Kawasaki is a Japanese illustrator, author, or both. Normally I try to get the facts correct, but in this case I am forced to rely on Google's translation services. While these allow us all to sample texts that would otherwise remain closed, the results are not necessarily reliable. For those who do not now how to operate the Google translation service, simply go the main Google page, and there should be something called 'language aids' or similar just to the right of the search window. Clicking on it will allow you to paste in text, or to translate an entire web page. To see how well or poorly it works, have it translate a paragraph in your native language into Japanese, and paste the result in to translate it back again. Following this link will bring you to an Amazon page showing a book of extinct animals. I think it is a safe guess that most people interested in speculative biology will also like palaeontology. If so, the cover of this book should convince you that Mr. Kawasaki knows his business, and seems to prefer the bizarre. He does not shy away from speculative biology either, and in his case that concerns life in the future on Earth. He has a very nice website showing life on Earth in various geological ages, starting at the Cambrium. Clicking on an epoch shows a world map for that age, and selecting a continent or sea opens a page with its inhabitants. From the Cambrium on each major era has its own map. There are four such pages for the future, resulting in pages for 5, 50, 100 and 200 million years in the future. But before you zoom off to look there, stop at the other ages as well, because here and there you will find animals indicated with an outline and a question mark, and these are quite interesting. Click to enlarge; copyright Satoshi Kawasaki In the present era, I found this intriguing dog with a human face living in Japan and China. The text says that the animal is not suffering at all, but that this is its normal face; at least I think that is what it says. The garbled translation suggests that the original text might be quite funny, but that is something I can only guess at. At any rate, images such as this one show that Mr. Kawasaki has a somewhat surrealistic sense of humour, which I rather like. If you do not, be warned, because similar themes will keep cropping up. If you take speculative biology as a completely serious business, do not bother visiting his site. Of course, taking anything entitled 'speculative biology' completely serious is a bit surrealistic by itself. I will not delve into all the animals, nor discuss in any detail how life evolves in the future. I rather liked the way how chameleons leave the trees and evolve into a range of large terrestrial animals, looking a bit like present-day mammals as well as like dinosaurs. What I also liked was that intelligent beings seem to evolve here and there, only to vanish without a trace. Instead I will focus on the world of 200 millions years into the future, and on one theme only: land-living cephalopods! Yes, there are land-living octopus and squid here. Dougal Dixon was probably the first to shoo cephalopods onto dry land in his book 'Life after Man'. The theme was worked out in more detail in 'The Future is Wild'. I think there are some significant problems with this concept. One is that the cephalopod body structure simply does not provide a good starting point for an animal that needs to withstand gravity. Tentacles in particular are an extremely bad starting point. In earlier entries (last one here) I explained my reasons for thinking so. In short, you can walk on tentacles, but once evolution has increased their efficiency, they are no longer tentacles, but will have become legs. The second reason to think that cephalopods will have a difficult time making it on land is that they are not the first to go there, so they will have to compete with animals with fully developed legs. In 'The Future is Wild' swamps were provided for the purpose, but the other animals were not whisked away to support the cephalopods. Perhaps an isolated island, where there are no land animals at all, might do the trick. Even then you have to hope that birds won't bother the new-fangled land-squids too much. Mr Kawasaki's terrestrial cephalopods do not seem to care one bit about such sombre estimates of their likelihood, but look quite alive. Let's have a closer look. Click to enlarge; copyright Satoshi Kawasaki This one is entitled a 'Purototerasukuido', and is described as a primitive 'Terasukuido'. Let me guess: 'sukuido' might be a Japanese transliteration of the English word 'squid', and 'terasukuido' might be 'terrestrial squid'. 'Puroto' could be 'proto-', so this might be a proto-land-squid'. The animal looks like it is lifted bodily out of 'The Future is Wild', so it seems like Mr Kawasaki is playing another joke. It is describe as a living fossil, and the statement that high fertility balances high mortality shows that Mr Kawasaki also thinks that such an animal needs all the help it can get to stay alive. Click to enlarge; copyright Satoshi Kawasaki Next: a goby squid. The text says 'Second is to leap out of the crab', which may mean that it is an ambush predator, waiting for a crab to emerge. It has six walking legs and two prehensile arms, which makes sense, I think. It somehow manages to look very attentive, indeed like a little goby fish. Click to enlarge; copyright Satoshi Kawasaki This is a 'Sleipnir', named after Odin's eight-legged horse. The first animal shown above is a functional hexapod, using two arms for predatory purposes. Perhaps this is another example of centaurism, but that is debatable. The Sleipnir lives in herds and is well-protected by scales. Its length is given as 200-250 cm, so it is quite large. The legs might still be tentacles, but they might just as easily have bones in them; perhaps this is an example of a tentacle turned into a leg. Click to enlarge; copyright Satoshi Kawasaki An African predator? Yes, the 'chitopasu' is a sprinter; is there a cheetah in that name? In this case, the text clearly states that there is no skeleton in its legs. What a pity. Note that the illustration is apparently not by Mr Kawasaki but by 'UME'. Click to enlarge; copyright Satoshi Kawasaki The Zeburasukuido must be prey, and it is (I guess its name means 'zebra squid'). Note that the mouth is underneath the animal, while he eyes are on top, just like its ancestors. I do think that the eyes should probably be smaller, as eyes do not generally scale in the same way as body size. Having such large eyes makes it look much smaller than it is supposed to be. Count its legs: there are ten this time! All this leg variability suggest that land squids are not a monophyletic group; that means that the species shown here are not descended from a single species. Instead, their resemblance suggests that various groups of cephalopods all made it onto land, bringing their different body plans with them. Not impossible, but what would drive such a tendency? Click to enlarge; copyright Satoshi Kawasaki Finally, a brachiator (that's an animal swinging from its arms). It looks agile, as it should be. Its legs are attached to the underside of the body. If these animals indeed hang from branches much of the time, instead of sitting on them, the attachments of their legs might wander to the top of the body, making life a little easier mechanically. I really like the sense of humour that permeates these creatures. It would be nice to have Mr Kawasaki tell us a bit more about his creations, and perhaps he will respond. Until then, have fun with his website and his creations.

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Systematic: Aves (Bird), Sphenisciformes (group of Southern Hemisphere seabirds) sphéniscidé (Penguin Group and penguins), Neopygoscelis. Etymology: from the Greek "neo" new and "pygoscelis" name of the kind of penguin. The name "dentate" refers to the toothed beak of the species. Cousins ​​of the 21st century: The penguin Adelie, Pygoscelis adeliae. Excellent diver, this is the most abundant penguins. We pushed to the "extreme" its marine lifestyle imagining a half-armed and half-body ichthyosa

The cryptile is a frilled lizard-like agamid from the Mediterranean Basin, 5 million AD, in The Future is Wild. Moving on the dazzling salt flat are cryptile lizards, part of the agamid family which has populated the warm regions of Africa, Asia, Europe and Australia since well before humans. When the lizard is hunting, it scampers along and raises itself onto its hind legs. Then it opens up the frill around its neck. Superficially, it resembles the frilled lizard, an agamid that lived mainly in

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If you have followed Star Trek, one of the most successful series of all time, you will have encountered aliens from other star systems.

PHOTOS. "Demain les animaux du futur", l'œuvre qui imagine la faune terrestre dans 10 millions d'années

Order Paraselenodontia contains over 40 species of herbivorous eutherians that range in size from 5 to 300 kg in weight. The largest members of this group have managed carve a place for themselves amongst niches usually reserved for dinosaurs by thriving in harsh or remote environments that all but a few ornithischians find too extreme. Many aspects of their lives are as yet unknown, due in part to their living in remote locations as well as a general bias amongst specresearchers towards dinosau

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