(Dynamically evolving French Intensive spacings and planting design at Lillie House) I love French Intensive Gardening, or French Intensive Method (FIM.) This old evolved set of French techniques using planting designs with precise, tight, non-row spacings, interplanting, and clever companion planting - all to achieve the highest possible productivity and quality - has a lot to offer the Permaculturist and expert gardener or producer. And this goes beyond the lessons that FIM teaches us about true sustainability, companion planting, soil building, plant spacing and size, and producing top-quality produce. FIM is one of the major things that gives our garden its distinctive look, which many conventional gardeners find incomprehensible, or even "impossible." Yes, we're now used to hearing that many of the key techniques we rely on to grow superior produce while absolutely minimizing maintenance are all impossible: no-till, continuous cropping while growing 100% of our fertility at home, exclusively polyculture growing, and of course our precise FIM plantings and spacings. Gardeners often recoil at seeing these spacings, despite them being the research-based optimal spacings for superior produce and sustainability. (A typical FIM planting, optimizing productivity and garden health, From Sunset Magazine.) Of our impossible gardening techniques, FIM is one of the most vital. For me, my gardening, and my understanding of Permaculture, which is about using DESIGN to achieve a goal, there has been nothing more important than understanding how to control levels of "intensivity" in the landscape. This is as true for the home garden, landscape, or homestead as it is for the profitable farm. By levels of "intensivity," we're talking about a spectrum where we let nature do all the work on one side, and on the other side, we add "inputs" like energy, work, time, water, fertilizer, pest-control and most importantly planning and design. And when it comes to this one point, I have learned a great deal from French Intensive Gardening, and the simplifed systems taught by Alan Chadwick (Bio-Intensive French Gardening) and John Jeavons (Grow Bio-Intensive.) (FIM is incredibly practical, yet naturally produces beauty as a by-product. This is a low-maintenance sustainable, and highly productive vegetable garden design, via Awaken.com) To come to the point, it's absolutely revolutionary to understand how these methods optimize the "Return on Investment" of a garden or farm system. First, FIM gives the highest possible yield per square foot of any system. Consider this: Like historic FIM gardeners in the suburbs of Paris, Jeavons and Chadwich have both used similar methods to achieve yields that are typically 4-6 times the best conventional yields, and in some cases over 10 times! So, the FIM gardener can do on 1/4 or 1/6th an acre what a conventional market gardener using a tiller and planting in rows does on 1 acre. Of course, this requires more work, more design and more fertility management. BUT - here's the key - NOT PROPORTIONALLY more. (A somewhat formalistic FIM design from Sunset, uses tight plantings of companion plants like a Permaculture "guild.") So, it will take significantly less time on average, according to Jeavons' research, to manage 1/4 or even 1/2 an acre using FIM than it would to manage that acre conventionally. And it will not require a tiller or imported unsustainable fertility inputs. And finally, quality is often higher, and so is profitability. So, while it will typically take a couple of full-time workers to manage that 1-acre farm, one person could get the same (or better) outcome from 1/4 of an acre under FIM. This leaves 3/4 acres which can be managed in extremely "extensively," by handing management over to nature, in the for of edible hedgerows, edible forest gardens and edible-meadow type systems, or possibly small livestock. The best of these are traditional, evolved patterns with long-established proven viability and management techniques. All of this can add significantly to yield, while helping to maintain fertility sustainably. NOW, we're using good energy-efficient design! And it's also just good math. As farm size grows, nothing changes this dynamic. The greatest yield is going to be defined by the same equation: how many labor hours you have to put in, how much can you put into intensive systems (which have the highest profitability) and how many do you need to maintain the rest of the land. Which is to say, at some point, once the farm is large enough, you will spend all your time managing broad-acre systems and have no time left for Intensive production. Because small intensive systems have been shown to be as high as 10, 30, 100 or more times as profitable per land area (University of Vermont, Berkley, etc.) Small market farms can sometimes gross in the ballpark of $100k/acre, whereas on the broad-acre, profitability is measured in hundreds of dollars/acre. So, once you are no longer doing intensive methods, to get back to the same value might require hundreds of acres with fossil fuels and chemicals, or large amounts of exploited labor. So the best Permaculture designs will find ways to put as much land as possible into naturally managed "forage systems" to free up labor hours for more intensive forms of production with the highest ROI - this is the basis of the Permaculture "zones" system, which is radically under-apprecaited in today's Permaculture world. However, these dramatically productive and sustainable techniques were once so associated with Permaculture designs, that it was common to hear the terms used interchangably by some observers, such as in this interesting article from Mother Earth news. (Dynamic Polyculture at Lillie House, throw-cast then selectively thinned.) ------------------- FIM gardening is a highy information-intensive form of gardening, which requires knowledge and experience beyond what I can blog about. However, there are some key points, which I've taken from Jeavons, Chadwick and Aquatias, one of the first to attempt to present French methods to an English-speaking audience. 1. Growing in double-reach sized, permanent beds, with permanent, narrow access paths. These are sized so that one can reach to the center of the bed from either side, without stepping on the beds. Certainly, the #1 thing one can do to improve the maintenance and productivity of a garden is to NEVER WALK ON GARDEN BEDS. Permaculture has improved on this with patterns like keyhole design and hierarchical path and node systems (see Gaia's Garden, or search this blog for more information.) It's very important to note that these are often referred to as "raised beds," but that these differ greatly from the modern "raised beds" of wood or plastic made popular by HGTV and glossy magazine covers. These are created simply by deeply digging the soil and refraining from ever walking on it again. These actually aid good landscape hydrology and conservation of fertility and water. Meanwhile modern "raised beds" have benefits as well, looking tidy and in some cases increasing accessibility, but for both fertility and water, these have been proven to yield a decreased result. 2. Intensively managing soil. This is typically done through additions of compost, organic teas and sprays, and a one-time double-digging of the soil. In the best systems, FIM beds become no-till through a combination of careful succession planting, cover cropping and mulching. 3. "The Greenhouse" (Chadwick) - tight plant spacings with no rows. "Close plant spacings, as found in nature." (Jeavons.) Starts are spaced tightly in a grid-like formation, rather than rows, with naturalistic spacings so that there is no soil visible at maturity and leaves are brushing together. With many crops, seed are hand-cast, then thinned as they grow to dynamically maintain these dense spacings. This is what we do with most of our crops at Lillie House. Research by ecologists have discovered that plant cooperation in such conditions outweigh competition, helping to maintain optimal growing conditions in the top soil layer and the atomosphere under the plants. This is probably why FIM systems are so productive, sustainable and healthy. 4. Intercropping polycultures. While Jeavons and and Chadwick eliminated much of this tradition for their simplified versions for the American audience, intercropping was a major part of the French tradition, and one of Aquatias' 4 principles. This maximzies utility, yield, use of space, and garden health for home and small market garden systems. However, at a certain scale, it may become necessary to simplify designs. This is another major principle to our growing at Lillie House. (It is also something you can see in the FIM pictures in this post.) 5. Synergistic planting, or companion planting. This is especially done with a high percentage of strong, older, established aromatic herbs, kept in the garden over a long period of time. These are traditionally in every bed, and near every crop. 6. Growing your own fertility (Jeavons) or sourcing it smartly and sustainably (Chadwick, Aquatias.) At Lillie House we use 0 inputs, and grow 100% of our fertility on site. We feel that Jeavons was correct, that in this modern world, that is the only true measure of sustainability. 7. Use of open-pollinated seed, rather than hybrids, to enhance seed security, diversity and self-reliance. To these Grow-Biodynamic adds some information crop selection for sustainability and self-reliance. These are excellent recommendations, but may be designed for in other ways in a Permaculture system. Getting Started: FIM gardening is a method that creates expert gardeners. This is perhaps one of its main benefits. But that takes time to develop as the soil develops. Beginning gardeners may want to start with Bartholomew's Square Foot Gardening program, but try also creating some FIM beds. Jeavons' How to Grow More Vegetables is an excellent place to start, with resources for spacing and companion planting, as well as sustainability. A more Permaculture approach is to create a bed in the FIM fashion, then cast a polyculture like the Iano Evans Polyculture in Gaia's Garden, thinning to maintain good spacing as plants grow. This both forces you to learn good plant spacings through observation, and to eat a salad a few times per week! Later, expert gardeners can integrate other patterns and techniques, such as sheet-mulch, water harvesting and perennial guild design. Yes, FIM takes some extra knowledge and design time. But the rewards are phenomenal. The FIM garden will build soil, grow incredible amounts of superior produce, create a beautiful healthy landscape, and most importantly, grow your own knowledge of gardening, plants, and the natural world. For more information: Alan Chadwick Info Aquatias' classic manual www.growbiointensive.org
La faim d'azote est un phénomène qui affecte la croissance des plantes et la coloration de leur feuilles. Découvrez les causes, les conséquences et les solutions pour y remédier.
Apprenez que semer en juillet pour enrichir votre potager : sélection de graines, conseils de plantation et astuces d'entretien pour jardiniers.
Faire un premier jardin semble compliqué? On vous aide à y aller un petit pas à la fois en répondant à toutes vos questions!
Le bouturage est une technique qui permet de multiplier arbustes et vivaces. Découvrez 15 plantes parmi les plus faciles à bouturer, et tous nos conseils pour y parvenir !
Vous avez commis des erreurs au potager? Pas de problème! Nous vous donnons les meilleurs solutions afin de sauver votre jardin!
Comment bien cultiver le maïs doux et le maïs à popcorn au jardin, du semis à la récolte. Découvrez tous les conseils de nos experts pour réussir votre culture maïs doux.
L'Allium ou ail d'ornement est très apprécié pour leur floraison estivale décorative. Découvrez nos conseils pour bien planter ce bulbe facile à cultiver.
Découvrez les conseils de notre expert jardin pour cultiver l'arroche rouge ou verte au potager : semis, entretien, association mais aussi récolte et utilisation !
Les Loropetalum sont des arbustes originaux à floraison précoce, en fin d'hiver et printemps. Découvrez tout ce qu'il faut savoir pour bien les planter, les tailler et les cultiver au jardin.
La livèche, Ache des montagnes ou céleri perpétuel est une plante vivace comestible à cultiver dans votre jardin. Découvrez nos conseils ...
Un billet d'astuces pour réaliser des boutures maison à l'étouffée, une méthode facile pour reproduire ses plantes. A connaître !
Les semis sont économiques et faciles à réussir quand on respecte certaines règles simples, voici 10 conseils pour réussir ses semis.
L'abélia est un bel arbuste vigoureux à la floraison estivale parfumée et au feuillage décoratif. Jamais malade, facile à cultiver, rustique, découvrez-le !
Comment et où planter l'oeillet? En massif ou en pot, découvrez nos conseils pour bien réussir sa plantation et sa culture.
Le Sureau est bien connu pour ses fleurs et pour ses baies. C'est aussi un arbuste très ornemental au jardin. Découvrez nos conseils pour le planter, le cultiver et le tailler !
L'oranger du Mexique, Choisya ternant est un joli arbuste parfumé. Suivez les conseils de nos experts pour bien le planter, au jardin ou en pot, le tailler et l'entretenir.
L'arbousier ou arbusus unedo est un bel arbuste persistant. Suivez nos conseils pour bien le planter, le tailler et l'entretenir, au jardin ou en pot.
Vous avez un jardin ou un potager à la maison ? Alors vous savez que ça nécessite beaucoup d'entretien et d'attention. Heureusement, il existe des astuces pour vous simplifier le jardinage. Voici 23 astuces ingénieuses et créatives que nous avons sélectionnées pour vous. Découvrez vite ces trucs et astuces pour avoir un beau jardin facilement : 1. Faites une jardinière pour fraisier en recyclant une palette en bois
Le citronnier en pot, excellente idée en terrasse ou balcon. Culture et entretien, rempotage et taille, récolte des citrons en pot.
Comment faire des boutures de laitue, d'ail, d'oignon ou de basilic ? Découvrez les astuces jardinage de Merci Raymond, startup écoresponsable spécialisée dans la végétalisation et l’agriculture urbaine.
Comment diviser et planter l'iris : les conseils de jardinage des experts de Rustica pour y parvenir avec succès.
La décoction de prêle et le purin de prêle préservent vos cultures du mildiou, de l'oïdium ou encore des pucerons... Voyons comment.
Connaissez-vous les légumes perpétuels ou légumes vivaces ? Nous vous les présentons. Cultivez-les au potager !
Votre arbuste ou arbre drageonne ? Découvrez pourquoi et les conseils de notre expert jardin pour éliminier ou récupérer un drageon.
L'Hebe ou Véronique arbustive est un arbuste persistant apprécié pour sa généreuse floraison ou son feuillage décoratif. Découvrez nos conseils pour le planter, le tailler et le cultiver au jardin !
Growing fruits, vegetables and herbs in your home from kitchen scraps (organic waste) is the best way as it results in high yield gain. You just need time and patience to take care of newly establishing plants by providing sufficient water and sunlight.
La Renouée Persicaire est une vivace à jolies fleurs en épis. Découvrez les conseils de nos experts pour la planter, la cultiver et l'associer au jardin.
Inspirée de la permaculture, la spirale aromatique est une construction à étage pour la culture des plantes aromatiques et médicinales. Construite en pierres sèches, la spirale du Champ’panier est …
Vous aimez les azalées ? Moi aussi j'adore leurs couleurs magnifiques ! Que diriez-vous d'une astuce pour qu'elles produisent plus de fleurs ? Et pas la peine de mettre de l'engrais chimique pour ça ! Heureusement, il existe un truc naturel pour stimuler la floraison des azalées facilement. L'astuce est de les arroser avec de l'eau vinaigrée pour qu'ils fassent beaucoup de fleurs. Regardez, c'est tout simple et magique :
Consoude plante entière fleurs de la consoude On la trouve un peu partout, dans les fossés, dans les prairies, les bois des vallées. Elle aime la terre riche, profonde et humide. Son nom populaire "langue de vache" est dû à son toucher rapeux et à...
Toujours en forme
Ces plantes peuvent donner des caractéristiques fabuleuses dans votre jardin. Cela donne un air sauvage aux jardins même les plus sombres...
Connaissez-vous la baie de mai ? C’est le fruit de l’espèce botanique Lonicera kamtschatica, un petit arbuste rustique originaire de Sibérie appartenant à la même famille que les chèvrefeuilles, celle des Caprifoliacées ! Il fleurit entre mars et avril et donne ses fruits dès le mois de mai ! Riches et pleins de vertus, ces […]
La bouture de la lavande permet de rajeunir les pieds en place et d’obtenir rapidement et à moindre frais de nouveaux sujets à installer ailleurs au jardin.
Mettre du marc de café dans les plantes, ça paraît être une bonne idée. Sauf que toutes les plantes ne l'aiment pas ! Plantes d'intérieur ou d'extérieur, potager... Comment savoir si une plante aime le marc de café... ou pas ? Heureusement, Marc, mon voisin, est jardinier et il m'a expliqué quelles plantes l'aiment... Et celles qui le supportent mal. Regardez :
Voici 66 aliments qu'on peut faire pousser à la maison dans des pots Faire pousser sa propre nourriture est passionnant, on voit les graines
La sauge est l'une des plantes aromatiques les plus connues du monde, grâce à ses multiples vertus, qui sont très…
Le bouturage est une technique simple, rapide et économique pour multiplier les plantes. Il en existe différents types : boutures de tiges, de feuilles, de racines, herbacées ou semi-ligneuses... Découvrez comment les réaliser facilement !
Le thym (thumus vulgaris) est une plante aromatique indispensable au jardin. Où et comment le planter ? Le tailler ? Pour tout savoir sur sa culture, découvrez les conseils de notre expert jardin potager !
Faire son premier potager, c'est facile, même pour les débutants grâce aux explications et conseils de notre expert ! Quand et comment commencer, avec quel légumes, Aurélien vous dit tout !
Apprenez à faire vos boutures de lavande grâce à ce tutoriel illustré, simple et précis : quand bouturer et toutes les explications, étape par étape, pour réussir la multiplication de vos lavandes !