The original Black Berbers, who were called Moors, were the North African ancestors of the present day dark brown/black people of the Sahara and Sahel, mainly those called Fulani, Tuareg, Sanhaja, Kunta, as well as the Trarza of Mauritania and Senegal, and various tribes presently living in Chad, Morocco and Algeria. Tariq ibn Ziyad, a commander of the Moorish army led the first conquest into Spain by Muslims in 711 A.D. On April 30, 711, Tariq landed on the Spanish Coast with 7,000 troops. His troops consisted of 300 Arabs and 6,700 native Africans (Moors). An early source, Ibn Husayn (ca. 950), recorded that these troops were "Sudanese", an Arabic word for Black people. He seized a great cliff and an area surrounding it and there established a fortress. This cliff was called Gibraltar - from the Arabic Jibal Tariq (mountain of Tariq). Toledo, Spain was actually handed over to the invading Tariq by the Jews of that city who, like many other people of Spain, saw Tariq and his troops as deliverers from the tyranny of the Visigoths. When the Arab rulers later arrived, the hardest part of the job had been done. Instead of treating the Moors fairly, the Arabs assigned themselves the most fertile regions. The dissatisfied Moors were not long in coming to blows with the Arabs. (The History of Spain by Louis Bertrand and Sir Charles Petrie - published by Eyre & Spottiswood, London, 1945, page 36). Ultimately, the Moors acquired two-thirds of the peninsula, which they named Al-Andulus. Al -Andulus had been obliged to pay tribute to the Arab Caliph (King) of Damascus, but as Al-Andulus acquired its own identity, its bond with the Caliph began to weaken. In 756, Al-Andulus proclaimed itself an independent state. Thus, its only links to the Arabs would be the Islamic faith and the Arabic language. In Spain, the Moors would build one of the most beautiful and astonishing civilizations in history. Moorish culture was a composite culture as the Moors acquired knowledge from both East and West. Because Islamic Civilization was a complex of many different nations and cultures, the Moors were able to draw knowledge from the science and philosophy of ancient Egypt, Cush, Akkad, Hebrews and Greeks and learn from the contemporary cultures of China, India and Persia. Eventually, Moorish Spain became a cultural and intellectual Mecca where all the great manuscripts and learned texts were collected, translated and classified, and where scholars from far and wide could gather to study them. The Moors developed farming, the arts, sciences and beautiful cities with magnificent buildings, gardens, streets and a culture and civilization far surpassing that of the rest of Europe at that time. The city of Cordoba, under their administration, had more than 200,000 houses and over a million inhabitants. At night, one could walk through it in a straight line, along paved streets, for ten miles by the light of public lamps. Seven hundred years after this time there was not as much as one lamp in London. According to one historian, Cordoba had 471 mosques, 70 libraries and 300 public baths. There were upwards of 80,000 shops. Water from the mountains was distributed through every corner and quarter of the city by leaden pipes into basins of different shapes, made of the purest gold, the finest silver, or brass plates as well as into pools and fountains. The houses of Cordoba were air conditioned in summer by, “ingeniously arranged draughts of fresh air drawn form the garden over beds of flowers, chosen for their perfume, warmed in winter by hot air conveyed through pipes embedded into the walls. The Moors had been able to create a harmony in the rhythms of life in the city and the countryside. They kept the surrounding countryside fertile and productive with advanced drainage and irrigation systems, reservoirs, aqueducts, sophisticated storage facilities and efficient marketing and trading networks. The Moors also brought the countryside into their cities with fantastic gardens, parks, lush inner courtyards and a constant supply of pure water. In the field of science the Moors also made terrific advances. "This is a crucial period in the history of world civilization that many historians have intentionally glossed over. " However, some did not. Robert Briffault writing in the Making of Humanity, explained: The debt of our science to that of the Arabs does not consist in startling discoveries or revolutionary theories, science owes a great deal more to Arab culture, it owes its existence. The astronomy and mathematics of the Greeks were a foreign importation never thoroughly acclimatized in Greek culture. The Greeks systematized, generalized and theorized, but the patient ways of investigation, the accumulation of positive knowledge, the minute method of science, detailed and prolonged observation and experimental inquiry were altogether alien to the Greek temperament. What we call science arose in Europe as a result of a new spirit of inquiry, of new methods of experiment, observation, measurement, of the development of mathematics, in a form unknown to the Greeks. That spirit and those methods were introduced into the European world by the Arabs (Moors). Arabic poetry was crafted, above all, for recital and song. Its lyric forms, zajal and muwashshah, some say, inspired the first ballads of the European troubadors. The soul-stirring adagios of cante jondo, the deep song of Gypsy flamenco, still trace moods and rhythms to this lost age. Miles Davis: "The Black Moors were over there in Spain because Africans had conquered Spain a long time ago. In the Andalusian area you have alot of African influence in the music, architecture and in the whole culture...So you had a black African thing up in the feeling of the music in the bagpipes, trumpets and drums."-From "Miles: The Autobiography". The civilization of the Moors created an intellectual climate that served as a beacon for Europe, when Europe stumbled in darkness. The Islamic Scholars brought the works of Dynastic Egyptian and Classical Greek back to Europe by translating into Arabic the Greek texts of Aristotle, Plato, Ptolemy, Euclid, Galen, Hippocrates and others. They analyzed and improved upon these works, drawing from their wide-ranging intellectual experiences and observations in the vast territories they ruled. Professor Thomas T. Hamilton of Old Dominion University made this point clearly when he stated: "Between the middle of the Eighth and the beginning of the Thirteenth centuries, the Arabic Speaking people (Moors) were the main bearers of the torch of civilization throughout the world, and were the medium through which ancient science was recovered, supplemented and transported through Africa, Spain, Sicily in such a way as to make the Renaissance possible." Toledo, Cordova and Seville were the centers of Moorish culture and science. Students from many countries in Western Europe would visit the Moor’s Universities to learn mathematics and astronomy. After Toledo fell in 1085, to Castilian forces, this city became the focus of a major translation effort, where teams of translators translated thousands of texts from Arabic into Latin. By 1200, Europe had recovered much of ancient science as well as appropriating several centuries of scientific, medical and philosophical works written by Muslim scholars. The Christian kingdoms in the north started gradually to "reconquer" Spain. The so-called Reconquista - a seven-and-a-half century long process by which Catholic Christians conquered the Iberian peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), eliminated the Muslim and Moorish states of Al-Ándalus. It was not really a "Reconquest" since Spain had never been Catholic - the Visigothic brand of Christianity had been Arian. On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim ruler, Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad XII surrendered to Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Ferdinand and Isabella now ruled Granada. 1492 was a pivotal date. Secure in its borders Spain now funded sea expeditions such as that of Christopher Columbus the same year. Following the Christian victory, Muslims and Jews were given a choice of exile, conversion or death. So many left that within a few years the economy would collapse. Most Muslims and Jews were forced to either convert to Christianity or leave Spain and Portugal and have their assets seized. Many Muslims and Jews moved to North Africa rather than submit to forced conversion. The Christian hierarchy demanded heavy taxes and gave them nominal rights, but only in heavily Islamic regions, such as Granada, until their own power was sufficient, and the influence of the Inquisition strong enough, to make further expulsion both possible and economically feasible. Seven hundred years of Moorish influence left an unmistakable mark on Spain, making it markedly different even today from the rest of Western Europe. The Moors not only brought their religion, but also their music, their art, their view of life, and their architecture.

Ancient Egypt is history. Its temples and pyramids are praised for its perfection. Today we want to review what, in our opinion, could be the 5 most beautiful temples of this beautiful land of the Nile. Luxor Temple It is perhaps one of the most famous. Located on the banks of the Nile, in what …

Sarcophagus (and Mummy) of Neshkons Material: Painted Sycamore Fig Wood Origin: Ancient Egypt (Third Intermediate Period, Dynasty XXI) Dated: c. 900–940 BCE The inside of the Merrin Gallery's sarcophagus is painted with various scenes in beautifully preserved colors. Who is the central figure? The kneeling, praying figure in the top-right is labeled in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs which translate to “Lord of the House of the Ruler, in order to praise(?)”. On the left side under the falcon, the kneeling male deity boasts the “West” sign on his head, labeled in the hieroglyph for “Ba” (soul). Below, a small sphinx is depicted and the hieroglyphic text below it (above the god Anubis) reads, “Anubis, Lord of the Cemetery, Foremost in the God’s Booth, First Lector Priest in the Place of Truth, Great God, Lord of Heaven, the Skilled One”. The larger hieroglyphs in front of the Anubis read, “Garments and alabaster vessels, it for Osiris”. The black-colored, couchant Anubis to the right is labeled “Input” (the female Anubis, the goddess Anput — in fact, she was the wife of Anubis) in a scrambled quasi-cryptogram. The shrine upon which Input sits is labeled “Excellent Bas”. A table of offerings appears below, in the bottom-right. What objects can you recognize? Acquired and sold by Samuel Merrin and Moshe Bronstein of the Merrin Gallery.

►Mythology: “Psychopomps, Border Crossers and Guiders of Souls”🌟: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ⇒♦ Introduction. Definition of Psy…

Plastered and painted linen burial shroud, XXVI Dynasty. (Egyptian Museum, Castello Sforzesco, Milan, Italy)

Ориентализм в европейской живописи Ориентализм - использование мотивов и стилистических приемов восточного искусства, а также истории, сюжетов восточного быта в европейской живописи и вообще культуре. В эпоху великих географических открытий и колониальной экспансии ориентализм носил преимущественно…

Shango — THE WEST AFRICAN, AFRO-LATINO, AND AFRO-CARIBBEAN, �GOD (Orisha) OF THUNDER�— BY DOPPER0189, BLACK KOS MANAGING EDITOR In Praise of Shango The rain beats the Egun because he cannot ...

Every Egyptian help concerns about the Afterlife and the Beyond. Although, the gods and goddesses demanded mollification while you are alive, once you die, the gods become beneficent protectors and provide for the dead. Death was not seen as the...

Introduction O Servant of Truth, give adoration to Sekhmet the Great Mother, The Mistress to the Limits of Heaven, the Great Goddess of the Flame of Truth, coming forth from creation as the Eye, th…

A ramp takes you from the ground floor of Haghia Sophia to the west gallery on the upper floor. I find this part of the building very atmospheric and it’s easy to imagine the conquerors of Co…

Young Nicolas Poussin, as yet unknown, visits the painter Porbus in his workshop. He is accompanied by the old master Frenhofer who comments expertly on the large tableau that Porbus has just finished. The painting is of Mary of Egypt, and while Frenhofer sings her praises, he hints that the work seems unfinished. With some slight touches of the paintbrush, Frenhofer transforms Porbus' painting such that Mary the Egyptian appears to come alive before their very eyes. Although Frenhofer has mastered his technique, he admits that he has been unable to find a suitable model for his own masterpiece, which depicts a beautiful courtesan called Catherine Lescault, known as La Belle noiseuse. He has been working on this future masterpiece, that no one has yet seen, for ten years... | Author: Honoré De Balzac, Katharine Prescott Wormeley | Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform | Publication Date: Dec 07, 2017 | Number of Pages: 30 pages | Language: English | Binding: Paperback | ISBN-10: 1981508732 | ISBN-13: 9781981508730