Delve into the mysteries of the homunculus in the motor cortex. Uncover the intricate mapping that influences movement!
optic refraction - Overview • The bending of light when a wave travels from a medium with one refractive index to a medium with another. light reception - Overview • Occurs within the photoreceptors of the retina, of which there are two main cate
Descending Spinal Cord Pathways EssentialsGeneral Diagram Here, we will draw the descending spinal cord pathways in axial cross-section. • Draw one half of an axial cross-section of the spinal cord.Key Terms • Tract • Origin • Termination • FunctionDescending Pathways • Draw the lateral corticospinal tract in the lateral funiculus. • The anterior corticospinal tract in the antero-medial spinal cord.Lateral corticospinal tract • Indicate that the lateral corticospinal tract fibers originate in the motor cortices (most notably), terminate in contralateral spinal motor neurons - They innervate distal musculature for fine motor movements. • Label the somatotopic organization of the lateral corticospinal tract. - Indicate that the medial aspect of the lateral corticospinal tract carries the arm fibers. - Indicate that the lateral aspect carries the leg fibers.Anterior corticospinal tract • Next, indicate that the anterior corticospinal tract fibers originate in the motor cortices (most notably), terminate in contralateral spinal motor neurons. - They innervate proximal musculature for gross motor movements. - As discussed elsewhere, although the anterior corticospinal tract fibers fibers travel ipsilaterally through the anteromedial spinal cord as the anterior corticospinal tract and remain uncrossed as they leave the brainstem, when they reach the level of their target neuron in the spinal cord, they cross within the anterior commissure to the opposite side.Hypothalamospinal tract • Then, label the hypothalamospinal tract alongside the lateral corticospinal tract in the lateral funiculus. - Indicate that this tract originates in the hypothalamus, descends ipsilaterally, and carries hypothalamic control of autonomic function.Somatotopy of the anterior gray matter horns Next, in regards to the somatotopy of the anterior gray matter horns, show that: • Posterior nuclei innervate flexor muscles (eg, biceps brachii, which flexes the arm), • Anterior...
Delve into the mysteries of the homunculus in the motor cortex. Uncover the intricate mapping that influences movement!
Overview: Parasympathetic nervous system ACTIVATES urination. Sympathetic nervous system INHIBITS it. Somatomotor system (volitional control) INHIBITS it.The major functional structures of the lower urinary system: The urinary bladder. Urethra. The detrusor muscle (the bladder wall muscle). The internal urethral sphincter. The external urethral sphincter.During the filling phase, Detrusor relaxes (stretches). Internal sphincter contracts (closes). External sphincter contracts (closes).During the micturition (voiding) phase, Detrusor contracts. Internal sphincter relaxes (opens). External sphincter relaxes (opens).The sympathetic preganglionic origins are in the intermediolateral cell column from T10 – L2). The sympathetic fiber system acts on the detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter to promote bladder filling: this is an unconscious action.Onuf 's nucleus (aka nucleus of Onufrowicz) comprises the S2 – S4 motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord; these motor neurons provide volitional innervation to the pelvis. The somatomotor system acts on the detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter to promote bladder filling: this is under volitional control – so you can "hold" your urine.Stretch receptors, which are mechanoreceptors in the bladder walls excite the micturition response when there is sufficient bladder wall distention, typically at 400ml of urine.The parasympathetic preganglionic originates in the intermediolateral cell column of S2 – S4. It acts on the detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter to promote emptying: this is an unconscious action.Sympathetic fibers inhibit bladder wall contraction and excite internal urethral sphincter constriction, which inhibits urination. Parasympathetic fibers excite bladder wall contraction and inhibit internal urethral sphincter constriction, which activates urination. Somatomotor efferents provide tonic activation of the external urethral sphincter, which inhibits urination.The pontine micturition center lies in the medial (M) region of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and the pontine continence center lies ventro-lateral to it in the lateral (L) region. Barrington first described the pontine micturition center, so it is often referred to as the Barrington nucleus. These regions receive innervation from the brain, including the periaqueductal gray area, frontal lobes, hypothalamus, limbic system, and others; their action on micturition is understood from their general roles in the nervous system.Two pathologic conditions: Urinary retenion (overdistension of the bladder) occurs from mechanical causes (enlarged prostate) or failure of bladder wall contraction (spinal shock). Stress incontinence involves sudden, unnanticipated micturition, which can occur from a weak external urinary sphincter or an overexcitable bladder (such as from chronic spinal cord injury).
List Of Dr. Najeeb Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology Lectures For 2nd Year MBBS Go Through These Lectures At Least Once In Your Whole Session, These’ll Help You In Both Anatomy (Brain) &…
These sets of flashcards and model essays cover the pre-clinical neurophysiology and neuroanatomy topics. These notes were made following the Maltese Medical School syllabus of 2023 using reputable books and websites as references. A group of medical students used these notes as their primary form of revision for exams and even updated post the examination session to include answers to questions asked in the exam itself. The flashcards are available in a class on the website/app called Quizlet. Accounts on this website can be made completely free of charge and thus access to the flashcards does not require any additional payment. Alternatively, the model essays are available on Google Drive through a restricted link which will be sent to the buyer upon payment. Please do not hesitate to contact us either through ETSY or our socials should you have any questions!
The development of neurophysiology, the study of the activity of living nervous tissue, has relied heavily on the techniques of electrophysiology. This emphasis is revealed in volumes 14 and 15 of this series, which show how electrophysiological techniques can be applied to research topics ranging from ion channels to human behavior. Kitai and Park show how cellular neurophysiology can be related to classical neuroanatomy, an important basis for any type of functional analysis. Wonderlin, French, Arispe, and Jones describe new (single channel) and more traditional (whole cell) techniques for studying the role of ion channels in cellular pr- esses, a field that is currently developing very rapidly. An exciting nontraditional approach to the study of cellular electrophysiology is discussed by Hopp, Wu, Xiao, Rioult, London, Zecevic, and Cohen in their paper on optic measurement of membrane pot- tials. Humphrey and Schmidt offer a thoughtful review of the uses and limitations of the technique of recording extracellular unit potentials in the brain. Hoffer presents an introduction to a field that is of great interest but is technically very difficult-the reco- ing from cells and axons in the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system in freely moving animals. An electrophysiological approach to the analysis of the neural mechanisms of normal behavior is presented by Halgren in a wide-ranging review of the field of evoked potentials in humans.
List Of Dr. Najeeb Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology Lectures For 2nd Year MBBS Go Through These Lectures At Least Once In Your Whole Session, These’ll Help You In Both Anatomy (Brain) &…
List Of Dr. Najeeb Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology Lectures For 2nd Year MBBS Go Through These Lectures At Least Once In Your Whole Session, These’ll Help You In Both Anatomy (Brain) &…
The biology of sleep and wakefulnessKey Topics • The suprachiasmatic nucleus (the master timekeeper) to adjust the production and release of melatonin and, in turn, the timing of our internal clock with help from the retinohypothalamic pathway. •
Here is an infographic summarizing compression injuries that can occur in the upper extremity, hand and fingers. Image Credit - Ariella Studies
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Recopilación de los científicos más famosos e importantes de la historia, hombres y mujeres de una vital importancia que dedicaron su vida a la
Speech Language Pathology Notes (Acquired Language Disorders) Total Number of Pages: 144 This item is a digital download. Upon purchase, you will automatically receive 2 PDF downloads**. As always, thank you for supporting my shop! Please message me if you have any questions! Table of Contents: (1) Acquired Neurogenic Communication Disorders (2) Etiologies of Acquired Neurogenic Language Disorders (3) Stroke (4) Traumatic Brain Injury (5) Neurophysiology and Neuropathology of Acquired Language Disorders (6) Neuroanatomy Related to Acquired Language Disorders (7) Syndromes and Characteristics of Aphasia (Non-fluent, Fluent, and Other Types of Aphasia) (8) Cognitive Communication Challenges Associated with TBI (9) Right Hemisphere Syndrome (10) Primary Progressive Aphasia with Dementia (11) Goal Writing and Data Collection: SMART (12) Assessment Considerations (13) Best Practices and Theories for Intervention: Overview of Tx (Aphasia, RHS, TBI, and Dementia) (14) Facilitating Communication for People with Dementia (15) Cognitive Rehabilitation Training (RHS Tx) (16) Traumatic Brain Injury: Treatment (17) Aphasia Tx Considerations ** Due to size of document, your purchase will download as two separate PDF documents (PDF #1: pages 1-72, PDF #2: pages 73-144)
List Of Dr. Najeeb Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology Lectures For 2nd Year MBBS Go Through These Lectures At Least Once In Your Whole Session, These’ll Help You In Both Anatomy (Brain) &…
