Reactions of alcohols are one fo those must-know topics for anyone who's taking organic chemistry and is planning to take MCAT in the future.
The body utilizes its metabolic pathways differently during fasting and starvation states and the more comfortable fed state. Learn more here.
Mitosis and Meiosis MCAT Biology Cheat Sheet Study Guide When it comes to cellular reproduction/division on the MCAT you must be very familiar with Mitosis and Meiosis. This includes what occurs in each of the phases, the products of each pathway, and the key differences between mitosis and meiosis. Compare Mitosis and Meiosis: Number of
Gluconeogenesis (Neoglucogenesis) is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. It occurs mainly in the liver, Kidney and Intestine.
These flowcharts were drawn for Biochem 2280 at the University of Western Ontario but should be useful for any student taking introductory biology! Topics covered include transcription, translation…
Immune System OverviewHere we will learn about the immune system, which combats disease-causing organisms.Pathogens Disease-causing or harmful microorganismsAntigens Material that can evoke an immune response Innate Immune BranchNon-specific, fastThe innate branch is non-specific (it reacts to a broad range of microbes) and is fast (responses occur within hours of infection).Actors of the Innate SystemPhysical barriers: - Epidermal cells create a slightly acidic surface and release enzymes and other antimicrobial peptides that make the skin surface inhospitable to microbes.Chemical barriers: - Some body surfaces (such as the respiratory pathways) are also covered in mucus, which can trap microbes before they can infect the body.Chemokines: Chemical signal produced by damaged cell to alert the body to danger and act as a homing signal for immune cellsNeutrophils: First type of phagocytic cell to arriveMonocytes: Arrive and mature into macrophages which engulf and destroy pathogensInflammation: Response to tissue damage, four clinical signs: redness, heat, swelling and pain.Innate System in ActionPathogens gain entry to the inside of the body through the wound.Chemokine chemical signals (chemotactic cytokines): Released by damaged cells to alert the body of trouble. Act as homing signals that stimulate cells of the immune system to migrate towards the source of the chemokines. Phagocytic cells are then attracted to the wound site from the blood. Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages.Macrophages phagocytose pathogens: Phagocytosis is a type of bulk transport into the cell in which large extracellular cargo is brought into the cell and broken down. In our example, the bacterium will eventually be broken down and the macrophage will go on to engulf and destroy other pathogens.Clinical signs of inflammation Result from innate immunity activation. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are all classically accepted signs of inflammation. Importantly, inflammation can result in impairment in function.If the innate branch is unable to fight off the invading pathogens on its own, the adaptive branch is called in to help. Adaptive Immune BranchSpecific, slow, systemic, memoryThe adaptive branch is: Specific (it can distinguish specific species of pathogens) Slow (responses occur within days of infection). Systemic (NOT restricted to the initial site of infection). Has memory (it mounts a faster and even stronger attack against repeat pathogens).Actors of the Adaptive SystemAdaptive immunity is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.Humoral immunity: B cells (matured into plasma cells) producing antibodies (Y-shaped proteins)Cell-mediated immunity: Cytotoxic T cells recognize infected cells and kill them while helper T cells act as the general of the immune army and release chemical signals that activate various immune cell typesHumoral ImmunityLymphoid tissue is the home of many types of immune cells.Plasma cells reside in the lymphoid tissues: - Plasma cells are activated and matured B cells (B cells and T cells are the two adaptive immune cell types). - Plasma cells pump out antibodies.Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that recognize antigens from the invading pathogen.The antibodies produced by plasma cells are released into the blood vessel where they travel throughout the body.In the tissues, we show an antibody binding two viruses. Neutralizing antibodies are able to bind to viruses and toxins in such a way as they are no longer able to infect or cause damage.Cellular ImmunityThe major cells of cell-mediated immunity are the T cells, which are divided into cytotoxic T cells or helper T cells.Cytotoxic T cells have receptors on their surfaces that bind infection signals on infected host cells. The cytotoxic T cell has a receptor on its surface that is able to bind the infected cell's signal. When this happens, the T cell releases death signals which kill the infected cell.Helper T cells act as the general of the immune army. They release activation signals (cytokines and chemokines) that help phagocytic cells to perform their job more efficiently. They also release signals that activate cytotoxic T cells. B cells also receive activation signals from helper T cells.With all of these cells working together, the immune system is usually able to destroy the invading pathogens.
Fischer Projections Cheat Sheet Study Guide for Organic and Biochemistry Students. recognize and draw fishcer projections, finding R and S when there is one or more chiral center, convert between Fischer and sawhorse or Newman, and finally draw pyranose and furanose rings for sugar molecules.
Unit 3 Chapter 10 Sections 1 & 2 LYON SCIENCE mvs from cell division and mitosis worksheet answer key , image source: sites.google.com
Bands of DNA in an electrophoretic gel form only if most of the DNA molecules are of the same size, such as following a PCR reaction, or restriction digestion of a plasmid. In other situations, such as after restriction digestion of chromosomal (genomic) DNA, there will be a large number of variable size fragments in the digest and it will appear as a continuous smear of DNA, rather than distinct bands.
dna structure worksheet Biological Science Picture Directory - Pulpbits.net
The summery below is for educational purposes only. It is adapted in most part from the book Prof. Nir Ben-Tal and I wrote, Introduction to Proteins: Structure, Function, & Motion: The book dis…
This quiz is designed to assess your basic knowledge in ‘ Animal Tissues . Questions come under ‘ medium ’ category. Choose the best answe...
Mitosis and Meiosis MCAT Cheat Sheet Study Guide -full color detailed guide for learning what happens in prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase in each cycle and step.
