SI Unit Conversion Cheat Sheet - MCAT Cheat Sheet for Unit Conversions and Dimensional Analysis is handy for your binder and as a great study reference. Print or download and save to your computer or phone by Leah4sci. Part of a full Tutorial Video Series on Unit Conversions and Dimensional Analysis! Plus Cheat Sheet and Practice Quiz!

Alright, finally getting into the chemistry bits! These study guides are from a biochemistry class that I took in the fall of 2012. Again, if you happen to be browsing through these and see a mista…

Prepare with our MCAT practice test questions. These questions will help you increase your MCAT test score. Learn more.

MCAT Math study guide cheat sheet for list of equations and values to memorize

The body utilizes its metabolic pathways differently during fasting and starvation states and the more comfortable fed state. Learn more here.

It can’t be stressed enough how important MCAT Amino Acids are. Biochemistry has become a huge focus on the post-2015 MCAT and places a heavier emphasis on Amino Acids. It ... Read more

HYPERTONIC A hypertonic solution is one with a high concentration of solutes when compared to another solution which is separated from it by a semipermeable membrane . The property of tonicity is o…

Glycolysis is a process in which glucose divided into two pyruvate molecules. However, it is assumed as a linear pathway of ten enzyme meditation steps.

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. If you want a mnemonic device to help you remember something else shoot me an ask and I'll try to make one for you!

This is a re-posting of the notes I originally posted on reddit from a general cell biology class I took in spring 2011. I re-scanned them after signing all of them at the suggestion of another red…

Two pyruvates (in aerobic type) or two lactate (in anaerobic type) as the major product, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 water molecules, and 2 protons (H+).

Fischer Projections Cheat Sheet Study Guide for Organic and Biochemistry Students. recognize and draw fishcer projections, finding R and S when there is one or more chiral center, convert between Fischer and sawhorse or Newman, and finally draw pyranose and furanose rings for sugar molecules.

Home Page of Anatomy Organs : Ankle and Foot Organs : Gluteal - Hip and Knee joints Lymohatics and Surface Org...

Extrinsic GFR Regulation: Renin Angiotensin SystemRenin-angiotensin system (aka, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) Extrinsic mechanism of GFR regulation that is activated when mean arterial pressure drops below 80 mmHg; recall that too-low blood pressure can cause tissue necrosis. To raise blood volume and pressure, the renin-angiotensin system produces hormones that act on multiple organs, including the renal arterioles. Because it requires the production, secretion, and transport of hormones throughout the blood circulation, it is a relatively slow mechanism of GFR regulation. One of these hormones, angiotensin II, has dose-dependent effects on GFR: – At low levels, angiotensin II reduces renal blood flow but increases GFR. – At higher levels, it reduces both renal blood flow and GFR. Stimuli for Renin Release: Mechanoreceptors within the juxtaglomerular cells respond to reduced stretch of the afferent arteriole.The macula densa of the distal tubule detects decreased salt concentration of the filtrate, and sends signals to the juxtaglomerular cells. Sympathetic stimulation, which is activated by the baroreceptor reflex, activates beta 1 receptors of the juxtaglomerular cells. Notice that this pathway involves both the nervous and endocrine systems. Steps of RAS:Renin secretion: First, reduced renal blood flow induces the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin, which is an enzyme. Angiotensinogen conversion: Within the blood stream, renin catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is a hormone with only mild vasoconstrictor effects.Angiotensin I conversion: As angtiotensin I travels through the blood, angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II: Angiotensin II has widespread effects throughout the body that raise blood volume and pressureGFR regulation: Arteriole vasoconstrictionAngiotensin II induces arteriole vasoconstriction, especially of the efferent arteriole, which has more angiotensin-sensitive receptors than the afferent arteriole does. Reduced blood flow through the efferent arteriole raises hydrostatic capillary pressure within the glomerulus, which helps to maintain GFR within the homeostatic range.However, if efferent arteriole blood flow is reduced too much, the oncotic capillary pressures overwhelm the hydrostatic pressures, and GFR is reduced (filtration pressures are discussed in detail, elsewhere). Clinical Correlations: RAS can be life-saving in the case of systemic hypotension, but consider the clinical consequences of renal artery stenosis, which reduces blood flow through the renal artery. – In response, the renin-angiotensin system activates to elevate blood volume and pressure throughout the body, which can cause renovascular hypertension and kidney damage.A pharmacologic correlate, antihypertensive medications were developed to regulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which reduce vasoconstriction and lower blood pressure. – Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors); inhibit ACE. Unfortunately, ACE inhibitors can cause an irritating dry cough, So angiotensin 2 receptor inhibitors were also developed to block the angiotensin 2, type 1 receptors.

In this post, we will learn naming alkenes by the IUPAC Nomenclature Rules including when the E and Z configuration needs to be addressed.

The main difference between SOP and POS is that the SOP is a way of representing a Boolean expression using min terms or product terms while the POS is a way of representing a Boolean expression using max terms or sum terms.

The summery below is for educational purposes only. It is adapted in most part from the book Prof. Nir Ben-Tal and I wrote, Introduction to Proteins: Structure, Function, & Motion: The book dis…

Often times, scientists only have a small amount of DNA to deal with when doing genetic research or studies. In these situations, scientists can do one of several things. One is to just try to work with it anyway, but this is nearly impossible (depending on how much there is). Ther are a couple other…

Disclaimer: Due to unforeseen difficulties, we have had to take down the images on this notes page. They will be replaced shortly. We apologise for the inconvenience, but hope that the new images w…

Ketogenesis is a pretty complicated process and can create a lot of confusion. I know a lot of people on Keto diets that would say too much protein could turn into carbs (hint: they probably don’t)…

The main difference between hexokinase and glucokinase is that the hexokinase is an enzyme present in all cells whereas the glucokinase is an enzyme only present in the liver. Furthermore, hexokinase has a high affinity towards glucose while glucokinase has a low affinity towards glucose.

Quick Reference for the core essentials of a subject and class that is challenging at best and that many students struggle with. In 6 laminated pages our experienced chemistry author and professor gathered key elements organized and designed to use along with your text and lectures, as a review before testing, or as a memory companion that keeps key answers always at your fingertips. As many students have said “a must have” study tool. Topics covered include: Features of an Organic Reaction Kinetics & Reaction Mechanism Organic Acid & Base Alkane, Alkene Benzene/Arene Alkyne, Alcohol, Aromatic Alcohol Haloalkane/Alkene/Arene Halohydrin, Ether Aldehyde & Ketone Carboxylic Acid Ester, Amine, Amide, Amino Acid Other Nitrogen Compounds Organic Polymers Sulfur Chemistry Cyclization: Synthesis of a Cyclic Compound Metal Reaction Polymer Chemical Reactions Common Terms Suggested uses: Quick Reference – instead of digging into the textbook to find a core answer you need while studying, use the guide to reinforce quickly and repeatedly Memory – refreshing your memory repeatedly is a foundation of studying, have the core answers handy so you can focus on understanding the concepts Test Prep – no student should be cramming, but if you are, there is no better tool for that final review

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