Immune System OverviewHere we will learn about the immune system, which combats disease-causing organisms.Pathogens Disease-causing or harmful microorganismsAntigens Material that can evoke an immune response Innate Immune BranchNon-specific, fastThe innate branch is non-specific (it reacts to a broad range of microbes) and is fast (responses occur within hours of infection).Actors of the Innate SystemPhysical barriers: - Epidermal cells create a slightly acidic surface and release enzymes and other antimicrobial peptides that make the skin surface inhospitable to microbes.Chemical barriers: - Some body surfaces (such as the respiratory pathways) are also covered in mucus, which can trap microbes before they can infect the body.Chemokines: Chemical signal produced by damaged cell to alert the body to danger and act as a homing signal for immune cellsNeutrophils: First type of phagocytic cell to arriveMonocytes: Arrive and mature into macrophages which engulf and destroy pathogensInflammation: Response to tissue damage, four clinical signs: redness, heat, swelling and pain.Innate System in ActionPathogens gain entry to the inside of the body through the wound.Chemokine chemical signals (chemotactic cytokines): Released by damaged cells to alert the body of trouble. Act as homing signals that stimulate cells of the immune system to migrate towards the source of the chemokines. Phagocytic cells are then attracted to the wound site from the blood. Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages.Macrophages phagocytose pathogens: Phagocytosis is a type of bulk transport into the cell in which large extracellular cargo is brought into the cell and broken down. In our example, the bacterium will eventually be broken down and the macrophage will go on to engulf and destroy other pathogens.Clinical signs of inflammation Result from innate immunity activation. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are all classically accepted signs of inflammation. Importantly, inflammation can result in impairment in function.If the innate branch is unable to fight off the invading pathogens on its own, the adaptive branch is called in to help. Adaptive Immune BranchSpecific, slow, systemic, memoryThe adaptive branch is: Specific (it can distinguish specific species of pathogens) Slow (responses occur within days of infection). Systemic (NOT restricted to the initial site of infection). Has memory (it mounts a faster and even stronger attack against repeat pathogens).Actors of the Adaptive SystemAdaptive immunity is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.Humoral immunity: B cells (matured into plasma cells) producing antibodies (Y-shaped proteins)Cell-mediated immunity: Cytotoxic T cells recognize infected cells and kill them while helper T cells act as the general of the immune army and release chemical signals that activate various immune cell typesHumoral ImmunityLymphoid tissue is the home of many types of immune cells.Plasma cells reside in the lymphoid tissues: - Plasma cells are activated and matured B cells (B cells and T cells are the two adaptive immune cell types). - Plasma cells pump out antibodies.Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that recognize antigens from the invading pathogen.The antibodies produced by plasma cells are released into the blood vessel where they travel throughout the body.In the tissues, we show an antibody binding two viruses. Neutralizing antibodies are able to bind to viruses and toxins in such a way as they are no longer able to infect or cause damage.Cellular ImmunityThe major cells of cell-mediated immunity are the T cells, which are divided into cytotoxic T cells or helper T cells.Cytotoxic T cells have receptors on their surfaces that bind infection signals on infected host cells. The cytotoxic T cell has a receptor on its surface that is able to bind the infected cell's signal. When this happens, the T cell releases death signals which kill the infected cell.Helper T cells act as the general of the immune army. They release activation signals (cytokines and chemokines) that help phagocytic cells to perform their job more efficiently. They also release signals that activate cytotoxic T cells. B cells also receive activation signals from helper T cells.With all of these cells working together, the immune system is usually able to destroy the invading pathogens.
Microorganisms can be classified as obligate aerobes, facultative, microaerophilic, aerotolerant and obligate anaerobes based on their oxygen requirements.
What types of microbes live in space and how? Check out my interview with space microbiologist Marta Cortesão where I asked her these questions.
Immunoglobulin is Y-shaped tetra-peptide molecules consisting 2H and 2 L chains. There are 5 classes of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.
What is a Winogradsky column, where did it get its name, what are microbial communities, why would you want to make a Winogradsky column, and how do you create your own?
ISE Prescott's Microbiology
Elevate your bacteria lesson with our engaging Bacteria Coloring Page, meticulously crafted to captivate students and reinforce their understanding of bacterial morphology and diversity. This educational resource is tailored to complement your curriculum, making the study of bacteria accessible and enjoyable for learners of all ages. Key Features: Educational Focus: Our Bacteria Coloring Page provides a visual and interactive way for students to explore the structure, shapes, and diversity of bacteria. Engagement: Coloring activities have been shown to improve retention and comprehension. This page encourages creativity while reinforcing fundamental microbiological concepts. Versatile Use: Ideal for various educational settings, including classrooms, homeschooling, and science clubs. Use it as an introduction, reinforcement, or review activity. Detailed Design: Each bacterial morphology is intricately illustrated, allowing students to easily identify and color different bacterial shapes such as cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and more complex forms. Printable: High-quality, printable design ensures easy distribution to your entire class, providing a convenient addition to your teaching resources. How to Use: Introduction: Introduce students to bacterial morphology and diversity with this engaging coloring page. Reinforcement: Use as a hands-on activity to solidify key concepts covered in your bacteria unit. Review: Utilize as a visual aid for review sessions before assessments or exams. Benefits: Enhances Understanding: Visual and kinesthetic learners will benefit from the interactive nature of this activity, leading to enhanced understanding and retention of microbiological concepts. Encourages Creativity: Students can personalize their learning experience by adding colors to illustrate different bacterial shapes and structures, fostering a deeper connection to the subject matter. Easy Integration: Simply print and distribute! This resource is ready to use with minimal preparation. What’s Included: 1 High-Quality 8.5x11 Bacteria Coloring Page (PDF format) Bring the microscopic world of bacteria to life in your classroom with our Bacteria Coloring Page. Purchase now and enrich your bacteria curriculum with an engaging and educational resource!
Immunoglobulin is Y-shaped tetra-peptide molecules consisting 2H and 2 L chains. There are 5 classes of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.
Free Download Microbiology An Introduction (13th edition) written by Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case in pdf.
Discover microbiology careers and paths in this webinar by Dr. Justine Dees. Ideal for students and educators exploring STEM opportunities.
Explore 10 fun microbiology activities in the 'Joyful Microbiology Activities' ebook! Perfect for home or classroom use.
Causative agent of Trichomoniasis, Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite and is transmitted sexually. It has a pear-shaped trophozoite.
Learn how to identify a bacteria based on the “field mark” of a rainbow metallic sheen that looks like oil contamination.
If you (or your preschooler) has ever asked the question, "what is blood made of?", you must check out this fun activity to learn about the parts of blood.
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The Human Body Tissue Types with Illustrations and labels on a 18x24 poster size. Excellent for classrooms and learning at home.
These fishing activities include a Kids' Aquarium Crafts and make nice Preschool Companion Book Projects for Rainbow Fish or Finding Nemo. They are also fun projects for microbiology homeschool lessons for older students.
DNA replication is an extraordinarily important and complex process upon which all life depends. During DNA replication, the two strands of
Microscopes are a lot of fun for exploring all sorts of things, but it’s important to know how to use them correctly and what all the parts are called. A School Called Home has a printable la…
Is it REALLY November already?! Let me just say that October flew by with work, life, and party planning! I always throw a huge Halloween party for my girls, and this year...it was awesome! Sooo, even though I have had things to post about, I truly haven't had much time to sit down. I don't know about any of you, but I'm the type of person that is a little OCD and gets lost in the details. I can't just blog about nothing, unless it's a super quick spare of the moment giveaway! Soooo, you're going to get caught up in this post that's sure to be filled with pictures and the business that is my life right now. :) WHERE DO I START?! I'll introduce you to my giant plant and animal cells I created for our hallway! I LOVED how they turned out and they always made me smile as approached my classroom. :) They accented my students' cell labeling projects. These were super simple and quick to make. I just drew them and painted them. The eyes were created from paper plates, at the suggestion of one of my coworkers...great idea! I made the arms, legs, and mouth from black construction paper, and the shoes were a group effort between myself and the same coworker that gave me the idea for the eyes. :) It's nice to have another creative mind around! Here are some samples of the student work that was around my super cell figures! Okay, let's see..what can I show you next? Let's look at what we are doing during our Daily 5 time! Which, I have to be honest...this is the first year that I started implementing Daily 5 into my classroom and I know the "sisters" would not approve! I am still ironing out the details...but for me, it's a GREAT option to incorporate into my weekly Reading routine AND the kids LOVE it!!! This is our small group time. I call up my students in groups of four and five and work with them on various Reading and Language Arts skills. I have even done this for Math, and I have to be honest...it's wonderful! Our classes are typically somewhere between 23-26 students, so to break that down and focus on individual needed skills...goooooood stuff! We also work on our Interactive Reading Journals, thanks to Nicole Shelby. :) LOVE them! Here's a look at our Daily 5 centers... You'll see that we get quite comfortable in my room. Pretty much anything goes as far as where they want to sit to work on what they're doing. These girls are PARTNER READING under my front table. I make sure that they are checking for comprehension after each page. Their discussions are really wonderful...very proud of them! Read to Self...enough said, lol. Tooo cute!! I PROMISE that I didn't make any of them pose for this...I found them like this and of course they wanted to giggle when they saw me with my camera! Love my kids. My girls are a little more serious. :) Word Work...this is done using my Interactive Writing Center. I WILL NEVER not use this! It's working out so well and has really created a great way for my kids to experiment and create so many different kinds of writing! Here's a super small sample of what comes with my center! Word Work... I use our weekly spelling words for this part of the Daily 5. My kids do SOOO much with this one! Three things that we do are use the magnetic letters to spell the words. Another thing that we do is use ABC letter beads to string the letters and create words onto pipe cleaners (this is their favorite...)!! They also have dry erase packs to write one and wipe off their words, while their partner quizzes them. I don't have my Listen to Reading center up and running yet. I'm still working on this one! (I told you it wasn't perfect. oh well! We make it work!!) I'm waiting for my students' stories to be loaded onto a disc and my classroom computers just got fixed this week. This will be coming soon!! Let's interrupt school time with a weekend at the lake... I love my family. I loved my time at the lake...we all know that as teachers, we all need a little R&R! Okay, back to work!! Let's just start by saying that I LOVE technology! There are a couple of things that I can't get enough of...my Smart Board AND my Hovercam! My kids use the Smart Board all the time to do interactive academic games. Learning has become so much fun!! No child should ever say "I don't want to go to school." School is wonderful...here are a couple of my kiddos "playing." Here are some anchor charts that I created during a mean, median, mode, and range lesson. I will be loading a great freebie activity this week that you guys can grab that went along with this. It's SO MUCH FUN!! I also have a great interactive PPT that I did, as well. Tepee TiMe!!!! During our time studying Native American tribes, my kiddos learned about Plains Indians. We talked about the nomadic Plains Indians and their use of tepees for shelter. I create a tepee each year and teach my students about Native American symbols and sign language and how these were forms of communication for each of the tribes. They get to choose a Native American symbol that they feel best represents themselves and then paint it onto the side of the tepee. They LOVE it! I use this as a reward in my classroom. They can't wait to see who gets to go into the tepee each day! We are also working on Native American calendar robes. Here's a peek at my students working on those... PROUD... I spent some time seeing two of my students doing something that they LOVE! One is an avid dirt bike racer and the other is fabulous at 4-H! It was so much fun spending time with them outside of school. I also had a girl from my class travel all the way to the Alamo in Texas to compete in a national shooting competition! Way to go, kids! I think that will be all for now! Be sure to follow me for future posts on what's going on in my classroom. :) I hope you liked my fall "catch up" post! Goodbye for now!! ONE MORE LITTLE THING FOR.....YOU!!! STOP OVER TO MY FRIEND MEG'S BLOG! You can enter an UNBELIEVABLE giveaway that I am thrilled to be a part of! It's five days of amazing opportunities to win some great prizes!
Diese Sketchnotes dienen der Erarbeitung und Festigung zum Thema Zellen und ihre Organellen. Anhand der Bilder können die Schüler sich die Funktionen der einzel
The body utilizes its metabolic pathways differently during fasting and starvation states and the more comfortable fed state. Learn more here.
Here are 5 fun and interesting ways for you to share the microbial world with your children.
Learn about amazing trees with this fun, and free hands-on unit study. Free nature unit studies for homeschooling from The Crafty Classroom.
Introduce your child to the building blocks of life: DNA! This coloring page features a double helix structure, or a DNA strand.
