Found out you have a kidney tumour? Wondering what treatments are available? This article talks about Kidney tumour treatment in Singapore
Dialysis: An Aquarium Filter for your Blood explains the experience of dialysis, answering questions about this treatment, including: What is it? Why do you need it? How does it feel? Written in easy to understand language with vibrant illustrations, this story introduces you to Amari who describes their experience of receiving dialysis, in order to reassure readers and help them to understand this treatment. Other important information is included in a 'Facts' section, covering information about kidneys, different types of dialysis, what the treatment entails, and how to prepare for it. This informative and enjoyable book is part of the series The Strength of My Scars, written and illustrated by surgeon, Maria Baimas-George. Worked examples or Exercises
Summary notes for OCR A-level Biology Excretion, part 2 of 2. Includes details on: - the structure of the kidney - the Bowman's capsule - the structure of the nephron - many processes occurring in the nephron, including: ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, detection of osmotic levels in the blood, and water reabsorption in the collecting duct. The notes are only available in a digital download format. Handwritten by me as part of my revision process. I am a YR13 student and, although the information has been checked, I am still learning so if you spot any mistakes feel free to message me! Most information comes from notes taken by me in class and the OCR A-level Biology A Second Edition textbook.
Statistics Amazingly, almost 12 percent of men and 5 percent of women in the United States develop a kidney stone during their life—and it isn’t pleasant. They’re often described as “the worst pain…
Development Of Kidney The kidneys develop from the intermediate mesoderm, which is located on each side of the embryo between the paraxial (somitic) and lateral plate mesoderm. After the fourth week, during which the embryo undergoes a complex folding process, the intermediate mesoderm forms a lateral nephrogenic cord and a medial genital (gonadal) ridge. The nephrogenic cord gives rise to three successive kidney precursors, while the genital ridge gives rise to the gonads. The three kidney precursors known as the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros, in order of appearance develop in a cranial-to-caudal sequence along the nephrogenic cord. Although the pronephros and mesonephros completely regress in utero, they are nonetheless essential for the normal development of the metanephros, which becomes the definitive kidney. The pronephros and mesonephros can be viewed as intermediate structures in the historical evolution of the kidney because they have more important roles in organisms such as fish and amphibians. Many signaling pathways have been found to play roles in the development of the kidneys, with the already expansive list growing on a regular basis. A detailed discussion of these pathways, however, is beyond the scope of this text, which will instead focus on the anatomic changes that occur during development. Pronephros At the start of the fourth week, the cervical portion of the nephrogenic cords undergoes mesenchymal-to-epithelial conversion to form the paired pronephric ducts, which grow in a caudal direction. A series of pronephric tubules appear medial to the ducts and connect them to the coelom, the precursor to the peritoneal space. These tubules constitute the paired pronephroi. A glomerulus-like structure, known as the glomus, projects from the dorsal aorta into the coelom. The glomus produces filtrate, some of which enters the pronephric tubules and then passes into the pronephric ducts. The pronephric ducts, however, are blind-ended. Thus the pronephroi are not functional excretory organs during human development. Mesonephros As the paired pronephric ducts continue to grow in a caudal direction, the pronephric tubules degenerate, becoming completely absent by day 25 of gestation. At the same time, however, the growing pronephric ducts continue to grow toward the caudal end of the embryo. These ducts, which become known as the mesonephric (wolffian) ducts, induce the formation of about 40 pairs of mesonephric tubules from the dorsolumbar region of the nephrogenic cords. These tubules constitute the paired mesonephroi. Each mesonephric tubule receives filtrate from a glomerulus, which receives blood from a branch of the dorsal aorta and drains blood to the posterior cardinal vein. Some tubules drain urine into the mesonephric ducts. Around the twenty-sixth day of gestation, the mesonephric ducts fuse with the cloaca, the precursor of the urinary bladder. At this point, the mesonephroi become functional excretory organs. The mesonephric tubules degenerate over subsequent months, however, and are almost completely absent by the fourth month of gestation. A small subset, however, persist into adulthood. In males, some of the most caudal tubules form the efferent ductules of the testes. Meanwhile, in females, some of the tubules form vestigial structures known as the epoophoron and paroophoron. Metanephros The paired metanephroi are the precursors of the definitive adult kidneys. They begin to form around the twenty-eighth day of gestation, shortly after the mesonephric ducts have fused with the cloaca. The caudal portion of each mesonephric duct sprouts a small diverticulum known as a ureteric bud. Each bud then grows toward a nearby mass of mesoderm known as the metanephric mesenchyme, which is located at the sacral end of the ipsilateral nephrogenic cord. Once each ureteric bud enters its associated metanephric mesenchyme, it begins a process of iterative bifurcation that gives rise to the urine collecting system. The first eight bifurcations of the ureteric bud give rise to the renal pelvis, major calices, and minor calices. These initial divisions later fuse to a considerable extent, resulting in the definitive appearance of the pelvicaliceal system. The next dozen bifurcations give rise to the collecting duct system. As the collecting ducts are being formed, the sur- rounding metanephric mesenchyme differentiates into nephrons, each consisting of a glomerulus, proximal tubule, thin limb, distal tubule, and connecting tubule. The ends of these nephrons fuse with the developing collecting duct system. Throughout this process, the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme provide essential inductive signals to one another. Thus, if either one is absent, the metanephros will not develop. The first phase of nephron formation begins around the sixth or seventh week of gestation. The tips of the branching ureteric buds, known as ampullae, induce the condensation of adjacent mesenchymal cells. Some of the mesenchymal cells form caps over the ampullae, while others form clusters just lateral to the ampullae. The clusters, also known as pretubular aggregates, are the nephron precursors. Each pretubular aggregate undergoes mesenchymal- to-epithelial conversion to form a hollow vesicle. The proximal end of each vesicle fuses with the adjacent ampulla, the precursor of a collecting duct. Meanwhile, the distal end of each vesicle invaginates to form a cleft, the precursor of Bowman’s capsule. The formation and subsequent deepening of the cleft causes the vesicle to become a comma-shaped and then S-shaped body. The cells lining the inner part of the cleft are the precursors of the visceral epithelial cells (podocytes), while those lining the outer part are the precursors of the parietal epithelial cells. In the S-shaped stage, endothelial cells appear within the cleft and become flattened and fenestrated. The developing podocytes send foot processes over the endothelial cells, and the podocyte basement membrane fuses with that of the endothelial cells, forming the three-layered glomerular basement membrane. Mesangial cell precursors, derived from the metanephric mesenchyme, enter the cleft and form the scaffolding for the developing glomerular capillaries. Throughout this process, the entire primitive nephron lengthens, giving rise to distinct proximal and distal segments. The second phase of nephron formation begins at approximately the fourteenth week of gestation. During this phase, the ampullae grow outward toward the cortex without further division. As nephrons form adjacent to the growing ampullae in the manner described previously, older nephrons attach to the connecting tubules of newer nephrons rather than directly to the ampullae. This process gives rise to nephron arcades, all joined by a single connecting tubule to a collecting duct. These nephrons become the long-looped (juxta-medullary) nephrons in the mature kidney. The third phase of nephron formation begins at approximately the twentieth week of gestation. During this phase, the ampullae continue to grow toward the cortex without further division; however, as new nephrons are formed, they retain their individual attachments to the collecting duct system. These nephrons become the short-looped (cortical) nephrons in the mature kidney. After the thirty-sixth week of gestation, no new nephrons form, but the existing nephrons continue to undergo structural changes. For example, portions of the proximal and distal tubules become increasingly tortuous and convoluted, while the loops of Henle grow deeper into the medulla. The metanephroi begin to produce urine at 9 weeks of gestation, even as active nephrogenesis is ongoing. Such urination becomes essential for maintaining a normal volume of amniotic fluid. The placenta, how- ever, is the organ responsible for removing waste products from the fetus. The fetal kidney has a lobated surface appearance, which can be attributed to condensations of metanephric mesenchyme around the initial branches of the ureteric buds. This surface lobation, however, usually disappears around 4 or 5 years of age, as additional tissue fills in the sulcated areas. If fetal lobation persists into adulthood, it is an inconsequential anatomic variant; however, such lobations may be sometimes mistaken for cortical scarring.
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Students will learn about the excretory system using print and digital science worksheets and graphic organizers. This excretory system lesson will teach its parts, the job of the system, and how it works with other body systems. Like this excretory system activity? Check out the respiratory and excretory human body system unit and save 20% by clicking here. Students will learn: Parts of the excretory system; lungs, bladder, kidneys, ureter, urethra, skin The function of this human body system How the excretory system works This excretory system activity includes: Links to Digital Google Slides Vocabulary sheet Science text detailing the parts and function of the excretory system. Parts include: lungs kidneys bladder ureter urethra skin Worksheet of comprehension questions Two activities Graphic organizer detailing parts of the excretory system Graphic organizer that will illustrate the importance of this human body system Answer key How to use this activity in your classroom: Introduce the excretory system to your students by reading aloud this science text together. Have students highlight and underline the job of the excretory system, its parts, and how they work to keep the human body functioning. Have students use this activity at a science station Assign as sub plans to allow students to continue to learn while you are out of the classroom. Divide your class into small groups. Have each group learn about one body system and share their information with the rest of the class. Feedback from teachers: This was a great way for my students to take notes on this topic. This was EXACTLY what I was looking for! Thanks! Thank you, this is a good resource to add to my unit for 6th-grade science. Simple to use and full of all the important information. Kindly Note: If you have questions, do not hesitate in emailing me at Teaching Muse Email PLEASE PREVIEW BEFORE PURCHASING ____________________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for visiting Teaching Muse. I would love for you to become a follower. Teaching Muse followers receive new product information and discounts on any new items! ____________________________________________________________________________________ All rights reserved by Teaching Muse. This product is to be used by the original downloader ONLY. Copying for more than one teacher, classroom, department, school, or school system is prohibited. Additionally, this product may not be distributed or displayed digitally for public view. Failure to comply is a copyright infringement and violates the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). They are intended for classroom and personal use ONLY.
Jan 06, 2024 - Health - The human body is a complex system that performs a myriad of functions to sustain life. One of these functions is the filtration of blood,...
Lab values is critical information necessary to provide appropriate patient care. These sheets will prove helpful for safe and quality continuation of patient care for nurses/medical professionals in every stage! This set includes value sets that provide normal ranges 📊 📝 The digital pdf will be available to download and print after purchase. Thank you for supporting my small business (: Sincerely, One nurse to another 💕
This blog Aim to provide useful information on Ayurvedic Treatment for kidney patients. You can find information on Kidney Treatment in Ayurveda.
Overview of the digestive system—how food moves through each part of the GI tract to help break down food for energy, growth, and cell repair.
When repairing episiotomies or tearing from birth, some doctors put in an extra stitch “for daddy,” which has painful consequences for women.
In case the number of red blood cells is lowered, the person often experiences muscle damage, severe anemia, fatigue, and brain damage.
Dealing with staghorn calculus, also known as, large kidney stone formation can have a serious implication in one’s health. This implication usually affects the organs...
The BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) test measures the level of urea nitrogen in the blood to assess kidney function and overall health. It is a commonly performed test that helps diagnose and monitor conditions related to kidney health. BUN Test Here are the basic details for the BUN Test. Also Known As Blood Urea Nitrogen Test Type Blood Test Purpose Check urea nitrogen levels in the blood Sample Type Blood Preparation No Special Preparation Required Fasting No Gender All Age-Group Any Normal Value 7 - 20 mg/dL Reporting Time 1 - 2 Hours Cost 50 - 100 INR* *Price range may vary as per location, lab type, and procedure of lab test. BUN Test Full Form The Full Form of BUN Test is Blood Urea Nitrogen Test. BUN Test Means BUN Test is a blood test that measures the level of urea nitrogen in the blood. BUN test helps assess kidney function and how well the kidneys are filtering waste products. Elevated BUN levels may indicate kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or urinary tract obstruction. Low BUN levels can be associated with liver disease or malnutrition. BUN Test Purpose Here is the basic purpose of the BUN Test. Assess kidney function Measure urea nitrogen levels in the blood Evaluate the kidneys' ability to filter waste products Diagnose and monitor kidney-related conditions Provide a comprehensive assessment of kidney health in conjunction with other tests BUN Test Preparation Here's the BUN Test preparation before, during, and after the test. Before Test Follow any instructions given by your healthcare provider, such as fasting requirements or specific medications to avoid. Stay well-hydrated by drinking water unless otherwise instructed. During Test A healthcare professional will draw a blood sample from a vein in your arm using a needle. Relax and cooperate during the blood draw process. After Test Apply pressure to the puncture site with a cotton ball or gauze to stop any bleeding. If necessary, a bandage may be applied to the puncture site. You can resume your normal activities and diet unless instructed otherwise by your healthcare provider. BUN Test Procedure Here is the basic BUN Test procedure. The area was cleaned with antiseptic. Needle inserted, blood collected. The pressure was applied to stop the bleeding. Sample sent for analysis. BUN Test Results Here is the basic meaning of interpreting BUN Test results. High BUN levels may indicate kidney dysfunction or dehydration. Low BUN levels can be associated with liver disease or malnutrition. Results are interpreted in conjunction with other tests and clinical information. Consult a healthcare professional for a comprehensive interpretation of results. BUN test helps assess kidney function and overall health status. BUN Test Report BUN Test Report PDF BUN Test Normal Report BUN Normal Test Report PDF Format BUN Test Normal Result Report PDF BUN Test Abnormal Report BUN Abnormal Test Report PDF Format BUN Test Abnormal Result Report PDF BUN Test Normal Range Here's the normal range for BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) test results. Test Normal Range Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 7 - 20 mg/dL BUN Test Interpretation Here's an example of BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) test interpretation. BUN Level Interpretation Below 7 mg/dL Low BUN level 7 - 20 mg/dL Normal range Above 20 mg/dL High BUN level, indicating kidney function issues or dehydration BUN Test High Levels Here are the potential causes of high BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) levels. High BUN Levels Possible Causes Kidney dysfunction Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, kidney failure Dehydration Inadequate fluid intake, excessive fluid loss Urinary tract obstruction Blockage in the urinary system High protein intake Consuming large amounts of protein-rich foods Medications Certain medications, such as diuretics or corticosteroids BUN Test Low Levels Here are the potential causes of low BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) levels. Low BUN Levels Possible Causes Liver disease Severe liver damage or dysfunction Malnutrition Inadequate protein intake or malabsorption Overhydration Excessive fluid intake or fluid retention Pregnancy Normal physiological changes during pregnancy Certain medications Certain medications, such as antibiotics or diuretics Specimen Requirements For BUN Test Here are the specimen requirements for the BUN Test. Specimen Blood or Serum Volume 2 - 5 ml Container Red top Serum separator tube BUN Test is Safe? The BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) test is generally considered safe. It is a routine blood test that poses minimal risk to the patient. The procedure involves a simple blood draw and carries a low risk of complications such as infection or excessive bleeding. When Do You Get BUN Test Results? BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) test results are typically available within a 1 - 2 hours, depending on the laboratory and testing facility. The exact turnaround time may vary, and it's best to check with the specific facility or healthcare provider for an estimated timeline. BUN Test Limitation Here are some possible limitations of the BUN Test. Limited specificity for kidney function assessment. Can be influenced by factors other than kidney function. Not a standalone diagnostic test for kidney disease. Interpretation should consider other clinical information. Follow-up tests may be necessary for comprehensive evaluation. BUN Test Risk Factors Here is the potential risk factor of the BUN Test. Dehydration can lead to elevated BUN levels. Kidney disease or impairment can increase BUN levels. Certain medications or medical conditions can affect BUN levels. Doctor Recommendations After BUN Test Result Here are Doctor recommendations or consult a specialist after BUN Test. BUN Test Results Doctor to Visit Reason High Nephrologist Kidney dysfunction or dehydration Normal General Practitioner Routine monitoring or general health Low General Practitioner Low protein intake or liver dysfunction BUN Test Price Here are the estimated BUN Test Price in India with top different cities: City Price Range (INR)* Mumbai 100 - 200 New Delhi 100 - 200 Bangalore 100 - 200 Hyderabad 100 - 200 Kolkata 100 - 150 Pune 100 - 150 Lucknow 100 - 200 Noida 100 - 200 Surat 100 - 150 Gurugram 100 - 150 Patna 100 - 200 Chennai 100 - 150 Jaipur 100 - 200 Ahmedabad 100 - 150 *Prices are approximate and vary depending on a specific laboratory or healthcare facility. Summary Overall, BUN Test is a safe and routine blood test used to assess kidney function by measuring urea nitrogen levels in the blood. Also check Drlogy Test for detailed information about all medical tests for patients, doctors, scholers and medical students. Reference Blood Urea Nitrogen - Wikipedia [1]. The Value of Blood Urea Nitrogen in the Prediction of Risks of Cardiovascular Disease in an Older Population - NIH [2].
CKD; Chronic Kidney Disease; those poor, poor kidneys download all of my renal and physiology study guides here!
Every healthy person has two working kidneys, each of which is about the size of an adult fist. They sit on either side of the spinal cord right below the rib cage. Although they are small in size, the kidneys carry out several complex and fundamental functions to balance the body.
Teach urinary system structure and function with this infographic.
