Pennsylvania Smartweed, scientifically known as Persicaria pensylvanica, is a remarkable plant with a rich history of medicinal use.

Sweetleaf Stevia Seeds / Herb Seeds Stevia is an all-natural sweetener and sugar substitute that is also known as Sugarleaf Stevia, Sweetleaf, or Stevia Rabaudiana. (Stevia Can Be Very Challenging To Grow From Seed. Please read further below for helpful germination tips.) Stevia is an heirloom herb variety that can grow 1-3 feet and is native to South America. The Indigenous people of Paraguay would use this sweet leaf herb as a sweetener and medicine for hundreds of years before westerners discovered its many great uses! Stevia leaves can be added fresh to refreshing beverages or delicious desserts. The Stevia leaves can also be dried and ground to be used as you would any other sugar or sweetener! With Stevia being 100 times sweeter than table sugar, just a bit goes a long way! ⬇️Below Are Germination Tips To Help Get Your Stevia Off To A Great Start! Stevia can be very challenging and finicky to germinate. Stevia needs light and a constant temp of a minimum of 70-72 degrees at all times. Bottom heat is strongly advised. Without it, germination rates can be extremely low (If at all). Please continue reading for helpful tips and tricks to get your Stevia off to the best start possible. 🌱 When sowing Stevia, use a lightly compacted damp starter mix and gently press the herb seeds onto the topsoil. Be very careful not to sink the tiny seeds. Making sure the soil is damp and compacted before will help ensure the tiny seeds don't dislodge from watering medium. 🌱Soil temp should be a minimum of 70-72°. Bottom heat and a plastic dome or plastic wrap over the tray or containers is helpful in keeping the correct temp and moisture levels. It is highly advisable. Although preferable, if don't have access to a heat mat, place it in the warmest area of your home. On top of the refrigerator or near the hot heat vent (off the cold ground) are great options as well. 🌱Keep Stevia seeds consistently moist by lightly watering with a spray bottle or bottom watering. Make sure the soil stays consistently damp and that the medium doesn't dry out even once during the germinating stage. On the opposite end of that spectrum, do not oversaturate the medium. Doing so can lead to the breakdown or dislodgment of the tiny seeds. 🌱 Another great tip if still having trouble germinating is to do the paper towel method to test the germination rates and possibly have sucess planting from. That is also a great way to be sure of seed viability. *Carefully fold the seeds in a damp paper towel (only once to allow light) and place in a ziplock bag. Place the bag in bright light, on a heat mat, or at very least in the warmest area of your house. On a heat pad would be preferable to ensure the best chances of germination. If don't have access to one on top of the refrigerator or over a hot heat vent, off cold ground, are options as well. Stevia usually takes around 14-21 days to germinate, but check the seeds once a week or so. (Checking germination results, making sure the towel is still damp, and staying at the correct temperature.) If still having trouble germinating, please feel free to message any time for more assistance. We will be more than happy to help! 😃 Keep the Stevia plants consistently moist. It is especially important during the hottest summer months. Stevia is a perinial in zone 10 and up, and in some cases zone 9. For most of the country it is grown as an annual but can be overwintered or grown indoors if given adequate light. All Goad N Gardens individual seed packets are a one-time flat shipping rate with no additional shipping charges added, no matter how many more seeds are ordered! We offer Free Shipping with any $35.00 purchase and a Free Shipping Guarantee on all Goad N Gardens Seed and Planter Kits! Check them out today for a great deal or gift idea! http://www.goadngardens.etsy.com Goad N Gardens is very proud of the fact that our seed packets are hand-assembled with the gardener in mind. As fellow gardeners ourselves, we understand just how important a good quality seed packet can be! Full and detailed planting info is included on high-quality airtight, water-resistant, and resealable packets. Our seed packets not only hold up to all of your hard work but are very durable and keep your seeds viable longer than traditional seed packs! You will also receive free gifts and tips with each and every order!😊 All will be shipped safely in a bubble mailer using USPS with full tracking info. Thank you for choosing small businesses like ours. It is people like you who help make dreams come true! Thank You, and Happy Gardening!🌱 Stevia Seed Planting Instructions: Full Sun After all chance of frost and soil has warmed transplant or sow multiple seeds 1/8" deep, very lightly covered. A dome is highly advisable. Space plants 12" to 18" apart. Thin to strongest seedlings, or transplant, after the first two true leaves appear. 40 Days to begin harvesting after transplanting Goad N Gardens. Helping To Grow Your Golden Garden One Seed At A Time!

Sequences shared by far-away populations stir up a Palaeoamerican mystery.

Fried bannock is a type of bread that is eaten by First Nations people. I tried it recently and it was surprisingly good so I wanted to make a recipe for it. It is thicker and a bit more fluffy than other flat breads but the fact that it is fried makes it so tasty.

Celebrate Columbus day in October with these super cute, free printable, Columbus Day Coloring Pages and Writing Prompts for kids of all ages!

Protect Your Joint and Digestive Health. Used for thousands of years, this South American herb may benefit joint and digestive health while providing immune support.

How The World Was Made is a children’s story with fun pictures and an easy to understand tale - told in a way that children can easily follow along, while still carrying on the spirit of traditional Cherokee story telling. This story is meant to be read out loud to children as a fun way to help them learn a Cherokee legend. Paperback. Wagnon, Brad. 2015.

Indigenous peoples of the Americas designed by Sergey Jani for Wimble. Connect with them on Dribbble; the global community for designers and creative professionals.

Polypodium leucotomos (PL) is a tropical fern plant native to Central America and parts of South America. It grows in the rain forest and has a long history of use as an herbal medicine ingested for a variety of ailments by the indigenous people of Honduras. The Mayans even drank it as a tea. Historically, ferns have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient Europe. Commercial extracts of Polypodium leucotomos have been available since at least the 1970s. Polypodium leucotomos is actually the common name for the herb known as Phlebodium aureum. Other names for PL include: calaguala (in Mexico and other Spanish-speaking countries), fougère, PLE, Polypodium, kalawalla, samambia, polypodiaceae, Polypodium aureum, Polypodium decumanum, Phlebodium decumanum, Golden Polypody, cabbage palm fern, golden serpent fern, Samambaia (in Brazil), and other synonyms in different parts of the world. It is also sold under a number of different brand names; for instance, Anapsos is a Spanish brand name for a psoriasis drug made from Polypodium leucotomos. What Is Polypodium Leucotomos Used For? Most commonly, Polypodium leucotomos is taken orally for the treatment of inflammation and a variety of skin ailments including psoriasis, vitiligo (the loss of pigment in patches of the skin), atopic dermatitis (eczema: inflammation of the skin), and melasma (over-pigmented patches of dark skin). It also serves as a protectant against sunburn (solar erythema) and helps prevent and relieve polymorphous light eruption (PMLE). In fact, much of the research that has been done on Polypodium leucotomos over the past 40+ years has been on its management of skin conditions and its photo-protective properties after it is ingested. Many of these clinical studies have shown extracts of Polypodium leucotomos to be surprisingly effective at defending skin against damage from the sun (ultraviolet radiation) when Polypodium leucotomos is taken orally, with some authors even calling it an “internal sunscreen.” What Are The Active Ingredients In Polypodium Leucotomos Extract (PLE)? Both the rhizomes (the stem of the plant that grows underground) and the leaf have been used in medicine. Research into the composition of the leaf extract of Polypodium leucotomos used today has shown it contains a number of active ingredients, many of which are antioxidant polyphenols. These polyphenols include the phenolic acids p-coumaric, ferulic, fumaric, vanillic (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic), quinic (4-hydroxycinnamoyl-quinic), caffeic (4-hydroxycinnamic), chlorogenic (3-caffeoylquinic), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic, along with five phenolic chlorogenic acid isomers. Polypodium leucotomos leaf extract is rich in monosaccharides and flavonoids. How Does Polypodium Leucotomos Work? Clinical research has shown Polypodium leucotomos has a number of functions: Polypodium leucotomos has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may explain its ability to prevent damage caused by excessive sun exposure and its helpfulness in ameliorating certain skin conditions. The high percentage of antioxidant phenols in PL have been shown to protect skin from erythema by inhibiting the formation of free radicals from UV radiation (and thereby preventing oxidative damage). It has also been shown to help prevent sunburn and reduce the reddening of skin that can occur with sun exposure. By inhibiting free radicals such as reactive oxygen species in skin tissue, long-term DNA damage and photo-aging may be prevented. Part of the reason for its photo-protective effects is that PL is orally administered and so is working from the inside out, deep within skin where topically-applied products won’t reach. Polypodium leucotomos has also been shown to provide significant skin protection against UV radiation (sunlight) in people with polymorphous light eruption (also called polymorphic light eruption). These individuals, who are hypersensitive to sunlight, may benefit from PL with reduced itchiness and decreased skin redness. PL’s anti-inflammatory effects in skin tissue help prevent immunosuppression: the inhibition of the immune system which can also lead to detrimental cellular changes. PL has been shown to inhibit cytokines: immune system factors that are part of the inflammatory response and needed for proper healing of skin damage, but also implicated in autoimmune diseases. By properly inhibiting cytokines, PL may help prevent inflammation and tissue damage. Polypodium leucotomos also decreases the vasodilation that comes with inflammation. PL’s anti-inflammatory effects also have been shown to reduce itchy and inflamed skin in people with eczema and improve the symptoms of psoriasis. It also may decrease the incidence of phototoxicity in individuals undergoing UV treatments for skin conditions such as psoriasis and vitiligo. In people undergoing PUVA treatment (psoralen plus ultraviolet A light), PL may reduce side effects and skin damage. PL has also been shown to reduce the skin darkening that occurs in some people undergoing UV treatments for certain skin conditions. Interestingly enough though, research has also suggested that taking PL for months may help return some color (increase re-pigmentation) to the areas of skin with less pigment in people with vitiligo. PL may even be able to help stimulate collagen production by increasing the expression of a collagen promoter protein. This Anti-Aging Capsule With Polypodium Leucotomos + Other Powerful Antioxidants Naturally Protects Your Skin And Eyes.LEARN MORE. Mechanisms of Action While the mechanisms of action of Polypodium leucotomos are complex and not completely elucidated, some of the details of how PL works are understood. These include: As an antioxidant, Polypodium leucotomos neutralizes free radicals, particularly superoxide anions, hydroxides, lipid peroxides, and reactive nitrogen species, thereby preventing these free radicals from directly damaging cells and other skin structures. PL has been shown to inhibit the depletion of Langerhans cells (one type of skin cell). Polypodium leucotomos inhibits the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (a type of DNA damage) that are induced by UVB radiation, leading to less ultraviolet-induced DNA mutations. PL prevents inflammation and preserves skin tissue by inhibiting the infiltration of immune cells (which release chemicals as part of the inflammatory process, causing redness and itching)–such as mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages–after UV exposure. Studies note a greater activation of p53 expression in skin cells, in response to UV radiation, in the presence of Polypodium leucotomos. This may be one of the main causes of PL’s protective effects. P53 is a tumor suppressor protein, whose activation may be one of the mechanisms affording PL’s genomic protection and anti-inflammatory effects, and the suppression of radiation-generated proliferation of skin cells. Other studies of PL have shown similar effects in the reduced of inflammatory response as measured by TNF-a (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) expression, which are both involved in systemic inflammation. PL has also been shown to have a protective effect in skin by inhibiting MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases), which degrade extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen in skin tissue. Interestingly, it may also stimulate the production of collagen. Laboratory experiments have also shown PL to increase the antioxidant capacity of blood (as measured by ORAC rating in plasma) by increasing the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). This decreases genomic damage to skin and decreases mutations in DNA. In response to radiation, PL has also been shown to suppress the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in the promotion of inflammation. Research: Clinical Studies And The Effectiveness Of Polypodium Leucotomos The key findings of a small selection of clinical trials, whose results have been published in scientific journals, are summarized below. These highlight some of the research that has been done on Poypodium leucotomos’s effects in the areas of sun protection, polymorphous light eruption (PMLE), photodermatitis, urticaria, psoriasis, skin aging, collagen production/preservation, and illness prevention in athletes. Sun Protection The following studies demonstrate data for the protective effect of Polypodium leucotomos against the damage induced by ultraviolet radiation. The evidence suggests that PL can reduce reddening, the rate at which skin burns in sunlight, and many other markers of sun damage in skin. In 2004, Harvard researchers conducted a study in which healthy volunteers were tested to see whether Polypodium leucotomos would protect fair to light-skinned individuals from sun damage. Some subjects were given oral doses of PL extract, and some were not. All were exposed to varying doses of ultraviolet radiation, and after 24 hours the researchers took skin biopsies to measure the amount of skin redness due to erythema (inflammation caused by ultraviolet radiation, i.e. sunburn). The results demonstrated a remarkable decrease in UV-induced skin damage in those who had taken the PL extract. Those taking the PL extract had significantly fewer sunburned cells (a sign of tissue damage) and less cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (a marker of DNA damage). The PL extract also inhibited the infiltration of mast cells (which cause inflammation, redness, and itching). Furthermore, the PL extract had a protective effect on Langerhans cells: sensitive immune cells, found throughout the many layers of the skin, that help fight infections. The researchers concluded that Polypodium leucotomos is an effective oral photoprotective agent which offers “significant protection of skin against UV radiation.” [Middelkamp-Hup M, Pathak MA, Parrado C, et.al. Oral Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases ultraviolet-induced damage of human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 Dec;51(6):910-8.] A 2010 publication reported the results of a clinical trial in which 10 healthy volunteers were given either 240mg oral Polypodium leucotomos 8 hours and again 2 hours before UVA exposure, or not given anything at all before UVA exposure. Prior to exposure, each individual was measured to determine his or her baseline skin histology and how much UVA radiation it took to cause erythema (MED: minimal erythema dose). After exposure, skin samples were again taken and tested for CD (common deletion: a type of DNA damage and a marker of chronic UVA radiation). At 2 times the MED the non-PL group had increases of CD of 217% over baseline, while the group taking PL had decreases of 84%. At 3 times the MED, the non-PL group had increases of CD of 760% over baseline, while the group taking PL only had a 61% increase on average. These trends were determined “very strong” by the researchers, and while the data was not statistically significant (due in part to the small sample size), the researchers concluded that Polypodium leucotomos “may prevent UVA-induced skin photodamage possibly by preventing UVA-dependent mitochondrial DNA damage.” [Villa A, Viera M, Amini S, et al. Decrease of ultraviolet A light–induced “common deletion” in healthy volunteers after oral Polypodium leucotomos extract supplement in a randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Mar;62(3);511-3.] Polymorphous Light Eruption (PMLE), Photodermatitis, And Urticaria In 2007, a study found that Polypodium leucotomos extract was beneficial to individuals who are extremely sensitivity to the sun. The individuals all had either polymorphic light eruption (itchy red rashes from sun exposure) or solar urticaria (a form of hives caused by sunlight), but had not responded well to other available therapies. These patients’ response to sunlight was measured both before and after taking an oral dose of 480 mg of Polypodium leucotomos. The researchers reported that after taking Polypodium leucotomos and being exposed to sunlight, patients had a relevant and statistically significant reduction of skin reactions and subjective symptoms as compared to exposure without PL. The researchers concluded that the “photoprotective activity of Polypodium leucotomos was significant,” and furthermore, the tolerance of PL was excellent and administration was shown to be effective and safe. [Caccialanza M, Percivalle S, Piccinno R, Brambilla R. Photoprotective activity of oral polypodium leucotomos extract in 25 patients with idiopathic photodermatoses. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2007 Feb;23(1):46-7.] Another study in 2012 tested 30 patients with polymorphic light eruption. These patients were exposed to UVA and UVB light both before taking Polypodium leucotomos and after two weeks of oral treatment with Polypodium leucotomos. After taking Polypodium leucotomos, 30% of patients did not get polymorphic light eruptions at all when exposed to UVA, and in the remaining patients the number of UVA irradiations needed to elicit polymorphic light eruptions increased on average from 1.95 to 2.62. Similarly, 28% of patients did not get polymorphic light eruptions at all when exposed to UVB, and in the remaining patients the number of UVB irradiations needed to elicit polymorphic light eruptions increased on average from 2.38 to 2.92. The researchers concluded that Polypodium leucotomos treatment might be beneficial for the prevention of PMLE. [Tanew A, et al Oral administration of a hydrophilic extract of Polypodium leucotomos for the prevention of polymorphic light eruption . J Am Acad Dermatol. (2012)] In another study of patients with idiopathic photodermatoses (53 with polymorphic light eruption and 4 with urticaria), the basal skin condition was clinically evaluated in the patients both before and after sunlight exposure while taking Polypodium leucotomos. 74% of patients taking 480mg of Polypodium leucotomos daily for 15 days reported a benefit, with a significant reduction of skin reaction to the sun and subjective symptoms. No side effects were reported. The researchers concluded that Polypodium leucotomos is an effective and safe treatment for photoprotection in those with polymorphic light eruption and urticaria. [Caccialanza M, Recalcati S, Piccinno R Oral polypodium leucotomos extract photoprotective activity in 57 patients with idiopathic photodermatoses . G Ital Dermatol Venereol. (2011)] Psoriasis In a placebo-controlled study of 37 patients affected by psoriasis, 13 took a placebo and 22 patients finished treatments of Polypodium leucotomos (anapsos) in capsules of 120mg. 9 out of 22 of the psoriasis patients who used Polypodium leucotomos obtained complete relief of symptoms (called “whitenings” by the authors: complete treatments of the areas of affected skin), 5 patients obtained relief of symptoms in 40% to 80% of the affected surface, 5 patients obtained a maximum of 40% relief of symptoms, and 3 patients had null results. The authors concluded that, due to the absence of side effects and minimum intolerance, and the amount of success obtained by the patients, the treatment of psoriasis with Polypodium leucotomos is a viable option. [Del Pino, Gamboa J., De Sambricio, Guiu F., and Colomo, Gomez C. [Comparative study between 120 mg. of anapsos and a placebo in 37 psoriasis patients]. Med Cutan Ibero.Lat.Am 1982;10(3):203-208.] In another study, 495 patients affected by several forms of psoriasis were given daily doses of between 80mg and 720mg of Polypodium leucotomos, depending on age, weight, and treatment phase. After 6 months, 304 patients (61%) achieved between 80% and 100% whitenings of the affected skin. 46 patients achieved between 30% and 80% whitenings of their lesions. 15 patients obtained null results, and only 11 had relapses. 119 patients (24%) abandoned treatment, probably mainly due to the length of time of the study and slowness of process. There was also a positive association with PUVA (psoralen plus ultraviolet A) therapy, which shortened psoriasis treatment. [Pineiro, Alvarez B. [2 years personal experience in anapsos treatment of psoriasis in various clinical forms]. Med Cutan Ibero.Lat.Am 1983;11(1):65-72.] Skin Aging And Collagen Production In a 2009 study it was found that Polypodium leucotomos had the potential to be an important anti-aging agent. In the study, researchers measured a variety of effects of Polypodium leucotomos on fibroblasts and melanoma cells both with and without UVA and UVB irradiation. The results demonstrated a number of effects: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes capable of degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM: the structure between cells that includes many different substances including collagen), but are also implicated in skin aging/photoaging, and cancer. Polypodium leucotomos inhibited both the expression and activity of MMPs in dermal fibroblasts and melanoma cells. Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) inhibit MMPs (and thereby preserve the extracellular matrix of the skin). Polypodium leucotomos stimulated the expression of TIMPs in fibroblasts and melanoma cells, thereby aiding the health of the skin. Polypodium leucotomos stimulated collagen in both UV radiated and non-irradiated fibroblasts. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a protein that regulates the ECM. It is inhibited in aging/photoaging but stimulated in carcinogenesis. Polypodium leucotomos had stimulatory effects on TGF-beta expression in non-irradiated and UV radiated fibroblasts, and inhibited TGF-beta expression in melanoma cells. It is extremely interesting to note that Polypodium leucotomos protected the ECM via two different types of effects: the inhibition of ECM proteolytic enzymes (that break down the ECM) and the stimulation of different types of structural ECM collagens (that build up the ECM). The researchers concluded that Polypodium leucotomos may be beneficial to skin health—in preventing aging and preventing or treating cancer—via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective properties. [Philips N, Conte J, Chen YJ, et al. Beneficial regulation of matrixmetalloproteinases and their inhibitors, fibrillar collagens and transforming growth factor-beta by Polypodium leucotomos, directly or in dermal fibroblasts, ultraviolet radiated fibroblasts, and melanoma cells. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009 Aug;301(7):487-95.] Bacterial Infections In Athletes Intense and prolonged physical activity can cause adverse changes to the immune system, increasing the chances of respiratory infections. In a 2012 study, 100 high performance athletes were given either 240mg of Polypodium leucotomos twice a day, or a placebo, for 3 months. At the end of the trial, only 14% of athletes taking Polypodium leucotomos got an infection, whereas 56% of the athletes taking a placebo got an infection. Furthermore, only one athlete (14%) in the Polypodium leucotomos group that did get an infection relapsed, versus 38% of the control group. The researchers concluded that Polypodium leucotomos extract has been shown to be useful in the prevention of infectious illnesses, as well as reducing recurring infections, in athletes. [Solivellas BM, Martín TC Polypodium leucotomos Extract use to prevent and reduce the risk of infectious diseases in high performance athletes . Infect Drug Resist. (2012)] Combinations Work Even Better Than Polypodium Leucotomos By Itself While Polypodium leucotomos has many beneficial properties, taking a combination of different types of antioxidants can have an even stronger effect. Combinations of antioxidants have been found to have synergistic effects, providing greater benefits than any individual compound used alone, and enumerable studies have shown this. For instance, a number of different classes of antioxidant compounds have been demonstrated to help defend skin against free radicals and sun damage including various polyphenols (such as those found in green tea), carotenes (for instance: lycopene), xanthophylls (like lutein and astaxanthin), polyphenols, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and the minerals zinc and selenium—which function as cofactors in certain antioxidant enzymes. Combining these ingredients can offer greater health benefits to skin and increased photoprotection. One formulation that takes advantage of research into the benefits of a combination of efficacious antioxidants is Sunsafe Rx. Sunsafe Rx is an oral capsule with a proprietary formulation of Polypodium leucotomos and a number of other antioxidants from plants and foods that have all been clinically shown to protect your skin. The anti-aging ingredients in Sunsafe Rx are also healthy for your skin and eyes. How Do You Use It? Polypodium leucotomos leaf extract has shown benefits when taken via oral supplementation, and even to a certain degree when applied topically. For its photoprotective benefits it is often recommended to take it orally 30 to 60 minutes prior to sun exposure, once or several times per day. For other conditions that don’t involve sun exposure, it can be taken at any time. For some skin conditions, benefits may take weeks or even months to be fully realized. It doesn’t seem to matter if PLE extract is consumed with or without food. Dosing Most of the research on Polypodium leucotomos leaf extract has been done with dosages of approximately 240mg to 480mg per day, although various studies have been done with results seen at dosages of 80mg or 120mg, and other experiments at 720mg per day or higher. A common guideline seems to be daily dosages of approximately 7.5mg per kg of an individual’s body weight. For a 150 pound person, this would be approximately 511mg per day. Safety PLE supplements have been commonly used for over 20 years in Europe, and other parts of the world, without any side effects being reported. There are no known side effects associated with PLE taken orally as a dietary supplement. PLE has not, however, been extensively tested in children, pregnant, or breast-feeding women, and there have not been published clinical trials testing PLE for interactions with various drugs. Since PLE is not technically considered a sunscreen by the FDA (since it is not a lotion that is put on the skin and does not contain certain specific chemicals legally required for a lotion to be called a sunscreen), care should be taken when you are in the sun. As always, be very careful to avoid extensive sun exposure, cover exposed skin, and use a natural sunscreen lotion if sun exposure can’t be avoided. After all, the sun ages your skin more than just about anything else. Where Can You Get Polypodium Leucotomos? Much of the research on Polypodium leucotomos has been done on extracts of the leaf. Polypodium leucotomos leaf extract is difficult to source, but it is sold in Europe and the United States and other parts of the world by a few different companies. It is sold both by itself and in combination with other ingredients, including in this anti-aging product. Summary While more research is always useful, the research to date has shown Polypodium leucotomos to be safe and efficacious for a variety of conditions and uses, and there is substantial clinical evidence to recommend its use for photoprotection and a variety of skin conditions including psoriasis, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis (eczema), melasma, polymorphous light eruption, and various other inflammatory ailments of the skin. References Alcaraz, M. V., Pathak, M. A., Rius, F., Kollias, N., and Gonzalez, S. An extract of Polypodium leucotomos appears to minimize certain photoaging changes in a hairless albino mouse animal model. A pilot study. Photodermatol.Photoimmunol.Photomed. 1999;15(3-4):120-126. Alvarez XA, et al Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study with anapsos in senile dementia: effects on cognition, brain bioelectrical activity and cerebral hemodynamics . Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. (2000) Baumann LS Less-known botanical cosmeceuticals . Dermatol Ther. (2007) Bernd A, Ramirez-Bosca A, Huber H, et al. In vitro studies on the immunomodulating effects of polypodium leucotomos extract on human leukocyte fractions. Arzneimittelforschung 1995;45:901-4. Berneburg M, et al Singlet oxygen mediates the UVA-induced generation of the photoaging-associated mitochondrial common deletion . J Biol Chem. (1999) Breithaupt AD, Jacob SE Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a case report of Polypodium leucotomos as an adjuvant therapy . Cutis. (2012) Caccialanza M, et al Photoprotective activity of oral polypodium leucotomos extract in 25 patients with idiopathic photodermatoses . Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. (2007) Caccialanza M, Recalcati S, Piccinno R Oral polypodium leucotomos extract photoprotective activity in 57 patients with idiopathic photodermatoses . G Ital Dermatol Venereol. (2011) Capella Perez, M. C. and Castells, Rodellas A. [Double-blind study using “anapsos” 120 mg. in the treatment of psoriasis]. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 1981;72(9-10):487-494. Dea-Ayuela, M., Rodero, M., Rodriguez-Bueno, R., Bolas-Fernandez, F., and Martinez-Fernandez, A. R. Modulation by Anapsos (Polypodium leucotomos extract) of the antibody responses against the nematode parasite Trichinella spiralis. Phytother Res 1999;13(7):566-570. Del Pino, Gamboa J., De Sambricio, Guiu F., and Colomo, Gomez C. [Comparative study between 120 mg. of anapsos and a placebo in 37 psoriasis patients]. Med Cutan Ibero.Lat.Am 1982;10(3):203-208. Edlich RF, Winters KL, Lim HW et al. Photoprotection by sunscreens with topical antioxidants and systemic antioxidants to reduce sun exposure. Journal of Long-Term effects of Medical Implants 2004;14(4):317-340 Emanuel P, Scheinfeld N A review of DNA repair and possible DNA-repair adjuvants and selected natural anti-oxidants . Dermatol Online J. (2007) Fernandez-Novoa, L., Alvarez, X. A., Sempere, J. M., Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J., Diaz, J., Franco-Maside, A., and Cacabelos, R. Effects of anapsos on the activity of the enzyme Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase in an animal model of neuronal degeneration. Methods Find.Exp Clin Pharmacol 1997;19(2):99-106. Fosslien E Review: molecular pathology of cyclooxygenase-2 in cancer-induced angiogenesis . Ann Clin Lab Sci. (2001)Garcia F, Pivel JP, Guerrero A, et al. Phenolic components and antioxidant activity of Fernblock, an aqueous extract of the aerial parts of the fern Polypodium leucotomos. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2006;28:157-60. Gombau L, et al Polypodium leucotomos extract: antioxidant activity and disposition . Toxicol In Vitro. (2006) Gomes, A. J., Lunardi, C. N., Gonzalez, S., and Tedesco, A. C. The antioxidant action of Polypodium leucotomos extract and kojic acid: reactions with reactive oxygen species. Braz.J Med Biol Res 2001;34(11):1487-1494. Gonzalez S, Alcaraz MV, Cuevas J, Perez M, Jaen P, Alvarez-Mon M, Villarrubia VG. An extract of the fern Polypodium leucotomos (Difur) modulates Th1/Th2 cytokines balance in vitro and appears to exhibit anti-angiogenic activities in vivo: pathogenic relationships and therapeutic implications. Anticancer Res. (2000) 20.3A: 1567-1575. Gonzalez S, Pathak MA, Cuevas J, et al. Topical or oral administration with an extract of Polypodium leucotomos prevents acute sunburn and psoralen-induced phototoxic reactions as well as depletion of Langerhans cells in human skin. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1997;13:50-60. Gonzalez S, Pathak MA. Inhibition of ultraviolet-induced formation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, erythema and skin photosensitization by polypodium leucotomos. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1996;12:45-56. Horvath A, Alvarado F, Szöcs J, de Alvardo ZN, Padilla G. Metabolic effects of calagualine, an antitumoral saponine of Polypodium leucotomos. Nature.1967 Jun 17; 214(5094):1256-8. Jańczyk A, et al A Polypodium leucotomos extract inhibits solar-simulated radiation-induced TNF-alpha and iNOS expression, transcriptional activation and apoptosis . Exp Dermatol. (2007) Jimenez, D., Naranjo, R., Doblare, E., Munoz, C., and Vargas, J. F. Anapsos, an antipsoriatic drug, in atopic dermatitis. Allergol.Immunopathol.(Madr.) 1987;15(4):185-189. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17350571Kastan MB Wild-type p53: tumors can't stand it . Cell. (2007) Komarova EA, et al p53 is a suppressor of inflammatory response in mice . FASEB J. (2005) López-Abán J, et al Immunomodulation of the response to excretory/secretory antigens of Fasciola hepatica by Anapsos in Balb/C mice and rat alveolar macrophages . J Parasitol. (2007) Manna SK, et al Calagualine inhibits nuclear transcription factors-kappaB activated by various inflammatory and tumor promoting agents . Cancer Lett. (2003) Mannan, A., Khan, R. A., and Asif, M. Pharmacodynamic studies on Polypodium vulgare (Linn.). Indian J Exp Biol 1989;27(6):556-560. Mercadal, Peyri O. and Maesci, Cappitanio F. [Preliminary communication on the treatment of psoriasis with anapsos]. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 1981;72(1-2):65-68. Middelkamp-Hup MA, et al Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrow-band UVB and oral Polypodium leucotomos extract: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study . J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. (2007) Middelkamp-Hup MA, Pathak MA, Parrado C et al. Oral Polydium leucotomos extract decreases ultraviolet-induced damage of human skin. J AM Acad Dermatol 2004;51:910-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15583582 Middelkamp-Hup MA, Pathak MA, Parrado C, et al. Orally administered Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases psoralen-UVA-induced phototoxicity, pigmentation, and damage of human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:41-9. Middelkamp-Hup, M. A., Bos, J. D., Rius-Diaz, F., Gonzalez, S., and Westerhof, W. Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrow-band UVB and oral Polypodium leucotomos extract: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21(7):942-950. Mohammad A. Vitiligo repigmentation with Anapsos (Polypodium leucotomos). Int J Dermatol 1989;28:479. Mulero M, et al Polypodium leucotomos extract inhibits glutathione oxidation and prevents Langerhans cell depletion induced by UVB/UVA radiation in a hairless rat model . Exp Dermatol. (2008) Navarro-Blasco, F. J. and Sempere, J. M. Modification of the inflammatory activity of psoriatic arthritis in patients treated with extract of Polipodium leucotomos (Anapsos). Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37(8):912. Navarro-Zorraquino M, et al Pharmacological immunomodulation of surgical trauma . J Invest Surg. (2007) Nogal-Ruiz, J. J., Gomez-Barrio, A., Escario, J. A., and Martinez-Fernandez, A. R. Effect of Anapsos in a murine model of experimental trichomoniasis. Parasite 2003;10(4):303-308. Padilla HC, Lainez H, Pacheco JA. A new agent (hydrophilic fraction of polypodium leucotomos) for management of psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 1974;13:276-82. Palomino OM. Current knowledge in Polypodium leucotomos effect on skin protection. Arch Dermatol Res. 2015 Apr;307(3):199-209. doi: 10.1007/s00403-014-1535-x. Epub 2014 Dec 25. Philips N, et al Beneficial regulation of matrixmetalloproteinases and their inhibitors, fibrillar collagens and transforming growth factor-beta by Polypodium leucotomos, directly or in dermal fibroblasts, ultraviolet radiated fibroblasts, and melanoma cells . Arch Dermatol Res. (2009) Philips N, Smith J, Keller T, Gonzalez S. Predominant effects of Polypodium leucotomos on membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, and expression of elastin and matrixmetalloproteinase-1 in ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci. 2003 Jun;32(1):1-9. Pineiro, Alvarez B. [2 years personal experience in anapsos treatment of psoriasis in various clinical forms]. Med Cutan Ibero.Lat.Am 1983;11(1):65-72. Ramírez-Bosca A, et al Polypodium leucotomos extract in atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial . Actas Dermosifiliogr. (2012) Rayward, J., Villarrubia, V. G., Guillen, C., Prieto, A., Rodriguez-Zapata, M., Sada, G., and Alvarez-Mon, M. An extract of the fern Polypodium leucotomos inhibits human peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation in vitro. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1997;19(1):9-14. Rodríguez-Yanes E, et al Polypodium leucotomos decreases UV-induced epidermal cell proliferation and enhances p53 expression and plasma antioxidant capacity in hairless mice . Exp Dermatol. (2012) Sempere JM, Rodrigo C, Campos A, et al. Effect of Anapsos (Polypodium leucotomos extract) on in vitro production of cytokines. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;43:85-9. Sempere-Ortells JM, et al Anapsos (Polypodium leucotomos) modulates lymphoid cells and the expression of adhesion molecules . Pharmacol Res. (2002) Siscovick JR, et al Polypodium leucotomos inhibits ultraviolet B radiation-induced immunosuppression . Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. (2008) Smith ML, Fornace AJ Jr p53-mediated protective responses to UV irradiation . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1997) Solivellas BM, Martín TC Polypodium leucotomos Extract use to prevent and reduce the risk of infectious diseases in high performance athletes . Infect Drug Resist. (2012) Solivellas BM, Martín TC Polypodium leucotomos Extract use to prevent and reduce the risk of infectious diseases in high performance athletes . Infect Drug Resist. (2012) Tanew A, et al Oral administration of a hydrophilic extract of Polypodium leucotomos for the prevention of polymorphic light eruption . J Am Acad Dermatol. (2012) Tuominen, M., Bohlin, L., and Rolfsen, W. Effects of Calaguala and an active principle, adenosine, on platelet activating factor. Planta Med 1992;58(4):306-310. Vasange, M., Rolfsen, W., and Bohlin, L. A sulphonoglycolipid from the fern Polypodium decumanum and its effect on the platelet activating-factor receptor in human neutrophils. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;49(5):562-566. Vasange-Tuominen, M., Perera-Ivarsson, P., Shen, J., Bohlin, L., and Rolfsen, W. The fern Polypodium decumanum, used in the treatment of psoriasis, and its fatty acid constituents as inhibitors of leukotriene B4 formation. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1994;50(5):279-284. Villa A, et al Decrease of ultraviolet A light-induced “common deletion” in healthy volunteers after oral Polypodium leucotomos extract supplement in a randomized clinical trial . J Am Acad Dermatol. (2010) Whitton ME, et al Interventions for vitiligo . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2010) Zattra E, et al Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases UV-induced Cox-2 expression and inflammation, enhances DNA repair, and decreases mutagenesis in hairless mice . Am J Pathol. (2009)

Discrimination of aboriginals in North America Figure.1 – The aboriginal peoples in Canada and U.S.A ( Racial discrimination almost exists worldwide in any places with people of different col…

TIG is a product of the Australian Sports Commission, extensively researched and collated by Ken Edwards with assistance from Troy Meston.

27 cloze sheets interactively present the full text of the United Nation's "Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples" in its entirety. The language/meaning focused, "bite-sized" sections of text allow students to work with closely with the content, giving careful attention to the language t...

In Uruguay, South America’s smallest country the culinary scene is diverse. The influence of European immigrants and the traditions of the indigenous people create a rich food tapestry.

Native American Unit - This Native American Unit provides informational text and comprehension activities for 7 NATIVE AMERICAN REGIONS IN NORTH AMERICA. No textbook is needed to complete the activities and project. Each unit is now sold separately. 1. EASTERN WOODLANDS 2. SOUTHEAST 3. GREAT PLAINS 4. SOUTHWEST 5. NORTHWEST COAST 6. ARCTIC 7. GREAT BASIN

Heimia, known by its scientific name Heimia salicifolia and commonly referred to as Sinicuichi, is a plant with a rich history of traditional use,

In Western Brazil in the state of Mato Grosso, the Enawene Nawe tribe has been living and fishing for hundreds of years. When they were first contacted in 1974 by an expedition led by Jesuit Thomaz de Aguino Lisboa, there were only about 97 individuals. Today their population is about 500, but that number is […]

Words matter. Peruvian legislation recognizes two categories of indigenous peoples with little or no interaction with outsiders and the state: “peoples in voluntary isolation” and “peoples in initial contact.” And yet there is no term, process or protocol to describe that moment of transition from one category to another: the process we refer to, for lack of a better term as “contact,” which evokes cinematic images of encounters with alien civilizations.1 Throughout 2014, groups of "uncontacted"(?!) Mashco-Piro regularly approached tourism and transport boats along the banks of the upper Madre de Dios river asking for food, clothing and metal implements. I visited Peru in March of 2015 in the company of retired FUNAI agent José Carlos Meirelles and Brazilian physician Douglas Rodrigues, both with decades of experience among such peoples. My visit was an attempt to help the Peruvian Culture Ministry better address the precarious situation of isolated indigenous peoples along the Peru-Brazil border. It took years for the Peruvian government to even recognize the fact that isolated indigenous groups still exist in some parts of the Peruvian Amazon. Once such peoples were officially recognized in Peru about a decade ago, the official state policy, promoted by indigenous federations such as the Federacion Nativa de Madre de Dios (FENAMAD), has been “no contact.” Whereas in past years, religious and other organizations have sought to initiate contact with such isolated indigenous peoples, typically resulting in their decimation and cultural assimilation, this more enlightened, recent policy has recognized isolation as a form of cultural self-determination that should be respected and enforced. Mashco-Piro women on the banks of the Madre Dios river. Photo: Charlie Hamilton James, National Geographic, June 2016. I first coined the term “voluntary isolation” in an open letter to Mobil Prospecting Peru protesting this company’s seismic exploration in the Rio Piedras known to be inhabited by Mashco-Piro and perhaps other poorly known indigenous groups, referred to at that time with inaccurate and pejorative terms such as “uncontacted,” “Stone Age,” “primitive,” “uncivilized,” or “naked.” The point of the term “voluntary isolation” is to recognize this situation, not as an accident of nature or history — a human group lost in the backwaters of human evolution — but rather as a conscious choice of these indigenous peoples to isolate themselves from outsiders, often due to disastrous prior experiences, as a mode of survival and self-determination.2 The term seemed to catch on, initially through the activism of FENAMAD and the International Working Group on Indigenous Affairs in Peru, and ultimately spread to neighboring Amazonian countries like Brazil, Colombia and Paraguay. What do we do when a group of isolated people, such as the Mashco-Piro along the upper Madre de Dios River, who had previously rejected all attempts at “contact” by missionaries, scientists, government agents and nearby indigenous brethren, have suddenly emerged along river banks, calling to tourist boats and loggers asking for food, clothes, and metal implements? Mashco-Piro bowmen have raided legally recognized native communities to take food and trade goods, sometimes wounding and even killing apparently inoffensive indigenous “brethren” with their arrows. Faced with such difficult challenges, one Peruvian Culture Ministry representative asked the Brazilian specialists, “Don’t we need a new category to refer to these people? ‘People in sporadic contact’ perhaps?” This person, and others we met during this visit of exchange between Peru and Brazil, seemed to be contorting the language to find ways of respecting the inviolable principle of “no contact.” Meirelles responded in his characteristically sardonic manner: “Can a person be considered ‘sporadically pregnant’? No. Either they are, or they aren’t.” An evangelical missionary communicates with a group of Mashco-Piro through a local Piro interpreter, 2014. Viewing numerous photographs of Mashco-Piro individuals approaching boats, receiving clothes, metal implements, food, even a Coca Cola bottle, Meirelles commented: “Contact has already happened. You people are in denial.” … The official Peruvian policy of “no-contact” is reinforced by vehement, idealistic media campaigns by indigenous rights organizations and concerned individuals who post on social media networks — “leave them alone!” While their intentions are of course noble, such a simplistic view of the complex and quickly changing situation tends to romanticize and fetishize the condition of “isolation” as a pristine, natural, unadulterated state of the last autonomous, free peoples of the planet beyond the clutches of capitalism, organized religion and the state. People forget that the very state of “isolation” is most often a historical product, a conscious choice by certain groups of people, in certain moments, to defend themselves from moments of violence and territorial invasion, notably during the Rubber Boom at the turn of the 20th century. For this very reason I have resisted the idea that such peoples should be referred to as “uncontacted.” Mashco-Piro children remove clothing and food from a tourism boat. Photo: Jaime Corisepa/FENAMAD … As Felipe Milanez has written, “Contact is a myth: it is a colonial myth.” It is a myth that fetishizes as a primordial condition — “uncontacted,” autonomous, free, beyond the state — what is in fact a historically contingent response. The response of isolated peoples is evolving, in some cases rapidly, in a rapidly changing world impacted not only by roads, mining, logging, gas pipelines, and colonization, but also by global warming, environmental change, and changing social relationships with neighboring peoples.3 It is only by looking beyond these myths and the idealistic, sometimes naïve notions they evoke, that scholars and supporters of indigenous rights and the relevant government institutions can develop policies that defend the long-term rights of survival, territory and self-determination of indigenous peoples, rather than blindly defending their own fantasies about them. ..... Excerpt: Full text at Tipiti 14(1): 135-137 (article 8) Read more from the special forum on isolated peoples at Tipiti 14(1), with articles by Felipe Milanez & yrs truly, Lucas Bessire, John Hemming, Minna Opas, and Warren Thompson & Obed Garcia Read more on isolated indigenous peoples from this blog: Mashco-Piros on the verge Too-close encounters Quiet war in the Amazon Forget colonial myths References: 1. Shepard, G.H. 2002. “Prólogo.” In: Huertas, B., Los Pueblos Indígenas en Aislamiento: Su lucha por la sobrevivencia y la libertad. Lima: IWGIA, 11-14. 2. Shepard, G.H. et al. 2010. “Trouble in Paradise: Indigenous populations, anthropological policies, and biodiversity conservation in Manu National Park, Peru.” Journal of Sustainable Forestry 29(2): 252-301. 3. Walker, R. S., and Hill, K. 2015. “Protecting isolated tribes,” Science 5 June 2015: 1061.

For thousands of years, the Cariboo Chilcotin Coast has been home to Indigenous peoples. Discover Indigenous BC experiences and tours here.

The Ihanktonwan people have a storied history, long before their land was known as America. Long before they were called Indians. Honor the indigenous peoples and First Nations with this simple yet powerful reminder of the tribal land underfoot. More than just a fashion statement, LAN8V apparel gives voice to the indigenous environment protector, the social justice seeker, the water rights fighter, or simply the proud Native American. Represent on Indigenous Peoples Day, or even Thanksgiving. Let people know with confidence who's land they are on. This shop is owned and managed by a Native woman. You've now found the staple t-shirt of your wardrobe. It's made of 100% ring-spun cotton and is soft and comfy. The double stitching on the neckline and sleeves add more durability to what is sure to be a favorite! • 100% ring-spun cotton • Sport Grey is 90% ring-spun cotton, 10% polyester • Dark Heather is 65% polyester, 35% cotton • 4.5 oz/yd² (153 g/m²) • Shoulder-to-shoulder taping • Quarter-turned to avoid crease down the center • Blank product sourced from Bangladesh, Honduras, Haiti, Mexico, or Nicaragua

Discover the enchanting beauty and hidden wonders of Lake Titicaca. Uncover ancient cultures, thriving wildlife, and breathtaking landscapes.

A potent antioxidant, pine bark extract was originally used by indigenous people of North America and Asia as a medicinal herb. French expeditioner Jacques Cartier, who claimed Canada for France, reportedly used pine bark extract in 1535 during his expedition as a treatment for scurvy, a condition due to insufficient levels of vitamin C intake.

Hand-stitched Panama Mola Fair Trade Latin American Textile ArtHAND STITCHED BY INDIGENOUS ARTISANS:TraderBrock’s Molas are handsewn by indigenous Guna formerly known as Kuna artisans in Panama. We offer a wide range of sizes and designs. Because of its unique handcrafted nature, no two pieces of our fair-trade Mola are the same.WHAT IS A MOLA?The Mola is a hand-made textile that forms part of the traditional women's clothing of the indigenous Guna people from Panamá, Columbia, Central America, and South America. Molas have many uses. They can be framed as art for wall hangings, made into pillows, bedspreads, place mats, or used as fabric for quilting projects.TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION & DESIGN: Molas are hand-made using a reverse appliqué technique using several layers of different colored cloth. The largest pattern is typically cut from the top layer and smaller patterns from each underlying layer. Geometric molas are the most traditional. Originating from ancient body paintings. Designs usually portray wildlife in the Rainforest. Inspiration comes from the nature and beauty that surrounds them. EMPOWERING NATIVE ARTISANS: Since 1991, TraderBrock has been providing Panamanian Embera, Guna, Wounaan, and Ngäbe, artisans with a global market for their handmade products. For the past twenty years, all sales revenues have been reinvested into the artisan community of Panama. This includes education, medical care, land purchase, tools, and other needs. 12" Height x 16" Width Fair Trade Handmade in Panama SKU: 22051465T

From history and the arts to travel and fashion, we take a broad look at culture in the context of sustainability.

There’s no better way to celebrate National Indigenous History Month than cooking up some amazing First Nations dishes at home.

The First Nations people of North America are fascinating and my children are enjoying learning about them through crafts, recipes, and fun activities.

Hand-stitched Panama Mola Fair Trade Latin American Textile ArtHAND STITCHED BY INDIGENOUS ARTISANS:TraderBrock’s Molas are handsewn by indigenous Guna formerly known as Kuna artisans in Panama. We offer a wide range of sizes and designs. Because of its unique handcrafted nature, no two pieces of our fair-trade Mola are the same.WHAT IS A MOLA?The Mola is a hand-made textile that forms part of the traditional women's clothing of the indigenous Guna people from Panamá, Columbia, Central America, and South America. Molas have many uses. They can be framed as art for wall hangings, made into pillows, bedspreads, place mats, or used as fabric for quilting projects.TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION & DESIGN: Molas are hand-made using a reverse appliqué technique using several layers of different colored cloth. The largest pattern is typically cut from the top layer and smaller patterns from each underlying layer. Geometric molas are the most traditional. Originating from ancient body paintings. Designs usually portray wildlife in the Rainforest. Inspiration comes from the nature and beauty that surrounds them. EMPOWERING NATIVE ARTISANS: Since 1991, TraderBrock has been providing Panamanian Embera, Guna, Wounaan, and Ngäbe, artisans with a global market for their handmade products. For the past twenty years, all sales revenues have been reinvested into the artisan community of Panama. This includes education, medical care, land purchase, tools, and other needs. 12.5" Height x 16" Width Fair Trade Handmade in Panama SKU: 22051449T

The Palus people have a storied history, long before their land was known as America. Long before they were called Indians. Honor the indigenous peoples and First Nations with this simple yet powerful reminder of the tribal land underfoot. More than just a fashion statement, LAN8V apparel gives voice to the indigenous environment protector, the social justice seeker, the water rights fighter, or simply the proud Native American. Represent on Indigenous Peoples Day, or even Thanksgiving. Let people know with confidence who's land they are on. This shop is owned and managed by a Native woman. You've now found the staple t-shirt of your wardrobe. It's made of 100% ring-spun cotton and is soft and comfy. The double stitching on the neckline and sleeves add more durability to what is sure to be a favorite! • 100% ring-spun cotton • Sport Grey is 90% ring-spun cotton, 10% polyester • Dark Heather is 65% polyester, 35% cotton • 4.5 oz/yd² (153 g/m²) • Shoulder-to-shoulder taping • Quarter-turned to avoid crease down the center • Blank product sourced from Bangladesh, Honduras, Haiti, Mexico, or Nicaragua

The best time to go to on Bogotá day trips to Guatavita Lake is midday for the best chance of that turquoise blue you see on Google Images.

A necessary reckoning with America's troubled history of injustice to Indigenous people After One Hundred Winters confronts the harsh truth that the United States was founded on the violent dispossession of Indigenous people and asks what reconciliation might mean in light of this haunted history.

Individual posters of the 7 sacred (grandfather) teachings of the Indigenous Peoples of North America. Each teaching is shown with its corresponding animal! This is a great resource to supplement Indigenous teachings, add to a bulletin board, or for posters around the room. Included: The 7 Sacred Teachings Courage - Bear Humility - Wolf Respect - Buffalo Wisdom - Beaver Truth - Turtle Love - Eagle Honesty - Sabe Indigenous, First Nations, Native American, Treaty Education content.