Heart valve repair or replacement surgery is a treatment option for valvular heart disease. When heart valves become damaged or diseased, they may not function properly. Conditions which may cause heart valve dysfunction are valvular stenosis and valvular insufficiency (regurgitation).
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a serious congenital heart defect that affects development of the left side of the heart. This rare condition affects the heart’s mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, and aorta. The
Last week we wrapped up our right heart blog series. Be sure to keep an eye out for our Right Heart E-Book that will be available soon! This week, we are kicking off our mitral regurgitation (MR) blog series! The ASE, recently released updated guidelines, for the proper methods to quantify MR. We at CardioServ, […]
Atria and Ventricles RIGHT ATRIUM The right atrium consists of two parts: (1) a posterior smooth-walled part derived from the embryonic sinus venosus, into which enter the superior and inferior venae cavae, and (2) a thin-walled trabeculated part that constitutes the original embryonic right atrium. The two parts of the atrium are separated by a ridge of muscle. This ridge, the crista terminalis (see Plate 1-7), is most prominent superiorly, next to the SVC orifice, then fades out to the right of the IVC ostium. Its position corresponds to that of the sulcus terminalis externally (see Plate 1-6). Often described as a remnant of the embryonic right venous valve. the crista terminalis actually lies just to the right of the valve. From the lateral aspect of the crista terminalis, a large number of pectinate muscles run laterally and generally parallel to each other along the free wall of the atrium. The atrial wall is paper-thin and translucent between the pectinate muscles. The triangular-shaped superior portion of the right atrium—the right auricle—is also filled with pectinate muscles. One pectinate muscle originating from the crista terminalis is usually larger than the others and is called the taenia sagittalis. The right auricle usually is not well demarcated externally from the rest of the atrium. The right auricle is a convenient, ready-made point of entry for the cardiac surgeon and is used extensively. The anterior border of the IVC ostium is guarded by a fold of tissue, the inferior vena cava (eustachian) valve, which varies greatly in size and may even be absent. When large, the IVC valve is usually perforated by numerous openings, forming a delicate lacelike structure known as the network of Chiari. The coronary sinus enters the right atrium just anterior to the medial extremity of the IVC valve. The eustachian valve’s orifice may also be guarded by a valvelike fold, the coronary sinus (thebesian) valve. Both IVC valves and coronary sinus valves are derived from the large, embryonic right venous valve. The posteromedial wall of the right atrium is formed by the interatrial septum, which has a thin, fibrous, central ovoid portion. The interatrial septum forms a shallow depression in the septum called the fossa ovalis. The remainder of the septum is muscular and usually forms a ridge around the fossa ovalis, the limbus fossae ovalis. A probe can be passed under the anterosuperior part of the limbus into the left atrium in some cases, and the foramen (fossa) ovalis is then “probe patent.” Anteromedially, the tricuspid valve gives access to the right ventricle. RIGHT VENTRICLE The right ventricular cavity (see Plate 1-7) can be divided arbitrarily into a posteroinferior inflow portion, containing the tricuspid valve, and an anterosuperior outflow portion, from which the pulmonary trunk originates. These two parts are separated by prominent muscular bands, including the parietal band, the supraventricular crest (crista supraventricularis), the septal band, and the moderator band. These bands form a wide, almost circular orific with no impediment to flow in the normal heart. The wall of the inflow portion is heavily trabeculated, particularly in its most apical portion. These trabeculae carneae enclose a more or less elongated, ovoid opening. The outflow portion of the right ventricle, often called the infundibulum, contains only a few trabeculae. The subpulmonic area is smooth walled. A number of papillary muscles anchor the tricuspid valve cusps to the right ventricular wall through many slender, fibrous strands called the chordae tendineae. Two papillary muscles, the medial and anterior, are reason- ably constant in position but vary in size and shape. The other papillary muscles are extremely variable in all respects. Approximately where the crista supraventricularis joins the septal band, the small medial papillary muscle receives chordae tendineae from the anterior and septal cusps of the tricuspid valve. Often well developed in infants, the medial papillary muscle is almost absent in adults or is reduced to a tendinous patch. An important surgical landmark, the medial papillary muscle is also of diagnostic value to the cardiac pathologist with its interesting embryonic origin. The anterior papillary muscle originates from the moderator band and receives chordae from the anterior and posterior cusps of the tricuspid valve. In variable numbers, the usually small posterior papillary muscle and septal papillary muscle receive chordae from the posterior and medial (septal) cusps. The muscles originating from the posteroinferior border of the septal band are important in the analysis of some congenital cardiac anomalies. The pulmonary trunk arises superiorly from the right ventricle and passes backward and slightly upward. It bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries (see Plate 1-7) just after leaving the pericardial cavity. A short ligament—the ligamentum arteriosum (see Plate 1-8)—connects the upper aspect of the bifurcation to the inferior surface of the aortic arch (arch of aorta; see Plate 1-6). It is a remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus (duct of Botallo). LEFT ATRIUM AND LEFT VENTRICLE LEFT ATRIUM The left atrium consists mainly of a smooth-walled sac with the transverse axis larger than the vertical and sagittal axes. On the right, two or occasionally three pulmonary veins enter the left atrium; on the left there are also two (sometimes one) pulmonary veins. The wall of the left atrium is distinctly thicker than that of the right atrium. The septal surface is usually fairly smooth, with only an irregular area indicating the position of the fetal valve of the foramen ovale. A narrow slit may allow a probe to be passed from the right atrium to the left atrium. The left auricle is a continuation of the left upper anterior part of the left atrium. The auricle’s variable shape may be long and kinked in one or more places. Its lumen contains small pectinate muscles, and there usually is a distinct waistlike narrowing proximally. ATRIA, VENTRICLES, AND INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM LEFT VENTRICLE The left ventricle (see Plate 1-8) is egg shaped with the blunt end cut off, where the mitral valve and aortic valve are located adjacent to each other. The valves are separated only by a fibrous band giving off most of the anterior (aortic) cusp of the mitral valve and the adjacent portions of the left and posterior aortic valve cusps. The average thickness of the left ventricular (LV) wall is about three times that of the right ventricular (RV) wall. The LV trabeculae carneae are somewhat less coarse, with some just tendinous cords. As in the right ventricle, the trabeculae are much more numerous and dense in the apex of the left ventricle. The basilar third of the septum is smooth. Usually there are two stout papillary muscles. The dual embryonic origin of each is often revealed by their bifid apices; each receives chordae tendineae from both major mitral valve cusps. Occasionally a third, small papillary muscle is present laterally. Most of the ventricular septum is muscular. Normally it bulges into the right ventricle, showing that a transverse section of the left ventricle is almost circular. The muscular portion has approximately the same thickness as the parietal LV wall. The ventricular septum consists of two layers, a thin layer on the RV side and a thicker layer on the LV side. The major septal arteries tend to run between these two layers. In the human heart a variable but generally small area of the septum immediately below the right and posterior aortic valve cusps is thin and membranous. The demarcation between the muscular and the membranous part of the ventricular septum is distinct and is called the limbus marginalis. As seen from the opened right ventricle (see Plate 1-7, bottom), the membranous septum lies deep to the supraventricular crest and is divided into two parts by the origin of the medial (septal) cusp of the tricuspid valve. As a result, one portion of the membranous septum lies between the left ventricle and the right ventricle—the interventricular part— and the other between the left ventricle and the right atrium—the atrioventricular part. On sectioning of the septum in an approximately transverse plane, the basilar portion of the ventricular septum, including the membranous septum, is seen to deviate to the right, so that a plane through the major portion of the septum bisects the aortic valve. It must be emphasized that the total cardiac septum shows a complex, longitudinal twist and does not lie in any single plane.
1. No visitors. Yikes this can be the hardest thing for some people. Take hope though, you are so not alone in the icu. There are people up the ying yang taking your vitals, giving you meds, checking on you, and getting xrays. From beginning to end there are people all over. 2. You must be your own advocate! While the staff may be wonderful, no one cares about you like you! From ordering your meals to talking about how you feel to your pain level, you must communicate that with your nurse. The squeaky wheel gets the oil. 3. Bring something you enjoy if you don’t like to watch TV, like audio books. A book might be hard to hold after surgery. I did bring an adult coloring book and pens for after icu. 4. Bring the toiletries you like. The stuff they give you in the hospital is not the greatest. Don’t forget your deodorant, toothbrush, toothpaste, floss and face wash, moisturizer, and a good hand cream, you dry if you are stuck in the bed. A table mirror would have been nice if you can’t get to the bathroom as often as you would like. Think about what you would take if you are traveling. Think light, and small sizes. Don’t forget your glasses and a case. 5. A comfy outfit to wear to and from hospital, and enough undies for your stay. Things that are easy to get on an off. Moving, bending, and stretching are an issue so go slow. 6. Make sure you give all your friends phone numbers to the family member that will update everyone on your progress. 7. Pay all your bills before you go in if that is possible, or give all info like passwords and account numbers needed so someone else can get them paid. 8. You will have holes all over your body, don’t be shocked. I was. The chest tubes alone were shocking. They are to drain all the fluid they pumped you with. I had 15 extra pounds of fluid. My legs looked like elephant legs. Central lines, iv tubes, a pacer thing with wires going directly into your chest to monitor your vitals, and a catheter tube. At least that came out the next day. Oh let me not forget the intubation tube. That’s is own kind of torture when you wake up with it down your throat after surgery. I had glue so I can’t speak about stitches or staples, make sure you ask your surgeon. 9. Meds, there will be several depending on how you are doing and your vitals. Go with the flow if you need pain meds. You just had a major life altering medical surgery. You have the right to know what they are giving you and what it is for. Don’t be afraid to ask. I found most all the nurses didn’t mind repeating or explaining. 10. You HAVE to move! PT is a thing. Walking and getting up will help you. You didn’t have this surgery to fall apart. Don’t be a victim. When you are able, get up and follow the suggested exercises then cardiac rehab. Eat better. You only have one life to live and this one is yours. God bless you and keep you and make His face to shine upon you. I pray your surgery is guided by God’s hand and your recovery is fast and smooth. In Jesus name.
World-famous cardiothoracic surgeon Dr. David McGiffin & interventional cardiologist Dr. Mustafa Ahmed answer mitral valve replacement surgery questions common among patients.
Aortic valve stenosis occurs when the leaflets of the aortic valve (between the heart and the aorta) are restricted and, thus, do not fully open.
Definition of mitral valve in the Medical Dictionary by The Free Dictionary
Learning Resources LER3334, Working Anatomy for Kids, Human Body Heart, Educational Model, Ages 8+, Multicoloured : Amazon.co.uk: Toys & Games
The heart is the muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system and the rest of the body. This article will discuss the normal blood flow through the heart.
Blood flow through the heart made easy with a simple diagram of the cardiac circulation pathway and steps in order. Heart anatomy, video, quiz, and chart included! Great for USMLE, nursing, students, doctors, and medical learners.
Explore minimally invasive atrial myxoma surgery performed to remove a potentially deadly atrial myxoma without open heart surgery.
Learn parts of the heart step by step with flashcards. The files contain flashcards with tips for recall and memory. How I learned parts of the heart - chambers, vessels, valves. Learn and practice on anatomy.studygallery.com Aorta Inferior Vena Cava Pulmonary Veins Inferior Vena Cava Pulmonary Artery Left Atrium Left Ventricle Right Atrium Right Ventricle Aortic Valve Mitral Valve Pulmonary Valve Tricuspid Valve
The anatomy of the heart consists of the vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, left and right pulmonary arteries, left and right pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta. Take an in-depth look at the anatomy of the heart through video, pictures, and explanation. If you questions about the anatomy of the heart, please feel free to leave a comment. The anatomy of the heart truly is amazing.
Learn about: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, atria, ventricles, superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery and vein, aorta, tricuspid and mitral valve, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and purkinje fibers. Understand each of these terms and where they are located in this color-packed guide to the heart! For all ages to enjoy.
Learn all about the anatomy of the heart with this 4D Heart Anatomy Model. Features superior and inferior venae cavae, right and left atria, tricuspid valve, right and left ventricles, pulmonary artery, mitral valve, aortic valve, and aorta. Includes 29-piece plastic model, display stand, and guide with facts and photo-illustrated assembly instructions. Measures 5" when assembled. .
Edward Hospital is one of a handful of hospitals to offer MitraClip in the treatment of mitral valve regurgitation.
Learn more about the symptoms and treatment of this condition that reduces or blocks blood flow from the heart to the body.
