Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is rapidly moving from bench to bedside. This Review discusses the clinical applications of mNGS, including infectious disease diagnostics, microbiome analyses, host response analyses and oncology applications. Moreover, the authors review the challenges that need to be overcome for mNGS to be successfully implemented in the clinical laboratory and propose solutions to maximize the benefits of clinical mNGS for patients.

Elevate your lessons with genetics task cards! These printable and digital task cards make a ready-to-use genetics review activity that covers the topics of Mendilian genetics, probability, Punnett squares, meiosis, and more! My task cards are perfect for review games, classroom station activities, or extra practice to help students get ready for formative and summative assessments in your class. This heredit and genetics review activity has also been converted into a digital format and can be accessed through Google Slides. You’ll save hours in prep work with my ready-to-use genetics review activity. The 20 genetics task cards are easy to read with pictures and diagrams that will increase student understanding of the curriculum.  Just download the resource as either printable or digital and you are ready to go! My Genetics Task Cards Include: · 20 full-page task cards (PDF) · 20 1/4-page task cards (PDF) · Digital full-page task cards (Google Slides) How I use this resource in the classroom: As a print-and go activity, I place the task cards at lab stations and use them as a walk around activity.  I have my students partner up and walk the room to see which topics they know and which topics I may need to review with them.  The other way I use this resource is by adding the task cards into the end of my lecture notes as a formative review.  I have found this to be a quick and easy way to check for understanding at the end of my lectures. While this resource was initially created to be used with Chapter 11 and Chapter 14 of the textbook Biology by Miller and Levine, the content is complete and comprehensive so that it can be used with or without an accompanying textbook. You may also like…. Genetics Growing Bundle Genetics Vocabulary Worksheet Editable Genetics Notes Editable Monohybrid Cross Worksheet Editable Dihybrid Cross Worksheet Editable Incomplete Dominance and Codominance Worksheet Editable Sex-linked Cross Worksheet Punnett Square Lab Activity Pedigree Lab Activity Genetics Task Cards Editable Punnett Square Quiz Editable Genetics Test ______________________________________________ Copyright © Science and PE With Mr. C Permission to copy for single classroom use only. Please purchase additional licenses if you intend to share this resource.

Review of Rheumatology is a synopsis of key areas of interest, making for an indispensable quick reference work.  The material included reviews basic musculoskeletal anatomy, immunology, genetics, major rheumatic diseases and their pathophysiology, and major rheumatic therapeutics, as well as a unique chapter on the emerging autoinflammatory diseases.…

Austrian monk and avid Gardener Gregor Mendel is credited for discovering why tall plants (in his case, pea) don’t always produce tall offspring, nor do smaller plants. (From Kids Discover Cells.) Click for a larger image...

Medical Genetics and Genomics A comprehensive question-and-answer book for those preparing for board examinations on clinical genetics Medical Genetics and Genomics: Questions for Board Review provides more than 350 high-yield multiple choice questions (MCQs) to help readers prepare for standardized examinations for accreditation and ongoing certification in the various fields of medical genetics and genomics, as well as other trainees and learners who want to understand more about the field. Written by a leading authority in clinical genetics with extensive teaching experience in academia, government, biotech, and in healthcare, this invaluable study aid covers essential terminology, clinical diagnosis and manifestations of specific conditions, laboratory and testing approaches, management of genetic conditions, and more. The questions are organized into thematic areas to help readers focus on specific areas within the field of genetics and genomics. Each section of questions is followed by fully annotated answers with concise explanations and up-to-date references. Throughout the book, high-quality illustrations are presented to enhance understanding of all key concepts. Contains more than 350 multiple choice questions covering multiple areas of genetics Provides clear and concise answers with brief and focused explanations Helpful for preparation for American Board of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ABMGG) and American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC) board examinations, as well as for general study of medical genetics and genomics Includes full references to scientific and medical articles, traditional textbooks, online articles, and other internet resources Medical Genetics and Genomics: Questions for Board Review is a must-have for clinical trainees, physicians, laboratory geneticists, genetic counselors, and allied health professionals working in medical genetics.

Genetic Genealogy in Practice was published recently by the National Genealogical Society in their Special Topics Series. The book is authored by Blaine T. Bettinger, PhD, JD, and Debbie Parker Wayne, CG, CGL. Since 2007, Blaine has authored The Genetic Genealogist, a long-running blog dedicated to personal genetics. Debbie Parker Wayne is the author of the NGS Continuing Genealogical Studies: Genetic Genealogy, Autosomal DNA course. You can order the book through NGS here. This is a handbook that family historians have been waiting for to give them practical, easy to understand information that they can apply to their personal genealogical research. This new book offers an up-to-date account for the testing and application of Y-DNA, X-DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and autosomal DNA (atDNA) to reach and support genealogical conclusions. The Table of Contents includes: Chapter 1 - Basic Genetics Chapter 2 - Genetic Genealogy, Standards and Ethics Chapter 3 - Genealogical Applications for Y-DNA Chapter 4 - Genealogical Applications for mtDNA Chapter 5 - Genealogical Applications for atDNA Chapter 6 - Genealogical Applications for X-DNA Chapter 7 - Incorporating DNA Testing in a Family Study Chapter 8 - Incorporating DNA Evidence in a Written Conclusion Chapter 9 - Conclusion Appendix A - Charts for Exercises Appendix B - Glossary Appendix C - Reading and Source List Appendix D - Chapter Exercise Answers Each chapter has sections that systematically explain the concepts - for instance, the Chapter 5 - Genealogical Applications of atDNA covers autosomal DNA testing and analysis. The sections are: * What is atDNA? * atDNA Inheritance Patterns * Recombination * Finding and Classifying Genetic Matches * Reporting Genetic Matching by the atDNA Testing Companies * atDNA Tools for Genealogists (includes third-party tools) * Test Strategies for atDNA * Genetic Matches and Genetic Networks as Hints for New Research * Chromosome Mapping and Triangulation * Ethnicity Predictions Each chapter provides figures, charts and tables to help explain the concepts and provide examples for the reader. These are very helpful to understanding the concepts. Each chapter has exercises - questions for readers to answer to demonstrate that they understand and can apply the concepts and tools from the chapter. The atDNA chapter has 20 questions. Appendix D provides answers to the questions. The Glossary (Appendix B) and Reading and source List (Appendix C) are very useful to a genealogist trying to learn more about this complex subject. The Upfront with NGS blog post about this book release quotes Blaine and Debbie saying: "This book provides the most current understanding of using all types of DNA tests for genealogy beginning with the basics and moving into intermediate and advanced concepts. Genetic genealogy is a rapidly changing discipline, but the concepts and techniques presented here are those that will stand the test of time. An in-depth list of resources includes places where the reader can find step-by-step guides for transitory procedures that change frequently." I agree with that assessment, based on my limited knowledge of the subject. This is an excellent book for those who want more information about genetics, the testing companies, and the analyses provided by the testing companies and third parties. Disclosure: I was provided a printed copy of this book for the purpose of writing a review. ============================================= The URL for this post is: http://www.geneamusings.com/2016/10/book-review-genetic-genealogy-in.html Copyright (c) 2016, Randall J. Seaver Please comment on this post on the website by clicking the URL above and then the "Comments" link at the bottom of each post. Share it on Twitter, Facebook, Google+ or Pinterest using the icons below. Or contact me by email at [email protected].

Our Punnett Square Graphic Notes make a great introductory activity or review for Punnett Squares! Has blanks and prompts for concepts and reminders like: - Genotype - Phenotype - Dominant vs. recessive alleles and their effects - Always writing your probabilities for genotype and phenotype - Each box in a monohybrid Punnett square represents 25% - Three blank Punnett squares for practice Suggested Uses: - Study Guide - Homework - Notes - Review activity - Guided reading - Formative activities Key words: Mendel, genetics, heredity, doodle diagram, sketch note, graphic organizer

The consortium of symbiont fungi on mammalian mucosal surfaces, collectively known as the mycobiota, exerts substantial effects on human health. Perturbations to the mycobiota due to host or environm...

Repetition can build a solid foundation for remembering facts but it's nearly impossible to get students to willingly drill on content material. With Recall, they will ASK to review.   Recall is a digital file to be printed on perforated business card stock or regular cardstock. It contains matching cards to get the entire class involved. All cards are a term or phrase which matches with a definition on another card. These can be used in several types of memory matching games, word scrambles, and ticket-in-the-door activities. Instructions for using them in nine different classroom activities is included. Covers the basics of animal reproduction, breeding systems and methods, general genetics, and related terminology.  Need more engaging activities to reinforce and review your content? Check out the Unit Set.

Genetics is one of my favorite topics. As a relatively new teacher, I realized early on that you need to start with the basics which means learning the vocabulary. If students don't know basic vocabulary terms then they will not be able to complete more complicated genetic problems later on. I like having my students complete a genetics vocabulary foldable in their science interactive notebooks to refer back too constantly. Foldables are amazing because if each student has them in their notebook, they can take turns quizzing each other. Then they can go home and practice independently. Once students have mastered the basic genetic terms, then it's time to have them start practicing how Punnett squares work. Once your students know how to properly distribute both parents' alleles to their potential offspring then you can start incorporating genetic vocabulary terms into the problems (for example, what if the mother is homozygous recessive...). In the monster worksheet above, I actually give students the genotype but I also have a different version where I just tell students if the parents are homozygous or heterozygous for various traits. I like having different versions of the same worksheet to provide differentiation depending on my students' individual needs. Lastly, throw in a fun lab where students can actually see how dominant and recessive genes work to create the various phenotypes we see! For example, have your students create a monster.

What is the difference between Genetics and Epigenetics? Genetics is the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics; epigenetics ...

Genetic Worksheet Middle School Genetic Best Free from genetics worksheet middle school , image source: www.littlesalebirdy.com

Highlights Unlock the family secrets in your DNA! Author(s): Blaine T Bettinger 272 Pages Reference, Genealogy & Heraldry Description About the Book Readers can discover the answers to their family history mysteries using the most-cutting edge tool available to genealogists. Book Synopsis Unlock the family secrets in your DNA! Discover the answers to your family history mysteries using the most cutting edge tool available. This plain-English guide (newly updated and expanded to include th latest DNA developments) will teach you what DNA tests are available; the pros and cons of the major testing companies; and how to choose the right test to answer your specific genealogy questions. And once you've taken a DNA test, this guide will help you use your often-overwhelming results, with tips for understanding ethnicity estimates, navigating suggested cousin matches, and using third-party tools like GEDmatch to further analyze your data. The book features: - Colorful diagrams and expert definitions that explain key DNA terms and concepts such as haplogroups and DNA inheritance patterns - Detailed guides to each of the major kinds of DNA tests and tips for selecting the DNA test that can best help you solve your family mysteries, with case studies showing how each can be useful - Information about third-party tools you can use to more thoroughly analyze your test results once you've received them - Test comparison guides and research forms to help you select the most appropriate DNA test and organize your results - Insights into how adoptees and others who know little about their ancestry can benefit from DNA testing Whether you've just heard of DNA testing or you've tested at all three major companies, this guide will give you the tools you need to unpuzzle your DNA and discover what it can tell you about your family tree. Review Quotes "[This] Guide to DNA Testing offers a lot of information for the beginner and advanced researcher alike...[and] is easy to read and comprehend" --Bobbi King for Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter "There are very few titles on my book shelf in my genealogy office that I refer to constantly. I know that The Family Tree Guide to DNA Testing and Genetic Genealogy will be one of those titles for years to come. I don't think I could have made some of my recent progress in my research without the valuable information provided by a knowledgeable DNA [expert] like Blaine Bettinger." --Thomas MacEntee "Informative. Understandable. Solid." --Judy Russell, The Legal Genealogist "[Bettinger] describes, in the simplest of terms, how to begin using genetic technologies to connect with both close and more distant members of our great human family." --Jennifer Wagner for Genome magazine

Get your class working together and collaborating with this fun Escape Room Mendelian Genetics review. This covers the concepts: Mendel's Experiments, Monohybrid Crosses, Punnett Squares, Dominant and Recessive Traits, Genotype vs. Phenotype The escape room game includes 4 different puzzles. As students solve the puzzles, a code is revealed to unlock a document and move forward in the game. The game takes about 30 minutes to complete – it goes faster when the students have a high level of comprehension of the topics, and longer if the students need to look up the answers. Needed Materials: Printed worksheets (all included in the product) Envelopes or bags to hold the clues (4 per group) Computers (optional) for students to “unlock” documents to get the next clue. This activity can be done without computers. Timer or clock Puzzle Overview: Puzzle 1: Students answer 5 different fill in the blank review questions to reveal a code Puzzle 2: Students use content specific clues to piece together a triangle puzzle to reveal the next code. Puzzle #3: Students answer 5 multiple choice questions to reveal the next code. Puzzle #4: Students analyze figures to answer 4 True/False Questions to reveal the final code. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Want similar products? Check out these other Escape Room Activities Want to stay up to date on New Products? Follow Me @ Sarah's STEM Stuff

Cause of DMD Until the 1980s, little was known about the cause of any of the forms of muscular dystrophy. In 1986, MDA-supported researchers identified a gene on the X chromosome that, when flawed (mutated), causes Duchenne, Becker, and an intermediate form of muscular dystrophies. Genes contain codes, or recipes, for proteins, which are important biological components in all forms of life. In 1987, the protein associated with the DMD gene was identified and named dystrophin.

Do-it-yourself biologists who hit the crowdfunding jackpot have learned that genetic engineering isn’t so easy after all.

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Learn how to interpret and analyze your 23andMe raw data file - along with where to start with genetics. Includes reviews of genetic reports.

Some activities are only good once you complete the unit but ours are made to reinforce the material along the way. Don't limit yourself to just one, go for the Unit Set so you can tailor your review activities to your class composition and time constraints.  All three products promote kinesthetic learning, student engagement, and reinforcement.  Quick Cards contains question and answer cards for activities like Ticket-in(or out)-the-Door, Jeopardy, etc. or even for studying for the CDE. Bingo includes both question Call Cards and student bingo cards with the answers.  Recall is a digital file of matching cards to use in memory games, word scrambles, and other activities.   Unit Sets are now available ONLY as a set of digital files. Download the PDFs and print as many sets of cards as you need. Covers the basics of animal reproduction, breeding systems and methods, general genetics, and related terminology.  (Each component of the Unit Set can be purchased individually.)

Learn about other technologies that can solve big problems: Self-Driving Cars Carbon Capture Nanopore Desalination

Here's to another Sunday spent planning. The goal for next week is to get a few things planned before the weekend comes! To make this post a little shorter, I am breaking it into two parts. Tomorrow, I will share my reading and writing plans for some Minilesson Magic :) Science: This week, we have our mini-unit on genetics scheduled. Our students need to learn the following objectives: * Explain why organisms differ from or are similar to their parents based on the characterisitcs of the organism. * Give examples of likenesses that are inherited and some that are not. For my student journal pgs, click here (free and in a pdf). Monday: Set up science journals. The label shown above will be pasted into their notebook as a divider for our first unit of study. Complete the "Mice" assessment probe to see what students already think about how traits show up in organisms. After students think about their own explanations, we will use the explanations above to make a bar graph for how they think offspring's fur color is decided. (This assessment probe comes from Page Keeley, Uncovering Student Ideas in Science). Use 1st page of heredity video to explain heredity. Tuesday: Fingerprints Lab (found this gem linked for free online) Wednesday: Observing Human Traits Lab (free from Tamra Young on TPT); explain dominant and recessive traits and draw conclusions about what traits are dominant/recessive for humans based on classroom data) Thursday: Complete active sort around the room for Inherited vs Acquired traits and make flipbook (free materials from Jennifer Findley) Friday: Learn about Punnett Squares with Leprechaun Genetics (free from Making it Teacher on TPT) Other Resources that might be thrown in w/ extra time: Unit Outline from Moore County (includes a smartboard file to guide the mini-unit) Peas in a Pod (Mendelian Genetics) online freebie; Questions to go along with the reading selection included (I made these last year) Heredity (from Brainpop) DNA (from Brainpop) Animated Videos that explain DNA, genes, chromosomes, protein, heredity, and traits Math: This week in math, I will be getting to know my students better as mathematicians. I'm using some of the journal prompts/explorations from my Math Explorations that focuses on factors. (Not only will we learn about decomposing numbers, but students will be forced to use their multiplication facts). Since my Math Explorations are aligned with the mathematical practices, I thought it would be a good way to introduce concepts like communicating in math, perseverance, using multiple methods for showing work, using different strategies, etc. We are also going to continue working on our Summer Slide questions, which we started on Friday. Given time, I will also begin to introduce some of our math stations. For math stations, my team decided that we would have 4 stations this year, MATH SUPERSTARS, CONCEPT FOCUS, ALGEBRAIC, and something computer-based like Moby Max. Morning Meeting: We are going to focus on perseverance all week. We have a county-wide assessment that is designed with all tasks focusing on perseverance, so this fits in nicely with morning meeting. The kiddos may not even realize they are being assessed. Finish Strong Erik Weihenmayer on Oprah (start at 1:21) Hope you enjoyed peeking at my week! Tune in tomorrow for my reading/writing minilesson ideas for the week.

Don't recognize the names in your DNA match list? You're not alone! We show you how to determine genetic relationships to figure out how you're related.

Spud-Doodles! Blog Posts for Chapter 7: • Post 1/3 - Cells • Post 2/3 - DNA • Post 3/3 - Genetics In Addition to Biology 101: • Apologia Biology Exp. 8.1, Making Your Own Earlobe Pedigree • Apologia Biology Exp. 8.2, A Dihybrid Cross • Apologia Biology Exp. 8.3, Sex-Linked Genetic Traits • Build-a-Spud Workshop using these Spud Genes. My directions, and thanks to Mr. McClung for the original idea and directions. • Extra Punnett Square worksheets in class - some choices are here and here. Other Study Links: ► Pass the Genes, Please - Help the Melonheads pass their genes on to their little Melvin. ► Genetics Practice Problems - Answer questions about genotypes (such as bb, Bb, or B and b, or b and b, etc), and fill in Punnett squares. (Put the male genes at the top of the Punnett square, and the female genes on the left.) ►Listen to more about Gregor Mendel's experiments at this link from HippoCampus.org. There are five segments, numbered at the top. This link will only be available until June 24, 2014. =( Naturally after learning how meiosis provides the way for us to all be so different, now we learn about genetics! =) Genetics a. Mendel's Experiments ►Self-pollination - when a plant pollinates itself. Usually, the stamen that holds the pollen (in the anther) must be taller than the pistil (where the stigma is) so that the pollen can fall to the stigma. Sometimes this is not necessary as you can see in a video below. Flower dissection from last year. (Source) Cross pollination is more common than self-pollination. ►Cross-pollination - when pollen is delivered from a flower to a different plant. This happens frequently with bees, or when the wind blows the pollen, or by other means. (1) Pollination, Plants, and Insects - Cross-Pollination (2) Plant Reproduction: Methods of Pollination - Self-pollination (3) Mendel Single Trait Experiments Gregor Mendel used pea plants because they do not lend themselves to cross-pollination naturally. Gregor Mendel did this by hand. Genes are made up of segments of DNA found on larger pieces of DNA called chromosomes. b. Terminology (4) Genotype (Terminology) Genotype is the combination of alleles an organism has. Genotype is the "type o' genes" you have (TT, Tt, or tt). It is your genotype that determines you phenotype (which is the trait you can actually see). You need to know this terminology: ►Genes vs. Alleles (uh-LEELs) hear pronunciation A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a particular trait. A gene comes in alleles (choices) that are different forms of a particular trait. There are hundreds of genes on each chromosome! Alleles are different versions of the same type of gene. The gene for hair color can have blond alleles, brown alleles, etc, and the gene for eye color can have green alleles, blue alleles, brown alleles, etc. Plants can be tall or short. Flowers can be different colors. Lots of different alleles for any particular type of gene. We're all allele different. =) ►Allele vs. Trait Alleles make up a trait. The "blue eye" trait will contain the alleles b and b (one contributed from each parent). The "brown eye" trait will contain the alleles B and B, or B and b. (B is dominant over b, so even though b can be present, B will make a person have brown eyes.) Two alleles make up the blue eye trait [bb] or brown eye trait [BB or Bb]. ►Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles can be dominant or recessive. If you receive one allele for brown eyes and one for blue eyes (one from each parent - Bb), you will have brown eyes since brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. Tall plants are dominant over short. So when both dominant and recessive alleles are present, a dominant allele will always be seen over a recessive allele. Recessive alleles (blue eyes, etc.) can be seen in a person if there are only recessive alleles for that trait present on your DNA. [bb] Dominant alleles are always represented by a capital letter, and recessive alleles are represented by a lowercase letter. [Bb or BB] ►Homozygous vs. Heterozygous (home-oh-ZY-gus, het-er-oh-ZY-gus) Hear pronunciations here and here. Alleles can be expressed in two different ways. For each trait, you always have an allele from your Mom and an allele from your Dad, so there are two alleles present for each particular trait. Your Mom and Dad got an allele from each of their parents for each particular trait. Your children will have one allele from you and one from your spouse for each trait. Homozygous alleles are the same. Homo means same; zygous comes from zygote, which is the initial cell formed when two gamete cells are joined. (one from each parent) So homozygous alleles will either be represented with two capital letters, or two lowercase letters. TT can mean a tall plant, which is dominant, and tt can mean a short plant, which is recessive. Heterozygous alleles are different. (Different versions of the same type of gene) Heterozygous alleles will be represented with one capital letter and one lowercase letter. Bb means there is one allele for brown hair present and one allele for blond hair present. But since brown is dominant, the person having these alleles will have brown hair. This person may later have a child with brown or blond hair, depending on which allele is contributed from the other parent. ►So if a genotype is homozygous, we know the letters of the genotype are the same, and either they are both capital or both lowercase. If a genotype is heterozygous, there is one capital and one lowercase letter. Heterozygous and homozygous are adjectives. Heterozygote and homozygote are nouns. This cracks me up!! =D (source) ►Genotype vs. Phenotype --If you are asked to give the genotype, you will give the letters to represent the alleles. BB, Bb, or bb, etc. Genotype is the alleles inside you. --If you are asked for the phenotype, you will use words to explain a visible characteristic. Green eyes, a tall plant, a purple flower, etc. Phenotype is what you see. ♦A genotype that is homozygous dominant means the letters are the same, and they are capital. BB, TT, etc. ♦A genotype that is homozygous recessive means the letters are the same, and they are lowercase. bb, tt, etc. ♦A genotype that is heterozygous means the letters are different, and there is one dominant allele (capital) and one recessive allele (lowercase). Bb, Tt, etc. ►Genotypes vs. Gametes vs. Zygotes Genotypes: TT, Tt, or tt, or PP, Pp, or pp. Same letters. Gametes: TP, Tp, tP, tp. Different alleles form a gamete (sperm or egg) Zygotes: Form when 2 gametes fuse during reproduction. To clarify differences, here is an Example: Gene - eye color Allele - B or b Genotype - BB, Bb, or bb Trait or Phenotype - brown or blue eyes c. Punnett Squares (5) Gregor Mendel's Punnett Squares Example 1 The homozygous bean in this example is homozygous recessive because the letters are lowercase. Example 2 (6) Introduction to Heredity - Heredity and classical genetics; dominant and recessive traits; heterozygous and homozygous genotypes. Filling in a simple Punnett Square is just showing the different genotypes that are possible from the alleles of both parents through the process of meiosis. Now go back and read all the terminology definitions again. I think you'll understand them better now. =) Practice #1: ► Pass the Genes, Please - Help the Melonheads pass their genes on to their little Melvin. ► Genetics Practice Problems - Do the first 2 sections: • "Monohybrid Cross" (comparing only one allele from each parent), and • "TestCross" (crossing an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive [dd] genotype to determine what the unknown genotype is.) Read carefully! You will see in TestCross, the first question tells you the female dog is deaf [dd], but you will see that the owner isn't sure if the hearing male dog is DD or Dd. --Answer questions about genotypes (such as bb, Bb, or B and b, or b and b, etc), and fill in Punnett squares. (Put the male genes at the top of the Punnett square, and the female genes on the left.) ►Remember, this is a computer, so it will want things in a certain order. When you check your answers, DO NOT CHECK THE BOX that says "prevent this page from creating additional dialog." This will cause the program to stop telling you whether an answer is correct or not. And if you refresh your page, it will remove all previously done answers. =( d. More Complex Crosses monohybrid cross - a cross between two individuals, concentrating only on one definable trait dihybrid cross - a cross between two individuals, concentrating on two definable traits (this gives four possibilities) If one were talking about the two traits of color of a plant -- purple or white, and the height of a plant -- tall or short, there would be four possibilities. (1) A Tall Purple plant (2) A Tall white plant (3) A short Purple plant (4) A short white plant This would involve a dihybrid cross that concentrates on two definable traits. The possibilities listed above would be these gametes: TP, Tp, tP, tp. ►These ↑ are not genotypes; they are gametes. Genotypes are TT, Tt, or tt, or PP, Pp, or pp. (Same letters.) (7) Biology - Punnett Squares - simple (monohybrid cross) to more complex (dihybrid cross). And I like that his use of the correct terminology will get you more familiar with it. ►At 5:45, he is talking about a "standard 9:3:3:1 ratio." You can see that the gametes across the top and on the side of the Punnett square are the same. In a dihybrid cross (4x4 Punnett square) with mom and dad having identical gametes, this will always result in 9 offspring that are the same, two sets of 3 that are each the same, and one in the bottom right corner that is unique. And if you write the mom's and dad's gametes in the same order, you will see this exact pattern on your grid. (8) Dihybrid - Dihybrid Cross, meaning comparing not one, but two traits. At 5:30, also note that three of the pups are carriers for a spotted and/or red coat. Pup #2 is a carrier for a spotted coat, pup #3 is a carrier for a red coat, and pup #4 is a carrier for both a spotted and a red coat. If any of these dogs mates with a dog who is homozygous recessive (ss or bb) for these particular traits, they can pass on these recessive traits to some of their pups. (9) Punnett Square Fun - dihybrid crosses; independent assortment; incomplete dominance; co-dominance and multiple alleles. Blood Types Type AB blood is the universal recipient -- it can receive from types O, A, B, or AB. Type O blood is the universal donor -- it can donate to types O, A, B, or AB. So Melanie with type B blood or Kathy with type A blood can both donate to Jill with type AB blood. But Jill cannot donate to either Melanie or Kathy. Valerie with type O blood can donate to all three girls, but cannot receive from either of them. (This is a simple explanation and does not include Rh) (10) A Beginner's Guide to Punnett Squares - actually pretty fast, so a good review. ►At 06:50 --he shows a mistake that one might make with dihybrid crosses. Watch out! =) Practice #2: ► Genetics Practice Problems Read and Do the 3rd and 4th sections: • "Incomplete Dominance" (when two dominant traits blend), and • "Dyhibrid Cross" (comparing not one, but two traits, resulting in 4 possibilities.) Read carefully! --Answer questions about genotypes (such as bb, Bb, or B and b, or b and b, etc), and fill in Punnett squares. (Put the male genes at the top of the Punnett square, and the female genes on the left.) ►Remember, this is a computer, so it will want things in a certain order. When you check your answers, DO NOT CHECK THE BOX that says "prevent this page from creating additional dialog." This will cause the program to stop telling you whether an answer is correct or not. And if you refresh your page, it will remove all previously done answers. =( e. Pedigrees (11) Pedigree Instructions, Part 1 (12) Pedigree Worksheet, Part 2 f. Sex-Linked Genetic Traits autosomes - chromosomes that do not determine the sex of the individual sex chromosomes - chromosomes that determine the sex of the individual Remember, humans have 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes. Only one pair is the sex chromosomes; the other 22 are autosomes. The female XX pair of chromosomes are perfectly homologous. The male XY pair of chromosomes are not perfectly homologous. There are fewer genes on the male's Y chromosome than there are on the X. Sex-linked characteristics are not written in the same way you have learned so far because we need to distinguish that the Y chromosome does not have certain traits that can only exist on the X chromosomes of males and females. So we write both the X's for the female with the allele as a superscript, and only the X chromosome of the male (and not the Y) will have a superscript. A superscript is written like an exponent, like this: X¹X² and X³Y, but instead of numbers the allele is either a capital or lowercase letter. (13) Sex-Linked Traits (14) Sex-Linked Genes (15) Chromosomes Crossing Over - Linked Genes g. More about Genetics (16) Polygenetic Inheritance Around 1 minute, notice he says IF melanin production were controlled by one gene... (17) Co-dominance - Incomplete Dominance (18) Recessive Single Gene Disorders (cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia) There are at least five means by which genetic abnormalities occur. 1. autosomal inheritance 2. sex-linked inheritance 3. mutation 4. changes in chromosome structure 5. changes in chromosome number None are truly beneficial.

A further examination of how molecules function in cellular processes. Vitamins and minerals are critical for human health, and yet few people know why they are so important for our bodies. Hormones control everything from sugar metabolism (diabetes), to sexual maturation (estrogen and testosterone), to bone density and growth (BMPs), but how these key chemicals control cells is often misunderstood. This guide will explain these topics in molecular detail for everyone interested in nutrition, molecular biology, medicine, and health. Sections include Enzymes & Enzyme Regulation, Energetics & Metabolic Pathways, Hormones, Membranes & Signaling, and Replication & Central Dogma. 6-page laminated guide includes: Enzymes & Enzyme Regulation Enzyme Terms Catalytic Models Drugs & Inhibition Enzyme Regulation Vitamins & Minerals Energetics & Metabolic Pathways ATP Reduction & Oxidation Oxidation of Glucose Gluconeogenesis 5-Carbon Sugar Biosynthesis Lipid Metabolism & Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Amino Acid Biosynthesis Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis Photo Synthesis Membrane Proteins & Membrane Signaling Membrane Transporters/Pumps Membrane Channels G-Protein Receptors Protein Kinase Receptors Steroid Receptors & Signaling Second Messengers Replication & Central Dogma DNA Replication DNA to RNA RNA ProcessingSuggested Uses: Students Science related degrees are hard enough, so get the tools that make it easier to do quick reviews of must-know answers that could give that extra boost to your GPA Professors Adopt our Biochemistry 1 and Biochemistry 2 guides for your course, where the combined price is less than any supplementary study book available

Scientists have linked hundreds of genes to intelligence. One psychologist says it’s time to test school kids.

Print and go review worksheet for pedigrees in a genetics unit. In this activity, students will: Practice reading a pedigree. Answer simple pedigree analysis questions. Construct a 3-generation pedigree from data about a trait in a family. You may also find the following genetics worksheets helpful: Blood Type and Codominance Sex-Linked Traits Basic Genetics Review Graphing Chromosomal Errors Teacher Notes: This worksheet does not teach pedigrees, rather is practice for a previously taught subject. INCLUDES AN ANSWER KEY. Please note that this resource is not editable. You may find our Genetics Test useful. Find more middle school genetics resources in the Heredity Section of our store. ⭐⭐⭐ Click here to get 5 FREE LIFE SCIENCE lessons! ⭐⭐⭐