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Infografías sobre Cuidados Farmacología Materno Patologías Procedimientos Urgencias Críticos Blog Cuidados Farmacología Materno-Infantil Patologías Procedimientos Urgencias y Críticos 10 Razo…

Read Antipireticos by leyneth on Issuu and browse thousands of other publications on our platform. Start here!

Infografías sobre Cuidados Farmacología Materno Patologías Procedimientos Urgencias Críticos Blog Cuidados Farmacología Materno-Infantil Patologías Procedimientos Urgencias y Críticos 10 Razo…

NCLEX Pharmacology Vasopressors and Inotropes Cheat Sheet Vasoactive agents include the following: inotropes are agents that increase myocardial contractility (inotropy) — e.g. adrenaline, dobutamine, isoprenaline, ephedrine vasopressors are agents that cause vasoconstriction leading to increased systemic and/or pulmonary vascular resistance (SVR, PVR) — e.g. noradrenaline, vasopressin, metaraminol, vasopressin, methylene blue inodilators are agents with inotropic

Infografías sobre Cuidados Farmacología Materno Patologías Procedimientos Urgencias Críticos Blog Cuidados Farmacología Materno-Infantil Patologías Procedimientos Urgencias y Críticos 10 Razo…

I never practiced healthy eating habits growing up. I’d skip breakfast every single day out of convenience. When it came to the rest of my meals, I ate whatever I wanted. I was an emotional eater and…

Infografías sobre Cuidados Farmacología Materno Patologías Procedimientos Urgencias Críticos Blog Cuidados Farmacología Materno-Infantil Patologías Procedimientos Urgencias y Críticos 10 Razo…

El electrocardiograma (ECG) es el registro de las señales eléctricas de las células miocárdicas, ese gran desconocido que en ocasiones visualizamos cada día y cuanto más lo miramos menos vemos. Por…

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BPOC bronhopneumopatia obstructivă cronică Îngrijirea pacientului cu BPOC Intervențiile asistentului medical Semne si simptome Tratament AMG

Toxidromes Compared: Anticholinergic, Cholinergic, Opioid, Sympathomimetic, Sedative-Hypnotic During your physical exam, look for evidence of some of the classic toxidromes. Anticholinergic, cholinergic, opioid, sympathomimetic or sedative-hypnotic. -- edit: Reddit Feedback ( https://www.reddit.com/r/medicalschool/comments/bm7apl/common_toxidromes_illustrated_reference_table/ ) -- "Right if the bat (without looking further down) clinical features of acute cholinergic toxicity that you are missing include bradycardia, bronchorrhea, bronchospasm... Opioid toxicity isn't really associated strongly with bradycardia. There are a lot of specific features of each toxidrome that are missing, this seems a little forced" "I'd trim bowel sounds, it's general surgeon voodoo of the highest order and I'd argue potentially misleading to use in practice." "Mushrooms dilate your pupils." #Diagnosis #Toxicology #Toxidromes #Comparison #Table #Anticholinergics #Opioids #Sympathomimetics #Sedatives #Hypnotics

Learn about primary and secondary Raynaud's, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments. I also share my experience and self-management tips.

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Injectia intramusculara - Scop - Locuri de electie - Materiale necesare - Pregatirea pacientului - Tehnica de executie - Accidente - Incidente - Observații

SARCOIDOSIS Sarcoidosis is a common disease of unknown origin characterized by the infiltration of many organs by non-caseating epithelioid granulomas. The lung is the most common organ affected by sarcoidosis. The skin, eye, and liver are also frequently involved. Sarcoidosis may affect many other organs, many of which are detailed in the next paragraph. Although in the United States sarcoidosis is most common in African Americans, the disease is also has a high prevalence in Northern Europeans and occurs worldwide. Women appear to contract the disease more often than men. The majority of patients are younger than 40 years of age at onset, although there is a second peak of increased incidence after age 50 years in women. There is a higher incidence of the disease in first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children) of sarcoidosis patients than the general population. This is in keeping with the belief that sarcoidosis represents an abnormal granulomatous response to an environmental exposure in genetically susceptible individuals. Sarcoidosis is rare in people younger than age 18 years. Sarcoidosis is often a benign condition that may run its entire course without detection. It is often discovered in asymptomatic patients on screening chest radiographs. Sarcoidosis may present as a variety of clinical syndromes, which vary primarily depending on the distribution of granulomatous involvement of the affected organs (see Plate 4-155). These include (1) Löfgren syndrome (erythema nodosum with radiographic evidence of hilar lymph node enlargement, often with concomitant fever and joint [often ankle] arthritis); (2) cutaneous plaques and subcutaneous nodules; (3) Heer fordt syndrome (uveoparotid fever); (4) isolated uveitis; (5) salivary gland enlargement; (6) central nervous system (CNS) syndromes (usually seventh nerve palsy); (7) cardiomyopathy or cardiac arrhythmias; (8) hepatosplenomegaly (with or without hypersplenism); (9) upper airway involvement (sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract [SURT]); (10) hypercalcemia; (11) renal failure; (12) peripheral lymphadenopathy; and (13) various forms of pulmonary disease, including mediastinal adenopathy, interstitial lung disease, endobronchial involvement with airflow obstruction and wheezing, and pulmonary hypertension. Plate 4-155 Pulmonary hypertension is a potentially life-threatening complication of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis associated pulmonary hypertension is classified in the miscellaneous category (class 5) according to the World Health Organization classification scheme. This is because there are multiple mechanisms that may cause pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis, including pulmonary venous hypertension from myocardial involvement, pulmonary fibrosis causing vascular distortion, hypoxemia from parenchymal sarcoidosis, compression of the vasculature from the thoracic lymphadenopathy of sarcoidosis, and direct granulomatous involvement of the pulmonary vasculature. The radiographic presentations of sarcoidosis have been divided into five stages: (0) a normal chest radiograph, (I) bilateral hilar and right paratracheal lymph node enlargement, (II) persistence of lymph nodes with concomitant pulmonary infiltrations, (III) pulmonary infiltrations with no identifiable mediastinal adenopathy, and (IV) fibrocystic changes that are usually most prominent in the upper lobes. The fibrosis may be significant, with retraction of the hilar areas upward and unilateral deviation of the trachea. Occasionally, aspergillomas may develop in these fibrocystic spaces. Patients with radiographic stage I sarcoidosis are most often asymptomatic and usually have normal pulmonary function test results despite the universal presence of granulomas on lung biopsy specimens at this stage of the disease. With radiographically discernible pulmonary lesions, a restrictive pattern of dysfunction may emerge, with loss of lung volumes; decreased pulmonary compliance; hyperventilation; decreased diffusing capacity; and in the most severely afflicted patients, hypoxemia. In chronically scarred lungs, evidence of airway dysfunction usually appears, with decreased FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and diminished flow rates at low lung volumes. Although dyspnea, pulmonary dysfunction, and prognosis are generally worse with higher radiographic stages, there is too much overlap for this to be useful to assess individual patients. It is clear that patients with stage IV radiographs include nearly all the patients with a very poor prognosis, although not all patients with stage IV radiographs will fare poorly. Although chest computed tomography scanning is not required to assess the status of pulmonary sarcoidosis, it often clearly identifies mediastinal adenopathy. Furthermore, it may detect parenchymal disease that is not evident on chest radiographs. Parenchymal sarcoidosis is commonly located along the bronchovascular bundles and in subpleural locations. Noncaseating epithelioid granulomas, often accompanied by giant cells and rarely by small, calcified bodies (Schaumann bodies), are the fundamental pathologic lesions in sarcoidosis but are nonspecific (see Plate 4-156). However, these granulomas often cannot be differentiated from the granulomas of fungal infections, berylliosis, leprosy, brucellosis, hypersensitivity lung diseases, the occasional instances of tuberculosis when caseation and acid-fast bacilli are not apparent, and lymph nodes draining neoplastic tumors. Therefore, the diagnosis of sarcoidosis requires a compatible clinical picture and negative smears and cultures for organisms causing the diseases. Granulomas frequently develop in several organs, accounting for the multiple modes of clinical presentation when organ structure and function are impaired. In the majority of patients with disability, the organs primarily affected are the lungs, eyes, and myocardium. The immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis is not completely understood. The process probably begins with the interaction of unknown antigen(s) with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells and macrophages. It is postulated that these APCs process these antigens and present them via human leukocyte antigen class II molecules to T-cell receptors attached to T lymphocytes, usually of the CD4+ class. After these events occur, T cells are stimulated to proliferate, and cytokines including interleukin-2 and interferon-, are produced. These cytokines are thought to enhance pro- duction of macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-α). These cytokines and undoubtedly many others are responsible for granuloma formation. Elevated levels of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) have been observed in active sarcoidosis. However, the serum ACE level is thought not to be specific or sensitive enough for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The serum ACE level may be useful to measure disease activity in cases in which clinical methods of assessment are difficult or costly. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis rests on the demonstration of noncaseating epithelioid granulomas in tissues subjected to biopsy (skin, lymph nodes, or lung) from a patient with a compatible clinical picture. As previously mentioned, the clinician must be vigilant that alternate potential causes of granulomatous inflammation have been reasonably excluded. Plate 4-156 The majority of patients with sarcoidosis can expect a benign course with complete clearing or nondisabling persistence of radiographic and other clinical abnormalities. However, a small but significant number of patients will be disabled, and approximately 4% will die of their sarcoidosis, usually from respiratory failure. Less commonly, death occurs from sarcoid cardiomyopathy or CNS involvement. For unknown reasons, cardiac involvement is the major cause of death from sarcoidosis in Japanese individuals. Rarely, death may be the result of renal failure or from hemorrhage because of pulmonary aspergillomas that form in sarcoid bullae. African Americans tend to have more aggressive forms of sarcoidosis than whites. Patients with active sarcoidosis usually respond well to corticosteroids. The usual course of therapy for acute pulmonary sarcoidosis is 20 to 40 mg/d prednisone equivalent for 6 to 12 months. Relapse is common after cessation of prednisone and may require reinstitution of treatment. Higher doses of corticosteroids are often required for cardiac involvement, disfiguring facial sarcoidosis (lupus pernio), and neurosarcoidosis. Prompt treatment with corticosteroids is indicated for patients with uveitis, CNS disease, hypercalcemia, cardiomyopathy, hypersplenism, and progressive pulmonary dysfunction, but only 10% of patients with sarcoidosis require mandatory treatment of this kind. Corticosteroids are not indicated in patients with asymptomatic hilar lymphadenopathy or minor radiographic pulmonary shadows or for asymptomatic elevations in serum liver function tests. The arthritis of Löfgren syndrome can usually be managed with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. Because prolonged corticosteroid therapy is hazardous, alternative medications to corticosteroids are often used for chronic sarcoidosis. In these instances, corticosteroids are often still required, but the addition of alternative medicines has a corticosteroid-sparing effect such that the maintenance corticosteroid dose can be reduced. Such medications include methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, azathioprine, leflunomide, pentoxifylline, thalidomide, the tetracyclines, and infliximab.