The socioeconomic programs of Reconstruction stimulated extensive infrastructural development within the former Confederate states. Sprawling new-construction railroad networks connected Tennessee’s once-remote coal mining regions to major industrial centers, rousing the demand for cheap labor. Like many of its destitute southern counterparts, Tennessee adopted the parsimonious convict leasing system—the exploitation of state-sanctioned punitive labor by private entities. Unfortunately, this con
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The system routinely leased out prisoners to local plantations and other private landowners, where they were worked under horrendous conditions. Large numbers of these leased prisoners were African Americans.
The penal code Alabama adopted after the Civil War allowed the leasing of state and county prisoners to the highest bidder for work outside the prisons. This "convict-lease" system became common in other southern states as well. Alabama did not end the practice until 1928 and was the last state to do so. By the 1880's several thousand leased prisoners worked in mines in the Birmingham area, and provided governments with significant income. Over 90 percent of the prisoners were black. I found the item below at the USGenWeb site, a genealogical resource full of historical goodies including many related to Alabama. The article appeared in the Nashville American and various other newspapers as noted at the end, apparently in the spring of 1886. The article is an interview with E.O Crauswell, who trained the bloodhounds that chased escaped convicts from the the Pratt Mines in Jefferson County. The Pratt Coal and Coke Company first mined in the area in February 1879 and the boom that created the "Magic City" began. In 1886 the company was purchased by the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company. Information and photographs of the Pratt Mines can be found at the Birmingham Rails site. Eli Osborn Crauswell was born in 1847 and died in 1909. He is buried in the Fraternal Cemetery in Pratt City. Another view of the Pratt Mines can be found on the Alabama Department of Archives and History web site. In a long letter convicts Ezekiel Archey and Ambrose Haskins address Reginald Dawson, President of the Alabama Board of Inspectors of Convicts. Written on May 26, 1884, the letter declares at the beginning "We write you looking to get your kind attention in this case. We have bin treated very cruel lately by the Board and we wish to find out what we have done to cause such treatment." A 1923 pamphlet Let's get rid of Alabama's shame : the convict lease or contract system : facts, figures, possible remedies issued by the Statewide Campaign Committee for the Abolishment of the Convict Contract System can be found in the Birmingham Public Library's Digital Collections. The title page can be seen at the end of this post. Pratt mine shaft number 1 around 1880 Source: BhamWiki Nashville American 1886 TRAITS OF THE MAN HUNTERS The Master of the Bloodhound and His Wonderful Convict Catcher "Wynton, allow me to introduce my friend E. O. Crauswell, who is the keeper of the dogs at Pratt Mines, Ala., and who has the only pack of genuine bloodhounds in the south." The speaker was L. W. Johns, the mining engineer. Mr. Crauswell advanced and extended his hand to your correspondent. He was heavily built, six feet eight inches tall, of florid complexion, and wore a wide brim slouch hat. His feet were encased in high-topped boots, in which his pants were stuffed. His coat was worn open in front, showing an immaculate shirt of snowy whiteness, on the bosom of which, half hidden in the ruffles, glistened a large diamond. He had the appearance of a desperado, but he was genial and frank and an interesting talker, with a voice as soft as a woman's, and with, actions as timid as a girl's. In 1883 he came to this place and began to train bloodhounds. He brought to the mines five famous dogs that had been owned by his father, among which were Fannie and Bucker, the two famous man-hunters of the south.The dogs are kept in a kennel in the stockade enclosure and are nursed and fed by their master as tenderly as children. Their food consists of bread and raw beef. The animals, when three months old, are put through a course of training. A trusty convict is started off on a run with the dog at his heels, and runs a short distance. A run of five minutes is taken, and it is increased until the dog can trail well at a start of thirty hours on him. The dogs are not difficult to train; the only difficulty is to keep them from changing tracks, which is, in dog pariance, to put a dog on the track of a man and his sticking to it without changing even if other tracks cross it. Fannie will never give her tongue to any other but the first track she took, even if 100 persons were to cross it. She will follow the track to its end, and, if she does not find the man, she will stop and return home. When a convict escapes, a general alarm is sounded, and the dogs are ready. They are taken to the place where the escaped convict was last seen. Crauswell mounts his fast horse, and the dogs are let loose. Each dog circles for a track and begins to hunt. Every one goes to work for the trail, like as many human detectives. When the trail is found the dog who discovers it makes a signal and every other animal follows. Fannie and Bucker always take the lead from any other dog. Crauswell and horse follow at full speed, and the longer the chase the more interesting it grows. The longest trail this man and his man-hunters ever had was in March, 1884, when a negro escaped from the shaft prison. He had gone forty miles and had been away about twenty-eight hours. The dogs had trouble to catch his scent after such a time. The negro took an astonishing run and went about ten miles through water. He was found at last on top of an old house on the mountain near Warrior river. He was half starved when captured. Crauswell was asked to speak of some of the characteristics of his dogs. "I am convinced," said he, "beyond the shadow of a doubt, that the bloodhound has more than mere instinct. I believe that they think and reason like human beings. I know that Fannie and Bucker do. The dogs are docile in camps and very vicious on the trail. Their sense follows the movements of men. There is no trouble to get them to take the track when they find it. "After a convict is captured the dogs return satisfied, and as happy as if they had caught a rabbit. When they return to the prison they become perfectly docile; when called out again they grow very excited. The affection of the dogs for me is more like that of a child to its father than anything else I can describe. I feed them myself and they have great confidence in me. I have five fine puppies, 4 months old, that have fur on them like sheep, which are now ready to track a man to the depths of hell, if he could travel there, and as for hiding a trail, it is an impossibility. I am raising them for sale, and I guarantee them to find a trail thirty-six hours old.." Nashville America. Also carried in: Manitoba Daily Free Press, Winnipeg, Thursday March 18, 1888, The Cedar Rapids Evening Gazette, 13 Apr 1886, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Page 2, Daily Picayune, New Orleans [I'm not sure why two years are given above; perhaps the 1888 year should be 1886. The same article appearing in multiple newspapers was common practice at the time, but usually within a period of a few weeks. This item did appear for certain in the Orangeburg, South Carolna, Times and Democrat on April 15, 1886.] File contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by: Elizabeth Crauswell Verchio July 17, 2011
Recently, an interesting set of records appeared on Ancestry: “Alabama Convict Records, 1886-1952.” I lecture on court records, so these types of records always get my attention. If you watched “Slavery By Another Name” which aired on PBS in February, these records will be familiar. You can watch the whole episode online. I highly also
Reggie Moore has dedicated his life to unearthing the bodies of convict laborers in Texas.
Lizzie Widdicombe on the philosopher Susan Neiman’s recent book, “Learning from the Germans,” and her case for an American version of Germany’s “working off the past,” referring to the process through which the country has come to terms with Nazism and the Holocaust.
Under lucrative arrangements, states are increasingly leasing prisoners to harvest food for American consumers at a rate not seen since Jim Crow.
Much of the country’s infrastructure was built on convict leasing, read about some of its history.
"Slavery 400 years ago, slavery today. It's the same, but with a new name. They're practicing slavery under color of law." (Ruchell Cinque M...
In 1891, thousands of Tennessee miners rose up against the use of convict labor by the state's coal companies, eventually engulfing five mountain communities in a rebellion against government authority. Propelled by the insurgent sensibilities of Populism and Gilded Age unionism, the miners initially sought to abolish the convict lease system through legal challenges and legislative lobbying. When nonviolent tactics failed to achieve reform, the predominantly white miners repeatedly seized control of the stockades and expelled the mostly black convicts from the mining districts. Insurrection hastened the demise of convict leasing in Tennessee, though at the cost of greatly weakening organized labor in the state's coal regions. Exhaustively researched and vividly written, A New South Rebellion brings to life the hopes that rural southerners invested in industrialization and the political tensions that could result when their aspirations were not met. Karin Shapiro skillfully analyzes the place of convict labor in southern economic development, the contested meanings of citizenship in late-nineteenth-century America, the weaknesses of Populist-era reform politics, and the fluidity of race relations during the early years of Jim Crow.
Book Synopsis Gregory S. Taylor's Central Prison is the first scholarly study to explore the prison's entire history, from its origins in the 1870s to its status in the first decades of the twenty-first century. Taylor addresses numerous features of the state's vast prison system, including chain gangs, convict leasing, executions, and the nearby Women's Prison, to describe better the vagaries of living behind bars in the state's largest penitentiary. He incorporates vital elements of the state's history into his analysis to draw clear parallels between the changes occurring in free society and those affecting Central Prison. Throughout, Taylor illustrates that the prison, like the state itself, struggled with issues of race, gender, sectionalism, political infighting, finances, and progressive reform. Finally, Taylor also explores the evolution of penal reform, focusing on the politicians who set prison policy, the officials who administered it, and the untold number of African American inmates who endured incarceration in a state notorious for racial strife and injustice. Central Prison approaches the development of the penal system in North Carolina from a myriad of perspectives, offering a range of insights into the workings of the state penitentiary. It will appeal not only to scholars of criminal justice but also to historians searching for new ways to understand the history of the Tar Heel State and general readers wanting to know more about one of North Carolina's most influential--and infamous--institutions. Review Quotes Taylor provides an outstanding history of Central Prison. Anyone interested in the history of penology in the United States, especially prisons in the South, should read this thorough and well-sourced book. The penitentiary is located in the state's capital, Raleigh, and Taylor makes the reader poignantly aware of the close connection between the prison and state politics. Central Prison, as Taylor reveals, has been part and parcel of the state's history since the nineteenth century.--Mark Jones, coauthor of "North Carolina's Criminal Justice System"This is a powerful history of an uncertain commitment to justice. Given the decades of patchwork, ineffective change described in Taylor's Central Prison, it is remarkable that the state still has a prison system to reform. This richly detailed, deeply researched book places North Carolina's Central Prison squarely at the center of a history of race, capitalism, and the law that reaches far into our past but is very much with us today.--Seth Kotch, author of "Lethal State: A History of the Death Penalty in North Carolina" About the Author Gregory S. Taylor is Distinguished Professor of History at Chowan University in Murfreesboro, North Carolina.
Black history needs to be protected.
As local activists and Fort Bend ISD officials discuss how to memorialize the remains,...
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How to lose with dignity and grace.
