Boyle's Law and The Respiratory System: Boyle's law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas; dictates the mechanics of respiration. • Boyle's Law Equation: (P1)(V1) = (P2)(V2) - Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related (assume temperature is constant).Key anatomical/mechanical structures - Pair of lungs connected by a trachea - Lungs sit within a double-walled pleural sac, which separates lungs from thoracic wall. - Pleural space, which is the potential space within sac. - Sternum and ribs around pleural sac - The internal and external intercostal muscles lie between the ribs - Diaphragm comprises a sheet of skeletal muscle and forms bottom border of thoracic cavity. – Contraction/relaxation changes the volume of the thoracic cavity, which alters the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures in accordance with Boyle's law. Air pressures Dictate movement of air during inspiration and expiration - Atmospheric pressure = 760 mm Hg, external to the thoracic cavity. - Intrapulmonary pressure (intra-alveolar pressure) = atmospheric pressure at rest, refers to the pressure within the lungs - Intrapleural pressure = 756 mmHg, pressure in the pleural space.Inspiration: actively increases thoracic volume. Movements during Inspiration: • Diaphragmatic Contraction: - Diaphragm flattens and moves inferiorly as it contracts. • External Intercostal Muscle Contraction: - External intercostal muscles contract - Forces sternum to move in an anterior and superior directionEffects: • As thoracic volume increase: – Intrapulmonary pressure decreases to below atmospheric pressure; creates pressure gradient that facilitates inhalation. – Air moves down this pressure gradient: Moves from atmosphere (high P) through trachea into lungs (low P) • Gas exchange occurs in lungs ? need to exhale carbon dioxide Expiration passively decreases thoracic volume. Movements during Expiration: – Diaphragm relaxes – Ribs back to resting position (move medially) – External intercostal muscles relax – Sternum back to resting position (moves inferiorly)Effects: • As thoracic muscles relax: – Lungs elastically recoil to their pre-inspiratory volume; Lung volume decreases. – Intrapulmonary pressure increases above atmospheric pressure; creates pressure gradient that facilitates expiration. – Air moves down pressure gradient: Moves from lungs ? out trachea ? into atmosphere, CO2 exhaled.Compliance Flow Rate
MITOCONDRIAS Y CLOROPLASTOS (Biologia Celular CBC)
Diffusion is the physical process of the natural movement of ions or molecules. It occurs in both liquids and gasses and is important to all ...
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Farmacología antibióticos cuadro conceptual.
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JUNE 6, 3:36pm // Studying the axial Skelton! Hopefully this helps someone who needs a little anatomy review 😇REBLOG TO SAVE A LIFE!