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License Image The large intestine is divided into the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal. The large intestine begins at the cecum. The ileum (small intestine) ends where it connects to the cecum at the ileocecal junction. The colon is divided into four parts: the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid. The ascending and transverse colon …
Background Contrast-enhanced CMR angiography (CE-CMRA) is being increasingly used for diagnosing aortic arch anomalies, planning interventions and follow-up assessment. We sought to establish normal values for the diameters of the thoracic aorta and reference curves related to body growth in children using CE-CMRA. Results CE-CMRA was performed in 53 children without cardiovascular disease. The median age was 9 years (range 2 – 20 years), weight 30 kg (range 12 – 75 kg), height 131 cm (range 81 – 184 cm), body surface area (BSA) 1.05 m2 (range 0.52–1.9 m2). Aortic diameters were measured at nine standardized sites on oblique maximum-intensity projection (MIP) images. Regression analysis of diameters in relation to BSA demonstrated linear relationship between the cross-sectional aortic diameters and the square root of BSA (BSA0.5). Normative diameters were (0.57 + 19.37*BSA0.5) mm for the aortic sinus, (-3.52 + 18.66*BSA0.5) mm for the first segment of the aortic arch, (-3.37 + 16.52*BSA0.5) mm for the isthmic region and (-1.27 + 9.89*BSA0.5) mm for the descending aorta at the level of the diaphragm. Normative curves are presented. Conclusion This study provides normative values for aortic diameters in children measured by CE-CMRA. These data may serve for making the diagnosis of pediatric arch anomalies, assessing the need for treatment and planning interventions.
A colonoscopy is a medical procedure that lets your doctor look inside your colon and rectum for problems such as ulcers, inflammation, bleeding, polyps and tumors. Depending on your age and your circumstances, your doctor may recommend a colonoscopy to examine your colon health, as well as to screen for colon cancer and remove polyps. View this slide show to also learn about the anatomy and function of your colon, and the importance of properly preparing your colon for a colonoscopy.
Learn about problems of the lower GI tract, such as anorectal malformation, colonic atresia, malrotation, intussusception, fistula, prolapse, and volvulus.
Digestive system is a collection of organs that work together to break down the food you eat into energy and basic nutrients.
The Brain: A Comprehensive Guide. This expertly crafted booklet, authored by ZitterbartEscherBach, offers a detailed exploration of brain anatomy, neural networks, and clinical relevance. Ideal for students, medical professionals, and anyone fascinated by neuroscience, this guide provides valuable insights into brain structure and function, making complex topics accessible and engaging. Key Features: Detailed Brain Anatomy: Understand the coronal, sagittal, and transverse planes, and their significance in brain imaging and surgery. Neural Networks: Explore the brain's complex systems, including the neuroimmune and cerebrospinal fluid systems. Clinical Applications: Learn about the practical relevance of brain anatomy in diagnosing and treating neurological conditions. Neuroplasticity and Sleep-Wake Regulation: Gain insights into the brain's ability to adapt and the critical processes of sleep. Contents Include: Coronal, Sagittal, and Transverse Planes in Brain Anatomy Cranial Nerves: The Brain's Direct Links Neuroplasticity and Neural Networks Systems of the Brain: CNS, Neuroimmune System, Glymphatic System, and more Sleep-Wake Regulation: Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Stages, and Disorders Specifications: Format: Paperback Booklet Pages: Approximately [Insert Number of Pages] Dimensions: [Insert Dimensions] Publisher: ZitterbartEscherBach Language: English Why You'll Love It: This booklet is a must-have for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of the human brain. Whether you're studying for exams, conducting research, or simply curious about how the brain works, this guide provides the knowledge you need.
Science Worksheet: Label The Parts Of The Large Intestine Students have to label to the parts of the large intestine diagram (Ascending Colon,Transverse Colon,Rectum,Descending Colon,Appendix, Anus,Cecum, Sigmoid Colon) There are 2 VERSIONS OF WORKSHEET within this PDF file Worksheet with a word bank Worksheet without a word bank Worksheet aimed at elementary/middle school level science Answer key included on 3rd page
This is a quiz called Digestive System (organs) and was created by member Geographonic
This 19th century English book is "Lectures on Diseases of the Spinal Cord" by University of Paris Professor and Dr. Pierre Marie, translated from French into English by Dr. Montagu Lubbock and published by The New Sydenham Society of London, England in 1895. This is an authentic antiquarian book of the period - it is not a reproduction, not a re-print, not a digital print. The hard cover book has 511 pages and 244 black and white illustrations and is organized in 38 chapters discussing: Anatomy of the Pyramidal Tract; Secondary Degeneration of the Pyramidal Tract; Descending Degeneration Consecutive to Transverse Lesions of the Cord; Ascending Degenerative Consecutive to Lesions of the Nerve Roots; Ascending Degeneration After Transverse Lesions of the Spinal Cord; Degeneration of the Nerves and Spinal Cord after Amputation of a Limb (2 chapters); Spastic Paraplegia (2 chapters); Insular Sclerosis; Insular Sclerosis - Symptoms; Insular Sclerosis - Course, Diagnosis, Etiology; Insular Sclerosis - Pathological Anatomy, Nature, Treatment; Tabes (4 chapters); Tabes - Etiology; Tabes - Diagnosis; Tabes - Pathological Anatomy (2 chapters); Tabes - Nature of the Disease; Friedrich's Disease (2 chapters); Combined Lateral and Posterior Sclerosis (2 chapters); Infantile Spinal Paralysis (3 chapters); Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2 chapters) plus an index. The book is in good condition, with secure binding, complete and intact pages, and some wear to the covers and especially the spine edges. Inside the front cover is a printed label with the name "Arthur Edward Lyons", and on the publisher page is a stamp with the name "George Potts". The hard cover book measures about 8 5/8" by 5 3/4" by 1 1/2". Scarce and focused volume in good condition. FREE shipping via Media Mail within the United States. Please note USPS says media mail can take 2 to 9 days to deliver. I'll gladly combine shipping with other items whenever possible. For shipment elsewhere, please contact me for a shipping quote. 1863
This is a quiz called Digestive System (organs) and was created by member Geographonic
Wind-Removing Pose: Pavanamuktasana Purposes and Benefits: Cures and prevents flatulence Enhances body’s nutrient absorption by massaging ascending, descending, and transverse colon Regulates and normalizes levels of hydrochloric acid in stomach Alleviates most chronic abdominal discomforts Relieves lower back pain Boo
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This post contains many high yield images that help to identify some of the identifying features of the colon. The colon is 6 feet in length and divided into the cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon and terminates in the rectum.Functions of the Colon • Villi have absorptive function • Microvilli increase the surface area of absorption • Muscularis externa helps in churning food particles i.e peristalsis • Serosa is supportive and protective in function • Pey
Large Intestine The large intestine comprises the caecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal (Fig. 41a). It is approximately 1.2 m in length and between 6 and 9 cm in diameter. Approximately 1.5 L of chyme enters the large intestine per day through a sphincter called the ileocaecal sphincter. Distension of the terminal ileum results in the opening of the sphincter and distension of the caecum causes it to close, thereby maintaining the optimum rate of entry to maximize the main function of the large intestine, which is to absorb most of the water and electrolytes. The initial 1.5 L is reduced to about 150 g of faeces consisting of 100 mL of water and 50 g of solids. The muscle layers of the large intestine are slightly different from those found in the rest of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It still has a powerful circular muscle layer, but its longitudinal muscle layer is concentrated into three bands called the taeniae coli. The caecum and the ascending and transverse colon are innervated by para sympathetic branches of the vagus; the descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal are innervated by parasympathetic branches of the pelvic nerves from the sacral spinal cord. These parasympathetic fibres innervate the intramural plexuses. The sympathetic nerves via the superior mesenteric plexus, and via the inferior mesenteric and the superior hypogastric plexuses, innervate the proximal and distal parts of the large intestine, respectively. The rectum and anal canal are innervated via the inferior hypogastric plexus. Stimulation of the parasympathetic fibres causes segmental contraction, whereas stimulation of the sympathetic fibres stops colonic activity. The internal and external anal sphincters usually keep the anal canal closed and are controlled both reflexly and voluntarily. The internal sphincter is made up of circular smooth muscle, and the more distal external sphincter is composed of striated muscle which is innervated by motor fibres from the pudendal nerve. Movement of the chyme through the large intestine involves both mixing and propulsion. However, as the main function is to store the residues of food and to absorb water and electrolytes from it, the movements are slow and sluggish (approximately 5–10 cm/h). Chyme usually remains in the colon for up to 20 h. The mixing movement is called haustration and the sac-like compartments in the colon caused by this process are called haustra. The contents of the haustra are often shunted back and forth from one to another in a process called haustral shuttling. This aids the exposure of chyme to the mucosal surface and helps the reabsorption of water and electrolytes. In the distal parts of the colon, the contractions are slower and less propulsive, and eventually the faeces collect in the descending colon. Several times a day there is an increase in activity within the colon, in which there is a vigorous propulsive movement, the mass movement. This results in the emptying of a large proportion of the content of the proximal colon into the more distal parts. This mass movement is initiated by a complex series of intrinsic reflex pathways started by the distension of the stomach and duodenum soon after the consumption of a meal. Defecation When a critical mass of faeces is forced into the rectum, the desire for defecation is experienced. This sudden distension of the rectum walls produced by the final mass movement leads to a defecation reflex. This reflex comprises a contraction of the rectum, relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and, initially, contraction of the external anal sphincter. This initial contraction is soon followed by a reflex relaxation of the sphincter initiated by an increase in the peristaltic activity in the sigmoid colon and pressure in the rectum. The faeces are then expelled. This reflex relaxation can be overridden by higher centre activity, leading to a voluntary control over the sphincter which can delay the expulsion of faeces. The prolonged distension of the rectum then leads to a reverse peristalsis, which empties the rectum into the colon and removes the urge to defecate until the next mass movement and/or a more convenient time. The chyme that enters the large intestine is isotonic; however, in the colon more water than electrolytes is absorbed, leading to water being absorbed against a concentration gradient. The process is con- trolled by Na+–K+ ATPases located in the basolateral and lateral membranes of the epithelial cells that line the walls (Fig. 41b). The mucosal surface of the large intestine is relatively smooth with no villi (only microvilli); however, crypts are present and the majority of cells are columnar absorptive cells with a large number of mucous- secreting goblet cells. Na+ is extruded by the membrane pumps into the extracellular spaces. Tight junctions at the luminal side of the cells prevent the diffusion of Na+ and Cl− from the extracellular spaces into the lumen; this leaves a hypertonic solution close to the lumen, causing water to diffuse from the contents of the lumen. The electrolytes are absorbed by a variety of mechanisms similar to those described for the small intestine. Essentially, there is a net movement of K+ and HCO3 ions from the blood into the large intestine because of the potential difference set up by the asymmetrical absorption of Na+ and Cl− across the cell wall. Gut microflora Most of the bacteria that are present in the GI tract are found in the large intestine, because the acid environment in the rest of the tract destroys most of the so-called microflora. Ninety-nine per cent of the bacteria are anaerobic and most are lost in the faeces (which is said to contain 1011 bacteria per gram). The bacteria are involved in the synthesis of vitamins K, B12, thiamine and riboflavin, the breakdown of primary to secondary bile acids and the conversion of bilirubin to nonpigmented metabolites, all of which are readily absorbed by the GI tract. The bacteria also break down cholesterol, some food additives and drugs.
