Ramas afectadas. V1, V2 y V3

David Keil examines the core muscles, addressing the questions "What is the core?", "How do we access it?" and "Why is it important?", as well as considering the relationship between the core muscles and the bandhas in yoga.

Ah, the familiar sound of a snapping hip. Most dancers have experienced it at one time or another. Lauren takes us on a tour of the hip and what causes this popping sound, discusses the varieties of snapping hip, and lets you in on a 'little secret' that helped her get rid of the snap, crackle, and pop.

GROSS ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LUNGS: anatomy & function 1. NASAL CAVITY: anatomy & function 2. PHARYNX: anatomy & function LARYNX: anatomy & function TRACHEA: anatomy & fu…

The muscular system is responsible for movement in collaboration with the nervous system to form impulses for motion. Muscles also contribute to internal functions of the human body which include m…

Take a look at these astounding GIFs

Femoral Nerve: The femoral nerve is one of the major peripheral nerves in the thigh that supplies skin on the upper thigh and inner

Você já deve ter ouvido falar a respeito do sistema linfático, certo? Caso você não entenda muito bem qual é a sua utilidade no organismo, saiba que ele desempenha funções incrivelmente importantes — relacionadas com o combate a infecções e a eliminação de bactérias, vírus, impurezas e outros elementos “indesejáveis” do nosso corpo. De acordo com Jordan Rosenfeld, do site Mental_Floss, esse mecanismo trabalha em conjunto com o sistema imunológico e, basicamente, funciona circulando a linfa — um fluido transparente produzido a partir do excesso de líquido que passa através dos capilares — pelos vasos linfáticos que se encontram distribuídos por todo o organismo. (Zygote) Esse líquido vai recolhendo todas as impurezas e agentes estranhos presentes nos tecidos e os deposita nos linfonodos, onde os leucócitos (células imunológicas) entram em ação e atacam qualquer agente que eles entendam como sendo nocivos ao organismo. A seguir, você pode conhecer um pouco melhor o fascinante funcionamento desse vital mecanismo: Como o sistema linfático se distribui? Apesar de o sistema linfático e o sistema circulatório serem mecanismos independentes, eles trabalham em conjunto e funcionam mais ou menos como as linhas de metrô que percorrem rotas semelhantes. Assim, onde existirem veias e artérias, pode saber que vamos encontrar vasos linfáticos. (Organic Lifestyle) Ainda pensando na analogia que fizemos com as linhas do metrô, distribuídos ao longo dos vasos encontramos pequenos nódulos linfáticos, os chamados linfonodos, que seriam como pequenas “estações” nessa rede de transporte — que são as que recebem as impurezas e os agentes infecciosos recolhidos pelo sistema linfático. Aliás, esse mecanismo é posto em funcionamento graças à pressão criada pela movimentação corporal e à ação da gravidade, portanto as massagens leves e drenagens podem ajudar. O que são os linfonodos? Eles são estruturas mais ou menos do tamanho e do formato de ervilhas que se encontram distribuídas por todo o organismo. É nos linfonodos que se ficam os linfócitos B e T, as principais células produzidas pelo corpo focadas no combate a infecções, assim como subcategorias dessas células. (Bellicon) Voltando à analogia das linhas e estações de metrô, é importante mencionar que o sistema linfático também trabalha em conjunto com o baço que, nessa rede toda aí que mencionamos, funcionaria como uma espécie de “estação central”. Esse órgão — que se situa entre o estômago e o diafragma — pode produzir linfócitos adicionais quando necessário, assim como filtrar substâncias tóxicas presentes no organismo. Mas, voltando aos linfonodos... Como os linfonodos agem? Quando o sistema linfático transporta até os linfonodos algum agente que é identificado como potencialmente perigoso — como um vírus, uma bactéria e até algum tipo de medicação que tomamos —, os linfócitos B começam a produzir anticorpos que, por sua vez, sinalizam às demais células imunológicas que é hora de entrar em ação. (Gold Coast Physio) Essa mobilização toda pode fazer com que a concentração de linfa aumente no interior dos linfonodos — fazendo com que eles se tornem inchados e doloridos. De modo geral, quando isso acontece, não há motivo para muita preocupação. No entanto, se o inchaço persistir durante várias semanas, e você perceber que um linfonodo está mais firme e menos “móvel” do que o normal, procure um médico! Isso porque, apesar de essas estruturas se tornarem doloridas e intumescidas em resposta a infecções, quando elas se tornam mais persistentes, duras, sua consistência ao toque muda e fica mais difícil fazer com que elas se mexam. Sinais de alerta Você já deve ter imaginado o que os linfonodos persistentes, imóveis e mais consistentes podem indicar, não é mesmo? Pois é, caro leitor, esse quadro pode sinalizar a presença de algum câncer no sistema linfático ou, ainda, em outras partes do corpo. Isso porque, em caso de metástase, as células cancerosas acabam migrando até os linfonodos e, a partir deles, podem se espalhar para outros tecidos. (CoSozo) Na verdade, essa é outra função superimportante do sistema linfático, já que os médicos podem determinar o prognóstico de um câncer a partir da definição do quão envolvidos os linfonodos estão na doença. Tipicamente, quando os médicos detectam a presença de células cancerosas nos nódulos linfáticos, o tratamento precisa ser mais agressivo, incluindo o uso de radioterapia, quimioterapia e outros fármacos. A boa notícia, no entanto, é que, segundo Jordan, do Mental_Floss, existem terapias promissoras surgindo por aí para o tratamento do câncer. Um problema relacionado a essa doença é que, como os tumores são feitos de células do próprio organismo, o sistema imunológico nem sempre entende que eles são perigosos. Uma das novidades está focada em alterar geneticamente os linfócitos dos pacientes de forma que eles passem a reconhecer as células malignas e dizimem os tumores. Legal, né?

This article will discuss the anatomical relations, branches and specialised structures of the common carotid artery. Learn this topic now at Kenhub.

I) Mise en place générale 1) Schéma général de l’assimilation des glucides alimentaires 2) Régulation de la glycémie 3) Transport cellulaire du glucose II) Catabolisme glucidique 1) La glycolyse (ou voie d’Embden-Meyerhof) a) Les différentes étapes de la glycolyse b) Bilan énergétique c) Régulation de la glycolyse 2) Métabolisme du pyruvate 3) Le cycle de […]

Introducción al esófago - Explore de los Manuales MSD, versión para público general.

Accessory Navicular Syndrome The accessory navicular would be next to and to the left of the navicular. It can be so big that it looks like a second ankle bone. Here I am separating posterior tibial problems from a unique problem which occurs where the posterior tibial tendon attaches into the navicular. From that point, the navicular spreads under the midfoot supporting the arch with multiple attachments. When you have an accessory bone where the posterior tibial tendon attaches (around 3% of the population) much of the force is lost that supports the arch. The normal tendon attaches into the extra bone, which has little to no arch support function, instead of where it should go. A syndrome of pain, arch collapse, and mystery can occur. The mystery is that at times the accessory bone needs to be removed, but most of the time you can co-exist with it (95% of the time). Even in the 5% that need surgery, it takes a lot of time trying to avoid surgery to find those that really need it. The top 10 treatments for accessory navicular syndrome: 1. An MRI is very important to discover what the source of pain actually is: stress fracture, joint inflammation, or tendinitis. There is a joint between the navicular and its accessory bone. 2. Use Kinesio Taping or supportthefoot.com tape or classic low dye taping techniques intially 24/7 and then for extended activities. 3. Ice pack the sore area 10-15 minutes 3 times daily. 4. Go into a removable boot (such as an Anklizer) for 2-3 months if needed to calm the foot down. 5. Strengthen the posterior tibial tendon starting initially with active range of motion like ankle circles. 6. Check out the Aircast Airlift PTTD brace to see if it is helpful for you and can get you out of the boot faster. 7. Custom foot orthotics are a must for a 2 year period. They must produce a good force against the navicular, but it may take time finding the right orthotic guy/gal. 8. You can use Sole OTC orthotic devices with medial longitudinal Hapads initially until a good protective orthotic device is made. 9. Create a pain free environment as soon as possible (level 0-2). 10. If the MRI shows bone reaction (edema), order a bone stimulator as soon as possible to start strengthening the bone. Email Correspondance: Dear Dr. Blake, I was wondering if you would be able to clarify some information to help us make some smart treatment decisions. My 13 year old daughter is a high level soccer player. She started to complain of pain in her foot last spring during the time she played soccer and ran track. She also played in 14 games of soccer without ever coming out. A significant increase in activity. The pain was located on a bump that has been recently identified as an accessory navicular. She was first treated with rest and 4 weeks of physical therapy and orthotics. After returning to sport the pain returned but was slightly higher above the ankle. MRI shows no fracture but edema indicative of stress changes in the os naviculare. Dr Blake's comment: The edema/swelling seen within the os navicularis/os tibial externum/accessory navicular can take months and months to resolve after the initial injury, so not an indication that things are not healing. The pain above the ankle was one of the tendons trying to help out the injury: FDL, PT, FHL, or AT. When one area is injured, the surrounding muscles/tendons help out and do some extra work. That can make them hurt also. A Rule of Three tends to occur until the body re-establishes equilibrium---original problem, compensatory problem #1, and compensatory problem #2. The true injury is at the bump with the accessory bone however. Current treatment is 6 weeks non weight bearing air cast, then progression back to activity. She has so far missed 4 months of training. Everything we seem to read is confusing relating to surgery vs conservative treatment. For a high level athlete looking at missing another 3-4 months is devastating. We are wondering if surgery would be a better option as everything we seem to read indicates non surgical treatments are not effective. Dr Blake's comment: I am sorry the literature is so poor on this subject. Yes, some patients need surgery. Doctors have a hard time deciding on surgery on someone that age, so feet get dragged. It is an impossible decision for a parent to make, since surgeries can have problems, and the patient can be worse (less than 10%). When they are worse, there is usually an explanation, but a second surgery is often needed after months and months of unsuccessful rehabilitation. For a professional athlete, paid big bucks, they have surgeries for speed of rehabilitation. Every second they miss playing cost the team money. But, in the non professional, and at a young age, you want to be very very sure that surgery is needed. I have treated 100s with this condition with less than 1% having surgery (and perhaps another 9-10% just stopping their activities to avoid surgery). So, 90% get better without surgery and can continue with their sport of choice at a high level, will your daughter be one of those? Our doctor indicates feels that the literature supports good outcomes with nonsurgical treatment and that is what she recommends. Any information you can share to help us would be great. We just want to make sure that whatever treatment she receives limits the time out of sport and reduces the chance of recurrence. Dr Blake's comment: The approach to getting this better, and keeping it better, is a multi-discipline approach. The podiatrist/therapist/orthotist must make great orthotic devices to stabilize the injured arch/accessory bone. The physical therapist/trainer must develop a strengthening program, pain free, that gets the posterior tibial tendon, and the surrounding muscles/tendons, and the quads/core strong as the other side. Your daughter should be icing twice daily and contrast bathing for the bone edema once daily to remove the inflammation. She should be on a stationary bike, etc, pain free, up to one hour per day to get the legs strong for her return to activity. She needs to learn the best way to tape the area which gives her the best pain relief, since taping in soccer games/practices is crucial and more protective than orthotics. She should be in the deepest soccer shoe she can find. It is when the orthotics, tape, strength, pain level are right, she can go back to activity. The coach is probably the most vital part to this team. She/he must be protective of your daughter, be vigilant for signs of limping, know when to rest her, when to play her, perhaps change positions temporarily to help the demands on that ankle/foot. If the coach can not do this, all our best plans are destroyed, and it gives conservative management a bad name. Make sure diet is very healthy, including at least (2) 4 ounce servings of red meat weekly, if she is not a red meat eater. And, as parents, you need to get rid of any timeline right now as you read this. Honor her body tissue. Do not think about timelines, you will only get frustrated. Thank you so much. So, in summary, here is your next 3 month assignment: Wean from Non weight bearing to weight bearing without increased pain. Perfect the orthotics Perfect the soccer cleats Avoid barefoot at home if that bothers the area Learn a variety of taping methods Ice and Contrast Bath daily Eat healthy Talk to the coach about a gradual return to soccer, and any ideas on position change Tell the physical therapist you want to learn a pain free gradual and progressive strengthening program so 6 months from now you/she have tendons of steel (at least 3 times stronger). Good Luck!! And the response: Dr. Blake, Thank you so much for your information. As a result of the info you provided we decided to seek a second opinion from an orthopedic surgeon. His diagnosis correlated with your info. He recommended casting in a walking boot for the next 3 weeks but did not feel NWB was necessary or appropriate. This is great news for us as this is not a stress fracture of the navicular as we were being told was a possibility as well . She is allowed to walk in the boot and swim which will decrease unnecessary deconditioning and ankle stiffness. He also said surgery may be an option using a modified kidner only if conservative measures fail. He recommended physical therapy and orthotics. Thank you again. It is nice to finally have a clear diagnosis and logical treatment options backed by two professionals. Accessory Navicular: An Accessory You May Want To Do Without This email was received from a patient suffering from a syndrome of pain produced by a weakened attachment of the posterior tibial tendon into the navicular. The posterior tibial tendon is the strongest supporter of the arch. The weakened attachment is due to an extra bone next to the navicular at the height of the arch. This extra bone occurs in probably 3% of the population and is called accessory navicular, os navicularis, os tibial externum, and the extra ankle bone. In only 10% of those patients with it does it occur on the other side also (bilateral). Hello Dr. Blake, I am a 29 year old who has been suffering from a lot of foot pain since early childhood-- it wasn't until I was in highschool that the Dr. examined me standing and realized that my arches "collapse". Finally they took an x-ray and found that I have bilateral accessory naviculars. I have since worn orthotics and attempt to wear very stable shoes (i.e. Saucony Hurricane). Due to the pain, I cannot do high impact sports, and walking long distances usually results in pain and limping. (I will also get shooting pain up my shins, in my knees, or in my thighs/hips). There are not too many shoes I can wear comfortably, and even with my orthotics I will have pain if I walk more than a mile or so. X ray shows accessory navicular under the navicular at the height of the arch. Dr Blake's Note: The os tibial externum begins to form around 8-9 years old, and should be fully formed at 16 years old. It can fully attach bone wise, or partially attach with cartilage or fibrous tissue. These last 2 attachments are particularly weak and can cause pain. This MRI view of an Accessory Navicular shows it inferior and closer to the heel than the big toe. In the past, my foot doctor has suggested that if pain cannot be improved with orthotics, I should consider having them surgically removed. The Dr. mentioned that most people have pain from the bones rubbing on shoes, etc, which I have never found rubbing to be a problem, more like pain from misalignment. I did PT for a while, and much of the focus was on stretching and strengthening muscles, especially my hips. While this did help with aches in knees/hips/thighs at the time, I don't really feel like my overall strength or balance has improved. Dr Blake's Note: I have never had a patient with this syndrome with pain limited to shoe rubbing, since orthotic devices, shoe padding, and taping all take the pressure off the outside of the bone. The real pain is from something else, and that is what needs to be discovered . Discovering where the pain is coming from hopefully will enable the patient to avoid surgery, since the treatment can be directed at that, or if surgery is necessary, make sure the right surgery is performed. I also have very poor balance, tight achilles tendons and hamstrings, and weak muscles. Dr Blake's Note: If you read the discussions later on posterior tibial and arch strengthening, you will understand the complexity to strengthening through pain. If the tendon is damaged, you will not be able to strengthen it, and surgery may be necessary. If the tendon is not damaged, it is vitally important to attempt to isolate it and strengthen it, pain-free, and not strengthen the peroneals at all. I also apparently have possibly pinched nerves between my big toe/second/possibly third toe at times when walking-- the area above and between by big and second toe will swell a bit and I get tingling/pain//numbness in my third toe sometimes when walking. Dr Blake's Note: The significance of this statement is that Lindsey may have a version of Tarsal Tunnel syndrome which gives posterior tibial symptoms, and also superficial toe nerve symptoms. This would be a rare situation, so I will ignore it right now, but keep the info somewhere in the recesses of the brain. Recently, I made the silly mistake of wearing sandals to the mall. After walking around, my right foot began hurting, and has been getting worse (now on day two). The pain is located directly below my ankle on the inside in a very localized spot, and has been swollen. I have been icing it and it helped minimally (I also tried tylenol). It hurts regardless of movement, bearing weight, etc. Dr Blake's note: also perhaps Tarsal Tunnel?? Dr Blake's note: Like many of these chronic problems, they can become acute at times. The mistake made now is not to recognize that you have to treat this acute injury first, and deal with the chronic injury after. Lindsey is now in the Acute Phase of Rehabilitation (for this chronic injury). The treatment is immobilization and anti-inflammatory. Get yourself into a removable Anklizer Boot and ice 3 to 4 times a day for 15 minutes. If the ice irritates the local nerves, ice 3 inches above the area, and consider a Rx of voltaren gel 4 times daily or Flector Patches every 12 hours. Should be better in 1 to 2 weeks. I tend to "hold my arches up" and transfer more weight to the outside edges of my feet, because letting my arches collapse immediately causes pain and irritation. Dr Blake's Note: This is what the orthotic devices must do for a patient. They must be designed to hold up the arch, perhaps along with Kinesiotape, so that the patient doesn't strain the tissue further doing it using muscles and tendons abnormally. I was told by my Dr. that the tendon holding my arch up is partially connected to the accessory navicular, making my arch unstable and collapse. ( I have also been told in the past that I have "loose ligaments-- but I have noticed that while I am very flexible in some joints, I am extremely tight elsewhere). Dr Blake's Note: If you imagine that only 1/2 of your achilles tendon attached where it should, and the other 1/2 attached into a soft ligament, you would not have only 1/2 the strength, you would have next to nothing. As the achilles pulls, the weakest link in the chain (the part not attaching into solid bone) would begin to strain, and the whole achilles begin to hurt. Same with the accessory navicular, the part of the posterior tibial tendon that does not attach into solid navicular begins to strain trying to stabilize the foot, and slow down pronation of the foot, ankle, knee, sooooo pain ensues. It can not do it's job properly. I am not sure what sort of direction is best with this problem. I don't know if this swelling/pain is from the extra bones and would diminish with surgery, or not. The pain is so frustrating and keeps me from being active too much at all-- I enjoy dance, walking, yoga, cycling and swimming-- but often walking and dance are limited (and running is out of the question) due to the pain it will cause. Dr Blake's Note: Once the acute pain is gone, and you are back to dealing with only chronic pain, you need to get this worked up. I will give my final recommendations below, but you must know my recommendations center around a world that I would like, maybe not practical. It seems like my pain is not the usual for accessory navicular (as according to Dr.) so I am not sure if this is an unusual case? Any advice or information on this would be great. This has been causing trouble for most of my life (i.e. being unable to enjoy walks/hikes/sports, having trouble falling asleep due to pain, pain and limping at work). Thanks, Lindsey MRI view on the partial bone attachment of the accessory navicular. Dr Blake’s response: Lindsey, Most of the pain from this syndrome can be from inflammation at the attachment of the posterior tibial into the accessory navicular, actual tearing of the tendon itself, injury to the spring ligament just under this bone, chronic movement of the accessory bone on the parent bone (navicular) like in a fracture non-union, or originating from another structure (both tarsal coalition and tarsal tunnel syndromes can have similar presentations at times). Please read the section entitled Tip of the Iceberg since sometimes the apparent problem is actually not what is producing pain. You are definitely a surgical candidate due to the length of time you have had this. That being said you need a good work up to make sure they operate on the right area and do the right thing for you. And, you may find along the way that you don't need surgery. So, if I could prioritize wish lists for you, they would like this: Get the acute pain calmed down with an Anklizer Boot, an EvenUp for the other side, anti-inflammatory. You will need the boot and EvenUp again. Get an MRI to look at the tendon, attachment of the bones, spring ligament, tarsal coalition, and tarsal tunnel areas. If the MRI shows a lot of bone activity, get a bone scan. Talk to a Physical Therapist about isolating the posterior tibial tendon during strengthening. Can you do at least isometrics without pain? Begin strengthening the tendon, same exercises are needed post operatively. Strengthening should only be done in the hour before bed, and ice after even if it does not hurt. Get an orthotic that is comfortable, but supports your arch. Are there doctors or therapists in your area that use a version of the Inverted Orthotic Technique? You must feel that the orthotic works so well that you do not need to pull up your arch. Ice three times daily period. For 15 minutes each. Since you can wrap ice around the top and inside of your foot and walk around the house, at least you can do other things. Learn to Kinesiotape your arch or check out the tape from suportthefoot.com. Tape daily. You can ice through it. Do not go around with sandals or barefoot. Dansko clogs may work. A compromise may be an Orthaheel or Chaco Sandal with Kinesiotape. Feel free to send me any tests along the way. You have a big journey. Hang in there. Be Logical. I hope this has helped. Rich

Encuentra imágenes (y otros contenidos médicos) sobre anatomía que pueden ayudarte en el desarrollo del plan de marketing de tu producto farmacéutico.

Introducción a los trastornos de la médula espinal - Explore de los Manuales MSD, versión para público general.

David Keil contemplates the relationship between the psoas and the gluteal muscles and how to understand the implications of an imbalanced pelvis, both on the yoga mat and in daily life in general.