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Lipogenesis and Lipolysis Weight gain and loss of energy are common anecdotal complaints found in the oral history, so we turn now to ...
Definition and clinical picture We propose the minimal definition of Dercum’s disease to be generalised overweight or obesity in combination with painful adipose tissue. The associated symptoms in Dercum’s disease include fatty deposits, easy bruisability, sleep disturbances, impaired memory, depression, difficulty concentrating, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, diabetes, bloating, constipation, fatigue, weakness and joint aches. Classification We suggest that Dercum’s disease is classified into: I. Generalised diffuse form A form with diffusely widespread painful adipose tissue without clear lipomas, II. Generalised nodular form - a form with general pain in adipose tissue and intense pain in and around multiple lipomas, and III. Localised nodular form - a form with pain in and around multiple lipomas IV. Juxtaarticular form - a form with solitary deposits of excess fat for example at the medial aspect of the knee. Epidemiology Dercum’s disease most commonly appears between the ages of 35 and 50 years and is five to thirty times more common in women than in men. The prevalence of Dercum’s disease has not yet been exactly established. Aetiology Proposed, but unconfirmed aetiologies include: nervous system dysfunction, mechanical pressure on nerves, adipose tissue dysfunction and trauma. Diagnosis and diagnostic methods Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and should be made by systematic physical examination and thorough exclusion of differential diagnoses. Advisably, the diagnosis should be made by a physician with a broad experience of patients with painful conditions and knowledge of family medicine, internal medicine or pain management. The diagnosis should only be made when the differential diagnoses have been excluded. Differential diagnosis Differential diagnoses include: fibromyalgia, lipoedema, panniculitis, endocrine disorders, primary psychiatric disorders, multiple symmetric lipomatosis, familial multiple lipomatosis, and adipose tissue tumours. Genetic counselling The majority of the cases of Dercum’s disease occur sporadically. A to G mutation at position A8344 of mitochondrial DNA cannot be detected in patients with Dercum’s disease. HLA (human leukocyte antigen) typing has not revealed any correlation between typical antigens and the presence of the condition. Management and treatment The following treatments have lead to some pain reduction in patients with Dercum’s disease: Liposuction, analgesics, lidocaine, methotrexate and infliximab, interferon α-2b, corticosteroids, calcium-channel modulators and rapid cycling hypobaric pressure. As none of the treatments have led to long lasting complete pain reduction and revolutionary results, we propose that Dercum’s disease should be treated in multidisciplinary teams specialised in chronic pain. Prognosis The pain in Dercum’s disease seems to be relatively constant over time.
Abstract. Animals undergoing calorie restriction (CR) often lower their body temperature to conserve energy. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is stimulated throu
Along with fatigue and nausea, pain has been one of the defining symptoms of my daughter’s illness. After she was diagnosed in 2018-2019 at age 14-15 with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), craniocervical instability, Chiari malformation, occult tethered cord syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and mast […]
This product includes: 1. Editable Vector .AI file Compatibility: Adobe Illustrator CCIncludes Editable Text Font SuezOne (Under Free Open Font License) 2. Editable Vector .EPS-10 file Compatibility: Most Vector Editing Software 3. High-resolution JPG image 4500 x 3938 px License terms in short: Use for everything except reselling item itself. Read a full license here
The breast is an apocrine gland seen in both males and females. However, in females it has a specific function that is production of milk. Breast is composed of adipose tissue and glandular tissue. In addition, there are also suspensory Cooper's ligaments and connective tissue such as collagen and elastin. The glandular parenchyma is oestrogen dependent, thus on attaining menopause the glandular parenchyma atrophies. The adult breast has nearly 14-18 lactiferous lobes which draim into lactifero
FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS • Occurs in the liver and adipose tissue (cytosol) • After a carbohydrate-rich meal (high insulin:glucagon ratio) • Not just reverse of beta-oxidation: distinct enzymes and compartmentsReactions 1. Citrate Shuttle • Acetyl CoA in mitochondrial matrix transported to cytosol as citrate • Citrate synthase: citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA (also first CAC rxn) • Citrate a marker of high intracellular energy (CAC intermediate)2. Malonyl CoA Formation • Acetyl CoA carboxylase: adds 1 carbon to acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA • ABC carboxylase reaction • Citrate activates rxn • Long-chain fatty acyl CoA (intermed. of FA breakdown): inhibits rxnABC carboxylase reactions: consume ATP, require biotin, consume CO2 • Malonyl CoA synthesis in fatty acid biosynthesis • Gluconeogenesis: pyruvate carboxylase • Odd chain fatty acid oxidation: propionyl carboxylase3. Palmitate Synthesis • Palmitate: 16-carbon fatty acid • Catalyzed by fatty acid synthase • ACP is carrier protein component of fatty acid synthase • Series of 4 reactions: i. Condensation: acetyl-ACP + malonyl-ACP = 4-C intermediate + CO2 ii. Reduction (NADPH) iii. Dehydration: water molecule released iv. Reduction (NADPH) • First condensation = 4C molecule • 6 increments x 2C (malonyl-ACP) = 12 C • Total = 16 C palmitate4. Palmitate Modification i. Elongation: in smooth ER or mitochondria • 2-carbon increments using malonyl CoA (NOT malonyl-ACP) • Each increment includes four rxn's from palmitate synthesis ii. Desaturation: in smooth ER or peroxisomes • Fatty acyl-CoA desaturase • Short electron transport chain (requires O2 and NADPH)CLINICAL CORRELATION Essential fatty acids: linoleic acid and linolenic acid cannot be synthesized endogenously. • Mammals cannot induce double bonds beyond C9
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Fascia is the soft-tissue component of the connective tissue system that permeates the human body. Thus, forming a continuous, whole-body, three-dimensional matrix of structural support. It interpenetrates and surrounds all organs, muscles, bones, and nerve fibers, creating a unique environment for body systems functioning (2,3). Why is it important? As one understands its vastness and
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Researchers have isolated a new population of primitive, stress-resistant human pluripotent stem cells easily derived from fat tissue that are able to differentiate into virtually every cell type in the human body without genetic modification.
Structure Connective tissues function primarily to support the body and to bind or connect together all types of tissue. This tissue also provide a mechanical framework (the skeleton) which play…
Adipose cell, connective-tissue cell specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat. There are two types of adipose cells, white and brown, which differ functionally and in the way they store fat droplets. Learn about the chemical constituents and functions of adipose cells.
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Connective tissue is the most widely distributed of the primary tissues. It consists of cells, fibers & ground substances. the ground substance & fibers mak ...
Lipedema is a relatively common fat disorder that is often mistaken for simple obesity. This disease occurs almost exclusively in women.
Total caloric restriction (CR) without malnutrition is a well-established experimental approach to extend life span in laboratory animals. Although CR in humans is capable of shifting several endocrinological parameters, it is not clear where the minimum ...
A new study has affirmed the link between the presence of brown fat and improved cardiac or metabolic health, validating the relatively new hypothesis that the type of adipose tissue commonly referred to as brown fat confers broad health benefits.
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